Hazrat Shaikh Minhajuddin Ansari Kallerawan Charitable Trust’s

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(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, recognized by the Govt. of Karnataka &Approved by AICTE, New Delhi.)
KALABURAGI - 585-104

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that NABEEL HUSSAIN AKHTAR (3KC20CS024)
has satisfactorily completed the work entitled "Robotics" for the
Seminar submitted as prescribed by the V.T.U. BELAGAVI for the B.E
8th Semester Course in Computer Science & Engineering during the
academic year 2023-2024.

Under The Guidance of H.O.D

Prof. Maharuq Fatima DR. SABERA BEGUM

Asst. Prof. M. Tech (CSE) H.O.D & Prof M. Tech, Ph. D (CSE)
Dept. of CSE Dept. of CSE

Co-ordinator Principal
Prof. Sushma Priyadarshini DR. S.A.M.N. QUADRI
Asst. Prof M. Tech., (Ph. D.) M. Tech, Ph. D, LMISTE
Dept. of CSE
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“Robotics”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of
degree(18CSS84)
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
NABEEL HUSSAIN AKHTAR (3KC20CS024)
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Maharuq Fatima
Dept. of CSE

K.C.T. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, recognized by the Govt. of Karnataka &Approved by AICTE, New Delhi.)

KALABURAGI - 585-104
2023-2024
 Robotics 1

ABSTRACT
Robotics can take on any form as the tasks they do require so many types of robotics
differ in shape and properties like swimming robots that work underwater, and humanoid
robots that look like humans and wheeled robots.

Construct a robot that can do a specific task it's a very complicated thing and there are
many parts that the robot consists of like a control system that guides the robot to do a
task, sensors that make the robot react with the environment, and manipulator the body of
the robot which can move and control the movement of the end effector, the end effector
is the part which do the required task and the actuators provide the robot with power.

Nowadays machines are a necessary part of our lives we can find them at work, at home,
streets even in our pockets find mobile, so robots are very useful in many fields in
industry, medicine, the military, and many other fields by replacing the human with it in
dangerous situations, making tasks faster than humans and more accuracy as well robots
are always energetic, don't have a real life to make them busy doing their job, and have
the required skills to do the tasks simply because they are constructed to do that.

So how can we make use of robotics science and develop it to help us in the future to
make our life easier in the end think with me if robots will do everything, we can do then
what will be the difference between us and can robots control humans someday ?!

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL No. Content Page No.

CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 03
2 CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTICS 04
3 THE MAIN PARTS OF ROBOTS 09
4 ROBOTS ARCHITECTURES 15
5 ROBOTICS IN INDUSTRY 21
6 ROBOTICS IN MILITARY 23
7 ROBOTICS IN THE MEDICAL FIELD 26
8 INNOVATIONS IN ROBOTICS 28
CONCLUSION 30
REFERENCES 31

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1. INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of robotics is to develop machines that can substitute for
humans and replicate human actions in necessary situations where humans cannot
survive like bomb detection and deactivation, dangerous manufacturing processes,
exploring space, and others or in normal situations to help humans, save time and
power and do the task by more accuracy as we will see in the applications in my
report.

1.1 Definition
Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design,
manufacture, and operation of robots. This field overlaps with electronics,
computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology, and
bioengineering.

1.2 History
As most people dislike doing most work and find a variety of ways to avoid it
so the earliest solution to the problem was to force somebody slaves else to do
the work by capture people imprisoned for crime and the like. Then slavery
ended in the 19th century and was replaced by hiring people for pay
(employment) but human worker is not always energetic, reliable, docile,
smart, easily led, not always cheap, and those with the desired skills are not
always available so people have
wanted to make artificial people
to be their slaves.

In the past there was a job for a

human to move a car by pulling
it. Of course, it was so tired and
unreasonable, so they invented a
robot to do that job (figure 1.1)
and it was the first robot in the
history which constructed in 1865 by John Brainerd. But Humans did not stop
here, they continued to develop the robots to cover all their needs as we will
see now.
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2. CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTICS
There are many types of robots. Each robot has its unique features. Robots vary
hugely in size, shape, design, and capabilities. This variety enables us to do
several functions with robots. So, we have different applications such as
(Exploration, Medical, Social, Industrial, Military, Entertainment, etc.).

2.1 Wheeled Mobile Robots

Wheeled robots are robots that change their positions with the help of their
wheels. Wheeled motion for a robot can be achieved easily in mechanical
terms and its cost is low. Additionally, control of wheeled movement is
generally easier.
These reasons make wheeled robots one of the most frequently seen robots.
Single wheeled robots, mobile ball robots, two-wheeled robots, three- wheeled
robots, four-wheeled robots, multi-wheeled robots and tracked robots are
examples of wheeled robots.

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Roomba Robot Application:

Roomba Robot is a series of autonomous

robotic vacuum cleaners. Roomba's
sensors can detect the presence of
obstacles; detect dirty spots on the floor.
Roomba uses two independently
operating sidewheels that allow 360°
turns in place.

2.2 Swimming Robots (Robot Fish)

Swimming robots are robots that move underwater. These robots are generally
inspired by fish. They consist of deep-sea submersibles like Aquanaut, diving
humanoids like Ocean One, and bio-inspired systems like the ACM-R5H
snake robot.

Underwater Robots can go underwater longer and deeper than humans. They
can take samples and test water. They can travel in waters that is not suitable
for humans. They are used for research about animals and underwater wildlife.
Most fish robots are used for research. Some have motors, some are gliders
that ride ocean currents and dive.

2.2.1 Sentry Deep Sea Robot

The Sentry is an autonomous underwater
vehicle (AUV) made by the Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Sentry is designed to go to depths
of 4,500 meters (14,800 ft.) and to
carry a range of devices for taking
samples, pictures, and readings from
the deep sea.

Figure 2.4: Sentry Deep Sea Robot

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2.2.2 Glider Scarlet Knight

An ocean glider is an autonomous underwater vehicle used to collect ocean
data. It can travel far distances over long periods, without servicing. Scarlet
Knight was the first robot to cross the Atlantic Ocean underwater, which took
it 221 days.

Figure 2.5: Glider Scarlet Knight

2.3 Aerial Robots

Aerial robots or we can say Flying robots are robots that float on air using
their plane-like or bird/insect-like wings, propellers, or balloons. They come in
different sizes and have different levels of autonomy. Flying robots are useful
in search and rescue missions as they can be used to survey large areas of land
looking for victims. By using sensors flying robots can be sent into areas
where it is too dangerous to send human.

2.3.1 Ambulance Drone

The Ambulance Drone is a compact flying toolbox containing essential
supplies for (lay-person) advanced life support. The Portability and foldability
help the drone to be used anywhere, also indoors.

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2.3.2 Insects Spy Robots

Robot insects are flying--climbing--crawling--jumping at the chance to assist
humans in search, rescue, and other dangerous operations. Robotic insects
could also be used for spying. It does not have a processor, camera, or a
battery because it will be heavy to fly. Now add the electronics and hardware
to remotely control the craft.

2.4 Humanoid Robots

A humanoid robot is a type of robot that replicates the human body. The
design of Humanoid robots is what makes them distinct from the other types
of mobile robots. A typical humanoid robot consists of a head, two arms, a
torso and two legs just like a human, but many of those robots are only based
on some part of the human body, like from waist up or something like that.

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2.4.1 Robot Chef

The robot chef consists of a pair of
fully articulated robotic hands that
can, in theory, reproduce the entire
function of the human hand. It is
even capable of providing sufficient
skill to rival human chefs with
respect to speed, sensitivity, and
movement.

2.4.2 Nao Robot

Nao is an autonomous, programmable
humanoid robot developed by
Aldebaran Robotics. Nao robots have
been used for research and education
purposes in numerous academic
institutions worldwide.

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3. THE MAIN PARTS OF ROBOTS

A robot is a machine that functions automatically and can adapt to changes in its
environment. Robots are an increasingly important segment of our society,
performing many jobs that are too dangerous or tedious for human beings.

3.1 Control System

Every robot is connected to a computer controller, which regulates the
components of the arm and keeps them working together. The controller also
allows the robot to be networked to other systems, so that it may work
together with other machines, processes, or robots.

3.1.1 Software
Robot software is the set of coded commands or instructions that tell a
mechanical device and electronic system, known together as a robot, what
tasks to perform. Robot software is used to perform autonomous tasks.
Many software systems and frameworks have been proposed to make
programming robots easier. Some robot software aims at developing
intelligent mechanical devices. Common tasks include feedback loops,
control, path finding, data filtering, locating, and sharing data.
Example: ROBOFORTH, Epson RC+, RAPID, PDL2, Variable Assembly
Language (VAL)

3.1.2 Hardware
A robot's control system uses feedback just as the
human brain does. However, instead of a
collection of neurons, a robot's brain consists of a
silicon chip called a central processing unit, or
CPU, that is like the chip that runs your
computer. Our brains decide what to do and how
to react to the world based on feedback from our
five senses. A robot's CPU does the same thing
based on data collected by devices called sensors.

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3.2 Sensors
Robots receive feedback from sensors that mimic human senses such as video
cameras or devices called light-dependent resistors that function like eyes or
microphones that act as ears. Some robots even have touch, taste, and smell.
The robot's CPU interprets signals from these sensors and adjusts its actions
accordingly.

3.2.1 Types of sensors:-

3.2.1.1 Temperature Sensor
A Temperature Sensor, as the name suggests,
senses the temperature i.e., it measures the
changes in the temperature. In a Temperature
Sensor, the changes in the Temperature
correspond to change in its physical property like
resistance or voltage.

3.2.1.2 Proximity Sensor

Proximity sensor can detect the presence of
nearby object without any physical contact. The working of a proximity
sensor is simple. In proximity sensor transmitter transmits an
electromagnetic radiation and receiver receives and analyses return signal
for interruptions. Therefore, the amount of light receiver receives by
surrounding can be used for detecting the presence of nearby object.

3.2.1.2.1 Types of proximity sensors:-

3.2.1.2.1.1 Infrared (IR) Transceivers
In IR sensor LED transmit the beam of IR light and if it finds an
obstacle then the light is reflected which is captured by an IR
receiver.

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3.2.1.2.1.2 Ultrasonic Sensor

In ultrasonic sensors high frequency sound waves are generated by
transmitter, the received echo pulse suggests an object interruption.
In general, ultrasonic sensors are used for distance measurement in
robotic system.

3.2.1.3 Sound Sensor

Sound sensors are generally a microphone
used to detect sound and return a voltage
equivalent to the sound level. Using
sound sensor, a simple robot can be
designed to navigate based on the sound
receives. Implementation of sound
sensors is not easy as light sensors
because it generates an exceedingly small
voltage difference which will be amplified
to generate measurable voltage change.

3.2.1.4 Acceleration Sensor

Acceleration sensor is used for measuring acceleration and tilt. An
accelerometer is a device used for measuring acceleration.

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3.3 Manipulators
A manipulator is a device used to manipulate materials
without direct contact. The applications were originally
for dealing with radioactive or biohazards materials,
using robotic arms, or they were used in inaccessible
places.
In more recent developments they have been used in
diverse range of applications including welding
automation, robotically assisted surgery and in space. It
is an arm-like mechanism that consists of a series of
segments, usually sliding or jointed called cross-slides,
which grasp and move objects with several degrees of
freedom.

3.3.1 Specialized types:-

3.3.1.1 Balanced Manipulator
Controlled by the operator's hand. Such manipulators are used in various
industries. Where there are special requirements to protect against fire and
explosion, they may be driven by compressed air.

3.3.1.2 Welding Manipulator

It can be either open arc or submerged arc. A welding manipulator can be
used to weld horizontally and vertically and is ideal for job shops as they
are robust, have high production volume capacity and a greater degree of
flexibility in product engineering.
Examples of robotic manipulators are: Canadarm, Terabit-S by
Oceaneering Space System, SCARA

3.4 End-Effectors
To interact with the environment and carry out assigned tasks, robots are
equipped with tools called end effectors. These vary according to the tasks the
robot has been designed to carry out. For example, robotic factory workers
have interchangeable tools such as paint sprayers or welding torches. Mobile
robots such as the probes sent to other planets or bomb disposal robots often
have universal grippers that mimic the function of the human hand.

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3.5 Actuators
To be considered a robot, a device must have a body that it can move in
reaction to feedback from its sensors. Robot bodies consist of metal, plastic,
and similar materials. Inside these bodies are small motors called actuators.
Actuators mimic the action of human muscle to move parts of the robot's body.
The simplest robots consist of an arm with a tool attached for a particular task.
More advanced robots may move around on wheels or treads. Humanoid
robots have arms and legs that mimic human movement.

3.5.1 Types of Actuators:-

3.5.1.1 Hydraulic
A hydraulic actuator consists of cylinder or fluid motor that uses hydraulic
power to facilitate mechanical operation. The mechanical motion gives an
output in terms of linear, rotatory, or oscillatory motion. As liquids are
nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator can exert a large force.
The drawback of this approach is its limited acceleration.
The hydraulic cylinder consists of a hollow cylindrical tube along which a
piston can slide. The term single acting is used when the fluid pressure is
applied to just one side of the piston. The piston can move in only one
direction, a spring being frequently used to give the piston a return stroke.
The term double acting is used when pressure is applied on each side of
the piston; any difference in pressure between the two sides of the piston
moves the piston to onside or the other.

3.5.1.2 Pneumatic
Pneumatic actuators enable considerable forces to be produced from
relatively small pressure changes. A pneumatic actuator converts energy
formed by vacuum or compressed air at high pressure into either linear or
rotary motion. Pneumatic energy is desirable for main engine controls
because it can quickly respond in starting and stopping as the power source
does not need to be stored in reserve for operation. Moreover, pneumatic
actuators are safer, cheaper, and often more reliable and powerful than
other actuators. These forces are often used with valves to move
diaphragms to affect the flow of air through the valve.

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3.5.1.3 Electric
An electric actuator is powered by a motor that converts electrical energy
into mechanical torque. The electrical energy is used to actuate equipment
such as multi-turn valves.
Additionally, a brake is typically installed above the motor to prevent the
media from opening valve. If no brake is installed, the actuator will
uncover the opened valve and rotate it back to its closed position. If this
continues to happen, the motor and actuator will eventually become
damaged. It is one of the cleanest and most readily available forms of
actuator because it does not directly involve oil or another fossil fuel.

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4. ROBOT ARCHITECTURES
What is it that distinguishes the software for a reasonably sophisticated robot from
most other large and complicated software systems? The answer has to do with the
embeddedness of the robot and the demands of responding to the environment
promptly. The relationship between the computational requirements for coming up
with an appropriate response to a given environmental challenge and the time
allowed by the circumstances at the heart of designing robot architectures. In
many cases, this issue is finessed simply by having robots that have enough
computational resources that they do not have to worry about being clever.
Consider the task of driving down an interstate highway. There are the small
adjustments you make to stay within your lane. There are larger and more abrupt
adjustments you might make to avoid a piece of tire tread or another road hazard.
You might plan your trip well in advance to determine which sequence of roads
you will take to get to your desired destination. You will have to divide your
attention between staying in your lane and watching the cars around you and
watching for signs and landmarks that tell you of approaching exits. Once you see
the sign for your exit, you may have to plan how to manoeuvre your vehicle
across several lanes of traffic to make your exit.
Planning a route could be as difficult as solving a traveling salesman problem or
as easy as finding the shortest path in a graph. Certainly, thinking about how to
manoeuvre across four lanes of traffic could take longer than figuring out how to
swerve to miss a pothole. What do you do if you are hurtling toward an exit but
not sure if it is the best exit to take in getting to your destination? You cannot
simply stop the world while you figure things out. You cannot even focus your
attention entirely on the problem because you still must attend to the road.
There is another issue that often comes to the fore and has its analogy in
conventional desktop systems and that is the management of resources. Just as
two different processes cannot be allowed to access a disk drive at the same time,
two processes (or behaviours) cannot be allowed to drive the motors at the same
time. Suppose your manoeuvring across the highway trying to reach the far-right
lane to turn onto an approaching exit. At some level all your attention is on getting
the car to move to the right. Then suddenly you notice a car appear on your right
and another part of your brain takes control of the wheel and swerves to the left to
avoid a collision.

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How to arbitrate between different goals and behaviours each requiring access to a
critical resource?
What sort of architecture might allow for timely responses across a wide spectrum
of environmental challenges and at the same time provide a framework for
arbitrating among competing behaviours?

4.1 Look And Lurch

Murphy [2000] describes the range of current architectures (or paradigms) in
terms of the relationships between three primitives, sense, plan, and act and in
terms of how sensory data is processed and propagated through the system.
The following graphic illustrates the relationships among the primitives in
terms of the three dominant paradigms.

The hierarchical paradigm is a bit of a caricature. It was however the dominant

paradigm in the early days of AI robotics when much of the focus was on
robot planning. The emphasis in these early systems was on constructing a
detailed world model and then carefully planning out what steps to take next.
The problem was that, while the robot was constructing its model and
deliberating about what to do next, the world was likely to change. So, these
robots exhibited the odd behaviour that they would look (acquire data, often in

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the form of one or more camera images), process and plan, and then (often
after a considerable delay) they would lurch into action for a couple of steps
before beginning the cycle all over again. Shakey a robot developed at the
Stanford Research Institute in the 1970s was largely controlled by a remote
computer connected to the robot by a radio link; Shakey exhibited this sort of
look- and-lurch behaviour as it contemplated moving blocks around to achieve
a goal. The characteristic aspects of this paradigm are illustrated by the
following figure from [Brooks, 1986]:

The components of the robot in this case are said to be horizontally organized.
Information from the world in the form of sensor data must filter through
several intermediate stages of interpretation before finally becoming available
for a response.

4.2 Reactive Systems

An alternative to the hierarchical paradigm with its horizontally organized
architecture is called the reactive paradigm and is labelled as such above.
Adherents of the reactive paradigm organize the components vertically so that
there is a more direct route from sensors to effectors. Schematically Brooks
depicts the paradigm as follows:

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In the subsumption architecture, components behaviours are divided into

layers with an arbitration scheme whereby behaviours at one level can
manipulate what behaviours at a lower level can see or do. Brooks called the
most primitive components of his architecture modules. Each module has
inputs, outputs, and a reset. A module at a higher level can suppress the input
of a module at a

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The modules are meant to be simple computationally and so it is reasonable to think of

them as circuits or finite state-machines. Brooks assumed that they were augmented finite
state controllers. The reset would cause the controller to return to its initial state. Once set
in motion the controllers would continuously transition from one state to the next. The
transitions can be determined in part by reading from the inputs and some internal state
and of course by referring to the present state of the controller. Brooks also allows
controllers to have an internal clock or timer and so, for example, they can execute a wait.
Here are the basic transition types allowed in specifying the transition function of a finite-
state controller.
• Output - a transition can compute a value as a function of the module's inputs and
internal state and then send the value to one of its outputs before entering a specified state

• Side effect - a transition can set one of the module's instance variables (internal state) to
some value computed as a function of the module's inputs and internal state; the module
then enters a specified state

• Conditional dispatch - a predicate on the module's inputs and instance variables is

evaluated and depending on the outcome the module enters one of two specified states

➢ lower level thereby preventing the module from seeing a value at its
input.
➢ A module can also inhibit the output of a module at a lower level
thereby preventing that output from being propagated to other
modules.

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• Event dispatch - a sequence of conditions and states to branch to is

specified; the conditions are then monitored continuously until a
condition is met and then the module transitions to the corresponding
state.
In some applications each module is implemented on a separate
processor with information propagated from inputs to outputs using
parallel or serial communications. However, there is nothing
preventing us from implementing more than one or all the modules on
a single processor with propagation carried out using shared variables.
Here is the specification for a module that is used as one component in
a level responsible for avoiding obstacles. The specification language
has a liplike syntax, but the expressions would typically be compiled
into assembly code or into an intermediate target language like C.

Here is the most primitive level of a mobile robot system consisting of three
modules (plus the sonar and motor components which can also be thought of as
modules of a sort). We assume a ring of sonars that provides at intervals an
updated vector of sonar readings here referred to as a map. The collide module
looks at the sonar vector and if it determines there is an imminent collision, then it
sends a halt command to the motors. The feel force module treats the sonars as
repulsive forces acting on the robot and computes a force vector summarizing
these repulsive forces. The feel force module sends this force vector to the
runaway module which computes motor commands to move the robot in accord
with the perceived repulsive forces acting on it.

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5. ROBOTICS IN INDUSTRY
5.1 Connections between robotics and some related
subjects
Indeed, robotics has been regarded by some as a branch of AI, but equally, AI
could be said to be a subset of robotics, if robotics is interpreted liberally.
This view of AI as a sort of mechanical psychology is still held and, in my
opinion, is where its greatest importance lies, but as far as its present relevance
to robotics and other practical subjects is concerned AI is just a bag of
programming methods. What these methods have in common is that they
search for a satisfactory interpretation of data, or a plan of action, among a
collection of possibilities, usually based on imperfect knowledge.
AI is about search and representation. Representation is the issue typified by
questions such as how a model of an object can be stored in a computer in a
way which allows effective comparison with an image.

5.2 When to use industrial robots instead of humans ?

It is preferable to use robots in applications in 4D (i.e., Dangerous, Dirty,
Dull, and Difficult). It is used also in 4A: automation, augmentation,
assistance, and autonomy.

5.3 Types of industrial Robots and their methods of operation

An industrial robot is driven through a sequence of movements by a program
of some kind. The program is executed by a controller; the basic relationship
between the controller and the robot is shown in Figure 5.1. The controller
turns on the joint actuators (throughout this chapter the terms 'joint' and 'axis'
are used interchangeably) at the appropriate times, while signals from the joint
sensors are returned to the controller and used for feedback. The types of
controllers, methods of programming,

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Industrial robots can be classified by the method of control and by the method
of teaching or programming; although certain control methods and teaching
methods are almost always used together, in principle the two bases of
classification are separate. The main classes of control are as follows:

and details of joint servo control are discussed in the following sections. We
begin with the classification of industrial robots.

1) Pick and place.

2) Point to point.
3) Continuous path.

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6. ROBOTS IN MILITARY
Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled mobile robots
designed for military applications, from transport to search & rescue and attack.
They have more advantages and Supporter but also have risks.
6.1 Some advantages
Autonomous robotics would save and preserve soldiers' lives by removing
serving soldiers, who might otherwise be killed, from the battlefield. Lt. Gen.
Richard Lynch of the United States Army Installation Management Command
and assistant Army chief of staff for installation stated at a conference:
As I think about what is happening on the battlefield today ... I contend there
are things we could do to improve the survivability of our service members.
And you all know that is true.
Major Kenneth Rose of the US Army's Training and Doctrine Command
outlined some of the advantages of robotic technology in warfare:
Machines do not get tired. They do not close their eyes. They do not hide
under trees when it rains, and they do not talk to their friends ... A human's
attention to detail on guard duty drops dramatically in the first 30 minutes ...
Machines know no fear.
Increasing attention is also paid to how to make the robots more autonomous,
with a view of eventually allowing them to operate on their own for extended
periods of time, possibly behind enemy lines. For such functions, systems like
the Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot are being tried, which is
intended to gain its own energy by foraging for plant matter. Most military
robots are tele- operated and not equipped with weapons; they are used for
reconnaissance, surveillance, sniper detection, neutralizing explosive devices,
etc.
Current robots that are equipped with weapons are tele-operated, so they are
not capable of taking lives autonomously.
Advantages regarding the lack of emotion and passion in robotic combat are
also taken into consideration as a beneficial factor in significantly reducing
instances of unethical behaviour in wartime. Autonomous machines are
created not to be "truly 'ethical' robots", yet ones that comply with the laws of
war (LOW) and rules of engagement (ROE). Hence the fatigue, stress,
emotion, adrenaline, etc. that affect a human soldier's rash decisions are
removed; there will be no effect on the battlefield caused by the decisions
made by the individual.
6.2 Countries which use it.
Many different countries are developing military robots and if there are wars
in the future the battlefield might be completely robotic someday. This does
not mean humans will not be in danger, because as one side or the other break
through the next target is us. Some of these countries are not the ones you
would expect.

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1. Russia has their military robotic program in high gear. They displayed
many of their military robots at the Army-2015 exhibition. Some of the
robots are already in use and others have just been designed. One of them
is named the Uranus-6. It is a mine sweeper and has already been used in
Chechnya. It has the look of a bulldozer.
Some of the other robotic offerings are unmanned boats, drones, and
submarines. The Russians have an intense robotic program which calls for
robots to be issued to the army and fleet for ten years. If the Russian
aircraft industry is any indication the Russians should be creating many
formidable robots in the future.
2. India has decided military robots are the wave of the future. The country’s
military states there will be a robot army within the next ten years. The
army states its robots will conduct one half of all operations by that time. It
is claimed India has sixteen military robot development programs
currently active.
Some of the robots are typical of what other countries are developing, that
is a small tractor base with a weapons platform. One robot is on the small
side and was created to destroy or unarm unexploded devices. It is small
enough to enter planes and through the doors of a building. It is remotely
controlled. India claims it will be on an equal standing with the robot
forces of the United States by 2020. They expect to have a full spectrum of
robots which will range from micro robots to tank sized robots.
Beside drones they will have robot boats, ships and subs. Daksh is India’s
first robot soldier and it is of a traditional small tracked remote controlled
robot. India is also discussing building robots which will be autonomous
and depending on their programs they will decide who to fight and when
to fire.
There are a lot of other countries use military robots like: USA, Israel, and
Iran….etc.
6.3 DRDO Daksh
Daksh is a battery-operated remote-controlled robot on wheels that was
created with a primary function of bomb recovery. Developed by defence
research and development organization, it is fully automated. It can navigate
staircases, negotiate steep slopes, navigate, and narrow corridors and two
vehicles to reach hazardous materials. Using its robotized arm, it can lift a
suspect object and scan it using its portable X-Ray device. If the object is a
bomb, Daksh can defuse it with its water jet disrupter.

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7. ROBOTICS IN MEDICAL FIELD

Medical robotics is a stimulating and modern field in medical science that
involves numerous operations and extensive use of telepresence. The discipline of
telepresence signifies the technologies that permit an individual to sense as if they
were at another location without being there. Robots are utilized in the discipline
of medicine to execute operations that are normally performed manually by
human beings.

These operations may be extremely professional and facilitated to diagnose and

treat the patients. Though medical robotics may still be in its infancy, the use of
medical robots for numerous operations may increase the quality of medical
treatment. The utilization of telepresence in medical operations has eliminated the
barriers of distance, due to which professional expertise is readily available. The
use of robotics in the medical field and telepresence minimizes individual
oversight and brings specialized knowledge to inaccessible regions without the
need of physical travel.
7.1 History of Medical Robotics
Medical robotics was introduced in the science of medicine during the early
1980s, first in the field of urology. Robotic arms were introduced and used for
medical operations. Robotics initially had inferior quality imaging capabilities.
During this period, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration also
started exploring utilization of robotics for telemedicine.
Telemedicine comprises the use of robotics by physicians for the observation
and treatment of patients without being in the physical presence of the patient.
As telemedicine improved, it started to be used on battlefields. During the
close of the last century, medical robotics was developed for use in surgery
and numerous other disciplines. Continued advancement in medical robotics is
still in progress, and improved techniques are being developed.

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7.2 Applications of Medical Robotics

In recent years, robots are moving closer to patient care. What is new is
finding them in clinical laboratories identifying and measuring blood and other
specimens for testing, and in pharmacies counting pills and delivering them to
nurses on “med-surge-units” or ICUs or bringing banked blood from the
laboratory to the ED, surgery, or ICU for transfusions.

Robots are being used as exactly accurate “go-for”! An early active robot,
“Robodoc” was designed to mill perfectly round lumens in the shafts of
fractured bones, to improve the bonding of metal replacements such as for
femur heads, and knee joints. The future of this system remains uncertain
because of questions about the ultimate beneficial outcomes. The reasons
behind the interest in the adoption of medical robots are multitudinous.

Robots provide industry with something that is, to them, more valuable than
even the most dedicated and hard-working employee – namely speed,
accuracy, repeatability, reliability, and cost-efficiency. A robotic aid, for
example, one that holds a viewing instrument for a surgeon, will not become
fatigued, for however long it is used. It will position the instrument accurately
with no tremor, and it will be able to perform just as well on the 100th
occasion as it did on the first.

7.2.1 Robotic Surgery

Robotic surgery is the process whereby a robot carries out a surgical procedure
under the control of nothing other than its computer program. Although a
surgeon almost certainly will be involved in the planning of the procedure to
be performed and will also observe the implementation of that plan, the
execution of the plan will not be accomplished by them - but by the robot.

To look at the different issues involved in the robotic fulfilment of an

operation, the separate sections of a typical robotic surgery (although robotic
surgery is far from typical) are explained below.

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8. INNOVATIONS IN ROBOTICS
The machines have long moved out of research labs to venture into new spheres.
They are expected to continue the epic migration towards pharmacies, the
automotive sector, and more. Countless robots are already contributing to higher
quality products and shorter turnaround times in the manufacturing sector.

These robots are proving to be effective at basic tasks and jobs. Robots are prone
to fewer errors, require less downtime, and are more cost-effective. As a result,
they enjoy higher retention rates. But with every machine, there must be someone
to operate it and repair it should it break down. This is where people trained in the
field of mechatronics come in.

Here are some of the latest robotics innovations and why there needs to be skilled
mechatronics engineering technologists to help repair and maintain all these great
new robots.

8.1 Google’s worker robots

Google is planning to produce worker robots with personalities. The
technology giant recently won a patent for the ambitious project. Engineers
will enable the machines to download personalities from a cloud-based
system. The robots have the capacity to store and display multiple
personalities when interacting with humans.

8.2 Multi-tasking bots

Momentum Machines developed a multi-tasking bot capable of preparing a
gourmet hamburger in as little as 10 seconds. If all goes well, the robot could
eventually be used in fast food restaurants.

8.3 UR3 arm

An automated device created by Universal Robots known as UR3 can build its
own replacement parts on the fly. The cute and nimble robot can handle a
variety of tasks, such as gluing, painting, soldering, and grasping.

8.4 Saul Robot

Saul Robot is designed to help fight deadly diseases like the Ebola virus. The
machine was deployed by the Air Force to eliminate the virus in rooms where
quarantine procedures are conducted on aid workers. Developed by Xanax,
Saul eradicates traces of Ebola using powerful pulses of highly energetic
ultraviolet rays.
It breaks down and weakens cell walls of the virus.

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8.5 Asus Zebo

Asus Zebo is a low-cost robot capable of rolling around autonomously and
understands verbal commands. Asus developed the device to help individuals
remember daily tasks, such as exercise and medication schedules as well as
doctor's appointments. Zebo can also monitor the surroundings to detect any
emergencies. It can connect to smart-home components like security cameras,
lights, and door locks.

8.6 Paro
Paro is a therapeutic robot with the appearance of a baby harp seal. The fury
device is intended to help lower stress levels and stimulate interaction between
caregivers and patients. It has proven effective when it comes motivating and
assisting patients relax. The psychological effects are drawn from the
documented benefits of animal therapy. It comes with five different sensors,
including posture, light, tactile, audition, and temperature sensors.

8.7 Pepper
Pepper is a talking humanoid robot that adapts its attitude based on how it
perceives the mood of humans around it. The device detects emotional states
like sadness, surprise, joy, and anger. It responds in a natural and appropriate
fashion. Pepper uses multi-directional microphones to detect sounds.

The clever machine analyses the lexical field to assess tone of voice. This
allows it to accurately understand emotional context. For vision, Pepper
employs a combination of 2HD and 3D cameras to recognize shape of objects.
Its developers embedded up to 20 engines in the head, back, and arms to
regulate movements.

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CONCLUSION

"Finally, we find most robots working for people in industries, factories,

warehouses, and laboratories. Robots are useful in many ways. For instance,
they boost the economy because businesses need to be efficient to keep up
with industry competition. Therefore, having robots helps business owners to
be competitive because robots can do jobs better and faster than humans can,
e.g., a robot can build and assemble a car. Yet, robots cannot perform every
job; today, robot roles include assisting in research and industry. In the end, as
technology improves, there will be new ways to use robots which will bring
new hopes and potentials.

Robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue;

researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical
purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots are
built to do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, finding
survivors in unstable ruins, and exploring mines and shipwrecks. Robotics is
also used in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) as a
teaching aid. The advent of nanorobots, microscopic robots that can be
injected into the human body, could revolutionize medicine and human
health."

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REFERENCE

1. D. J. Todd (1986). Fundamentals of Robot Technology: An

Introduction to Industrial Robots, Teleoperators and Robot Vehicles.
Springer Netherlands.
2. "Robot soldiers". BBC News. 2002-04-12. Archived from the original
on 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2010-05-12. Link
3. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 2,
Issue 8, August 2011. ISSN 2229-5518.
4. "Types of Robots". IEEE Robotics & Automation Society. Link
5. "All Types of Robots". Robot park. Link
6. "Flying Robots". NCCR Robotics. Link
7. "Computer Robots". Truth facts. Link
8. "Border Security Air Team Final Report". University of Maryland.
Link
9. "Using Robots to Train the Surgeons of Tomorrow". IEEE Spectrum.
Link
10."7 Latest Innovations in Robotics". ECPI University Blog. Link
11."Robot Architectures". Brown University. Link

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