Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Sugarcane bagasse ash—The future composite material: A literature review

Sajjan Singh Rawat, Anirudh Sharma
Dept. of Civil Engineering, JECRC, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Cement is considered an irreplaceable and unique concrete building material that is in high demand worldwide.
Compressive strength Burning fossil fuels and using electricity to make cement produce carbon dioxide, which contributes to green­
Flexural strength house gas emissions. To reduce CO2 emissions, we need to use less cement in concrete. Agricultural wastes such
Modulus of elasticity
as sugar cane bagasse, rice husks, and palm oil play an important role in reducing the CO2 emissions of concrete
Split tensile strength
Sugarcane bagasse ash
by substituting some of the cement. Treatment of sugarcane bagasse ash collected from scrap mills by washing
and incineration changes the morphological properties of bagasse ash, making it suitable as a pozzolanic
admixture. It is clear that sugarcane bagasse ash replacement cements exhibit favorable processability, improved
concrete mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting strength), reduced perme­
ability, resistance to thermal activation, and electrical conductivity.

1. Introduction figure 1. It is mostly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and

Concrete is one of the most commonly used building materials in the
world. With high construction demand, cement production is increasing
each year. Therefore, it is also responsible for enhancing the footprint of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dramatically [1]. For every tonne of
Portland cement, it is responsible for emitting about one tonne of CO2
gas into the atmosphere, which is approximately 5% of global anthro­
pogenic CO2 released [2]. Traditionally, OPC is the primary binder used
in concrete production. Initiatives to control and regulate monitoring of
by-products, residues, and industrial wastes are being deployed around
the world to protect the environment from pollution. A good solution to
the problem of recycling the generated waste from agricultural in­
dustries, factories, and fields is to recycle it instead of dumping it into
nearby water bodies or land [3]. Waste is burned in a controlled envi­
ronment and used as ash (waste) for more benevolent purposes.
Generally, the components of concrete, such as water and coarse and
fine aggregate, may be replaced in whole (or in part) by additional
cementitious material during testing. Eco-friendly materials such as
pozzolanas (fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, rice husk ash, bagasse ash,
and palm oil) have binding properties just like cement, making them the
most preferable replaceable raw material for cement, which reduces the
cost of concrete production and minimizes harmful effects on the envi­
ronment [4,5].
Sugarcane is a widely cultivated crop worldwide, with a global
production exceeding 1.5 billion tonnes. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) refers
to the fibrous residue left behind after sugarcane stalks are crushed to
extract juice for sugar production [6]. Bagasse is a by-product of the
sugarcane industry and is regarded as a waste material, as illustrated in
other minor components. Figure 2 provides information on the chemical
composition and sugar yield of sugarcane bagasse and its components. It
reveals the percentages of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, ash, and
crude protein in different parts of the sugarcane plant. After extracting
all active sugars (sucrose) from sugar cane, a large fiber excess is ob­
tained [7].
The incineration of sugarcane bagasse in combustion boilers under
controlled conditions results in the generation of reactive amorphous
silica in the residual ash known as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). In
figure 3, a flowchart describes the various applications of sugarcane in
sugar production, ethanol production, jaggery production, paper
manufacturing, agriculture, energy generation, and even as potential
alternatives in the construction industry [8].
This amorphous silica content makes bagasse ash a useful cement
replacement material for concrete. Each large batch of sugar cane pro­
duces about 25.65% bagasse (half the moisture content) and 0.61%
residual ash. The excess after combustion produces compounds
controlled by silicon dioxide (SiO2). India produces more sugarcane per
capita than Brazil, which produces 40,000 metric tonnes of bagasse ash
every day. Because it has a high calorific value and is fibrous, it is used in
thermal power plants, paper pulp manufacturing, and generation plants
for electricity [10]. Previous research studies have indicated that
bagasse ash exhibits favorable pozzolanic characteristics, thereby
rendering it a feasible substitute for cementitious materials. SCBA serves
as a sustainable feedstock for the production of biofuels like bioethanol,
biomethane, biohydrogen, and biobutanol. Additionally, SCBA is used
for creating adsorbent, ceramics, concrete, and composites, expanding
its applications beyond energy generation. [8,11].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.07.272
Received 18 March 2023; Received in revised form 15 July 2023; Accepted 23 July 2023
2214-7853/Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International
Conference on Sustainable Materials and Practices for Built Environment.

Please cite this article as: Sajjan Singh Rawat, Anirudh Sharma, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.07.272
S. Singh Rawat and A. Sharma Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Extensive research has been carried out to use it as filler in concrete,
resulting in increased strength, reduced heat of hydration, good work­
ability, and high durability. It turned out to be an excellent pozzolanic
admixture [4]. Its incorporation in concrete has demonstrated numerous
benefits, such as enhanced strength, and has proven to be a successful
pozzolanic admixture, further enhancing the performance of concrete
[12].
As research progressed, SCBA was combined with two or more of the
following pozzolanic materials and tested for compatibility in ternary
mixtures: rice husk ash, fly ash, palm oil ash, silica fume, and meta­
kaolin. Cement is formed through a reaction involving various ogue’s
composition of cement comprises four key compounds: tricalcium sili­
cate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), tricalcium aluminate (C3A), and
tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF). Upon hydration, these compounds
generate two significant products: calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel
and calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2). The addition of pozzolanic materials
increases the reactivity and transforms the empty C–H lattices into C- S-
H lattices. Tests on the strength and durability of SCBA show it to be an
excellent supplemental cement material [13].
Additionally, tests on the strength, workability, and durability of
SCBA show it to be an excellent supplemental cement material. How­
ever, high-performance concrete and extreme climatic conditions such
as freezing and thawing have been less studied. It is important to focus
on cost analysis for large-scale material processing and on-site applica­
tions [14].
Additionally, SCBA can improve soil properties, making it more
suitable for construction and increasing its strength, stiffness, and
bearing capacity. It is also effective in improving the strength, dura­
bility, and water resistance of other construction materials like bricks,
paver blocks, and mortar. Moreover, SCBA can serve as an alternative to
ingredients such as sand, gravel, and fly ash, reducing construction costs
and promoting sustainability. Overall, SCBA has the potential to reduce
the environmental impact of construction, improve material perfor­
mance, and lower construction expenses [15]. Added another paragraph
to introduce and show SCBA significance in other CE applications.).
2. Physical and chemical characteristics of SCBA
2.1. Physical characterization
SCBA produced by power plants ranges in colour from dark to light
black. Because of incomplete combustion, dark black implies a greater
carbon concentration. (Add new sentences.) According to some studies,
ash from sugar cane bagasse can be dried by controlled heating at
105–110 ◦ C for 24 h or burning at 600–800 ◦ C for 4–6 h. There were
unburned carbon particles that lowered the specific gravity. Sieving can
remove fibrous particles, and rolling in a ball mill further reduces the
size and shape of the fine particles, increasing their pozzolanicity [16].
Cordeiro et al. found that the vibratory milling process can reduce the
particle size from 199 mm to 5.4 mm in as little as 8 min up to 240 min.
When investigating the rheological behaviour of SCBA concrete in the
presence of superplasticizers, the fluidity increased with increasing
addition of fluidity improver to saturation. Initial and final curing times
increased when the manipulated SCBA samples were compared to the
control samples. Fibrous bagasse ash was found to contain large
amounts of carbon particles and non-reactive silica, making it unsuitable
for pozzolanic action [17]. The increase in specific surface area resulting
from particle size reduction further increases reactivity. Studies on the
compatibility of sugarcane bagasse with superplasticizers have shown a
three-fold reduction in manufacturing costs compared to conventional
concrete [18].
2.2. Chemical characterization
The source of the sugarcane bagasse ash (also known as SCBA) and
the quality of the SCBA have a significant impact on the chemical
composition of the SCBA. The primary elemental oxides are silica
(SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) [19]. The usual con­
stituent chemicals of SCBA according to different countries are shown in
the following Table 1. The silica content in bagasse ash from Iran is 64%,
whereas in Brazil it is 78%. The research conducted in California in­
dicates that the silica content is 60%, while Indian ashes exhibit 86%
and Thailand’s SCBA shows 65%. The composition of the crop is subject
to variation based on factors such as geographical location, crop type,
and underground water [20,21].
3. Advantageous utilizations of SCBA
● SCBA waste is one of the preferred smart raw materials in the
manufacture of innovative products due to its affordable production
cost and excellent eco-friendly final product. Large- scale cultivation
of sugar cane ensures a steady and stable supply, making it the best
option as it is easily accessible [24].
● The effortless utilisation of SCBA simplifies complex processes,
potentially reducing costs associated with SCBA extraction, chemical
modification, or other pretreatments in the conversion process to
easily accessible materials. With proper modification and
manufacturing processes, the mechanical properties of SCBA, such as
tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, hardness, and
impact resistance, are improved [25]
● It has been found that SCBA are not only highly miscible with other
materials but can also be easily manipulated and modified in
chemical composition to create new types of It also meets environ­
mental standards as it is recyclable, biodegradable, and reusable [26]

Fig. 1. Sugarcane Bagasse [].

Source- https://stock.adobe.com/search?k=sugarcane+bagasse

2
S. Singh Rawat and A. Sharma
3.1. SCBA has multiple uses in composite materials when combined with
other additives and/or chemical changes
Numerous studies have been done to optimize the utilisation of
sugarcane wastes in the manufacture of numerous composites that
perform admirably when used for different purposes. As a result, SCBA
can significantly replace or reduce the use of expensive, non-
biodegradable, synthetic materials that require expensive pretreat­
ment, extraction, and modification.
1. SCBA with OPC (common Portland cement) gives good strength and
good pozzolanic properties. Quendu P. al. replaced 10% of his vol­
ume of cement with his SCBA and observed an increase in work­
ability and compressive strength [18].
2. In addition, SCBA may use apt hybrid amalgamations and/or mod­
ifications using different materials, chemicals, and methods to
further improve products, add new functionality, or modify existing
products. was meant to be It was discovered that SCBA can advan­
tageously replace cement by up to 10%. However, a 10% replace­
ment was sufficient to achieve ideal SCBA levels. Green concrete
requires little superplasticizer as it becomes more workable when
cement is partially replaced with SCBA. Lightweight concrete made
from social waste (SCBA) becomes less dense with higher SCBA
concentrations [27].
3. Locally available agriculture waste SCBA was used in amounts of 5%,
10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of cement weight to replace cement in
concrete. Experimental results show that ternary bagasse ash silica
fume (TBASF) concrete has less drying shrinkage when bagasse and
silica fume are used instead of cement [27].
4. An experimental study was conducted to learn more about the use of
silica fume and bagasse ash in concrete. In their study, 10%, 20%,
and 30% of the cement were replaced with bagasse ash, with 10%
silica fume added to each replacement. The results showed that
replacing untreated BA with 10% fumed silica improved strength.
Reportedly, a performance evaluation of cement mixed with sugar­
cane bagasse ash into concrete found that the concrete with the
bagasse ash substitute performed nearly as well as the control con­
crete in terms of strength [28].
5. Bagasse ash can be substituted for up to 10% regular Portland cement
in M Sand Concrete without affecting the concrete’s desirable
Fig. 2. Chemical Composition and Sugar Yield of Sugarcane Bagasse and Its Fractionated Components [1,9].
3
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Decreasing the permeability of concrete and increasing the corrosion
resistance of rebar embedded in concrete are two particular advan­
tages of such alternative materials. These findings directly affect the
load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures [29].
6. Partial replacement up to 10% by weight increased the desired
average strength. RHA and SCBA show lower compressive strengths
at 15 and 20 cycles, respectively. Sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA)
concrete undergoes a gradual pozzolanic reaction, resulting in a
significant improvement in mechanical properties with ageing [22].
7. The mechanical properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) con­
crete improve significantly with age. 20% SCBA can be used to
replace concrete in construction without loss of strength over Both
RHA and SCBA concretes are resistant to sulphate attack up to 3%,
but when the MgSO4 concentration is further increased up to 5%,
their compressive strength starts to decrease [30].
8. This study confirmed that SCBA shows promising results when used
as a cement replacement material (CRM). Due to the delicacy of its
chemical composition and carefully controlled combustion process,
SCBA has potential use as a CRM. In this study, SCBA concentrations
varied from 5 to 50% as a partial cement. As their study investigated,
the workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and
adhesive strength of concrete were improved. Results showed that
adding SCBA to fresh concrete increased the slump by 5–50%. The
mechanical parameters (compressive strength, split tensile strength,
and adhesive strength) of concrete made with 5–30% SCBA
compared to fully cemented concrete showed a reasonable
improvement in the results [31].
4. Grinding before use in concrete
1. Although there have been many studies examining how milling af­
fects SCBA and finding improved properties, further research is
needed to improve the pozzolanic properties of bagasse ash. SCBA’s
high surface area reduces the workability of new concrete. Using up
to 25% bagasse instead of controlled concrete does not make much
difference in compressive strength, but researchers have observed
that using SCBA improves the durability index. However, a full
analysis of durability factors is still pending [33].
2. Rambabu and Rama conducted an experimental study on the acid
resistance of his SCBA concrete of M 60 in HCL and H2SO4 solutions.
S. Singh Rawat and A. Sharma Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

SCBA was replaced by cement at rates of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and Table 1
20%. The parameters investigated in their study were the strength Composition of Sugarcane bagasse ash in different countries [19].
degradation of concrete specimens fully immersed in 1%, 3%, and Oxide in Iran Brazil California India Thailand
5% HCL and H2SO4 solutions at curing times of 28, 60, and 90 days. SCBA [20] [21] [21] [22] [23]
The authors found that the compressive strength of control mixtures SiO2 64.23 78.34 60.96 86.79 65.26
exposed to HCL and H2SO4 solutions at concentrations of 1%, 3%, Al2O3 9.08 8.55 0.09 2.45 6.91
and 5% increased over time by 20.7%, 26.5%, and 31.6%, 23.6%, Fe2O3 5.47 3.61 0.09 1.75 3.65
30.9%, and increased by 34.5%. Exposure decreased over 28 days. CaO 8.17 2.15 5.97 3.42 4.01
MgO 2.97 1.65 8.65 1.46 1.1
The compressive strengths of 5% substituted SCBA concrete samples Na2O 0.87 0.12 0.7 N.A 0.33
exposed to HCL and H2SO4 solutions at 1%, 3%, and 5% concen­ SO3 N. A 3.46 N. A 0.30 0.21
trations were 18%, 23%, and 28.1%, 20.8%, 27.3%, and 31.6%, K2O 1.32 3.46 9.02 3.83 1.99
respectively. Decreased. 28 days after exposure Furthermore, it is LOI N. A 0.42 5.7 7 N. A
also observed that the compressive strength of the control blend in
HCL solution is greater than that of the blend cured in H2SO4 solu­
less compared to control mixtures exposed to 1%, 3%, and 5% con­
tion. Note that the SCBA substitutes up to 10% less strength than the
centrations of HCL solutions [33].
control blends in both HCL and H2SO4 solutions [32].
3. Rambabu et al. studied the effects of SCBA as a cement substitute in
5. Conclusion
concrete exposed to various acidic environments. SCBA replaces
cement weight at percentages of 0%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 10%.
1. SCBA Content Optimization: Studies have looked at several
From the test results, the authors showed that 6% SCBA level is the
replacement rates for SCBA in concrete, ranging from 5% to 25% by
best substitute for M35- grade concrete. Furthermore, the decrease in
weight of cement. According to experimental findings, SCBA
compressive strength is up to 6%. SCBA substitution is shown to be

Fig. 3. Flowchart describes the various application of sugarcane [2].

4
S. Singh Rawat and A. Sharma
concentrations of 10% or 20%, for example, provide acceptable
average strength and performance. Depending on elements like the
required qualities of the concrete and the particular application, the
ideal SCBA concentration may change.
2. Increased Workability and Mechanical Properties: SCBA has
been demonstrated to increase the workability of concrete, making it
simpler to handle and install. By adding SCBA to fresh concrete,
mechanical qualities including compressive strength, split tensile
strength, and adhesive strength may be improved. - SCBA has shown
a fair increase in these mechanical properties when compared to
completely cemented concrete. SCBA may be used in place of up to
10% of ordinary Portland cement in M Sand Concrete without
detracting from the concrete’s favorable qualities. This replacement
may result in a reduction in the concrete’s permeability and an in­
crease in the embedded reinforcement’s corrosion resistance,
improving the reinforced concrete structure’s ability to support
loads.
3. Durability and Resistance: SCBA concrete is ideal for situations
with mild sulphate exposure since it has shown resistance to sulphate
attack up to a specified concentration. However, the compressive
strength of SCBA concrete may begin to decline when the content of
magnesium sulphate rises above a certain threshold. To completely
comprehend SCBA concrete’s durability features, especially its long-
term performance under varied environmental circumstances,
further study is required.
4. Grinding and Pozzolanic qualities: It has been discovered that
grinding SCBA before using it in concrete enhances its pozzolanic
qualities. Even though milling SCBA may improve its qualities,
further study is needed to properly use the pozzolanic potential of
bagasse ash. Although utilizing up to 25% SCBA in place of
controlled concrete has demonstrated no difference in compressive
strength, the greater surface area of SCBA may make new concrete
less workable.
Overall, optimizing the amount of SCBA in concrete, enhancing
workability and mechanical capabilities, and considering its resistance
and durability characteristics are crucial considerations when using
SCBA in composite materials. Furthermore, grinding SCBA before usage
could improve its pozzolanic qualities, although further study is
required in this area. Overall, SCBA provides a variety of benefits and
possibilities in the manufacturing of concrete and composite materials,
with the potential to lower costs and increase sustainability.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Sajjan Singh Rawat: . Anirudh Sharma: Writing – review &
editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
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