NCERT FOLDER

Sol. Resistance is inversely proportional to the a -

In text Questions cross-section of the wire. Since, thick wire has ? *
1 What does an electric circuit mean? Pg 200 area of cross-section, its resistance will be |^
current will flow more easily through the thick ,,7'
Sol. A dosed and continuous path of electric current is
known as electric circuit.
9 Let the resistance of an electrical comp0riP,
remains constant while the poter--'
2 Define the unit of electric current. Pg 200 difference across the two ends 0f J1
Sol. The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). component decreases to half of its f0rme
The current flowing through a conductor is said to be value. What change will occur in the current
I A, if a charge of 1 coulomb (C) flows through it in through it?
1 second (s)
Sol. Let resistance be R. Potential difference Vacroy -
1A = — two ends becomes V72. Since, I =V IR
Is
_y_

A,
As V-* V/2, I
3 Calculate the number of electrons constituting 2R
one coulomb of charge. Pg 200

2
In other words, current through the componen-
Sol. We know that, charge on one electron =1.6 X10 C connected to
^L6xl0-19 coulomb charge = 1 electron.
:. 1 coulomb charge: ^ - — 6.25 X 1018 electrons
1.6x10
4 Name a device that helps to maintain a potenti ial
difference across a conductor. Pg 202
no
S°l- Electric cell or battery is a device that helps to maintain a
potential difference across a conductor.
5 What is meant by saying that the potential
difference between two points is 1 V? Pg 202
Sol. -pLc potential difference between two points is said to be
1 V if 1 J of work is done in moving 1 coulomb of
electric charge from one point to other point.
6 How much energy is given to each coulomb of
charge passing through a 6 V battery? Pg 202
So1- Given, charge, q = 1 C, potential, V = 6 V, W= ?
As we know, W - q V =\xG-G]
6 J is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a
6V battery.

7 On what factors does the resistance of a

conductor depend? Pg209
S°l- The resistance of a conductor depends on following
factors: b
(i) Length of the conductor.
{//) Area of cross-section of the conductor.
(iit) Nature of material of the conductor.
8 Will current flow more easily through a thick wire
or a thin wim ofor a thin wire
 becomes half of its original value.
10 why are coils of electric toasters and electric
irons made of alloy rather than a pure metal'?
Pg209
Sol. Alloys have a higher resistivity than their constituent
metals. They do not oxidise or burn at high»T
temperatures as they have high melting point. Thus, they are used to
make coils of electrical toasters and electric irons rather than pure
metals.

11 Use the given table to answer the questions.

Electrical Resistivity of Some Substances at20°C

Material Resistivity (frm)

Conductors Silver 1.60x10‘8
Copper 1.62 x10‘8
Aluminium 2.63x10'a
Tungsten 5.20x10'8
Nickel 6.84 xKT8
Iron 10.0X10'8
Chromium 12.9 x 10-8
Mercury 94.0x1 O'8 Manganese
Alloys Constantan (Cu + Ni) 49x10'e
Manganin (Cu + Mn + Ni) 44x10‘6
Nichrome 100x1 O'1 (Ni + Cr + Mn +
Fe)
Insulators Glass 101°-10W
Hard rubber 1013 1016
-

Ebonite 1015 1017

-

Diamond 1012 1013

-

1012
 lectricity
lf
lfftO*16E 369

(/) Which among iron and mercury Is a better

conductor? 15 An electric lamp of 100 ft, a toaster of 50 ft
(/r) Which material is the best conductor? Pg209 and a water filter of resistance 500 ft are
connected in parallel to a 220 V source. What
s,W. The substance which has less resistivity is a better
conductor. is the resistance of an electric iron connected
(i) Iron is a better conductor than mercury. to the same source that takes as much current
(«) Silver is the best conductor as it has the least as all the three appliances and what is the
resistivity.
current through it? pg 216
12 Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit Sol. Let resistance of lamp, /?, = 100ft
consisting of a battery of three cells of 2 V each, a
Resistance of toaster, R2 = 50 ft
5 a resistor, a8Q resistor and a 12 ft resistor Resistance of filter, R$ = 500 ft
and a plug key, all connected in series. Pg2i3 100 0
5o/. The schematic diagram is shown as below;
6V
f— ^
■/
K •
T 5Q Bn 12IJ
^->~~\AAAAr—MWV VWVy— 220 V
Net resistance,
13 Redraw the above circuit, putting in an 1
ammeter to measure the current through the
R
resistors and a voltmeter to measure the
potential difference across 12 ft resistor. What [v Rt, R2 and Ri are connected in parallel]
would be the readings in ammeter and 1
or R — =31.25 ft
voltmeter? Pg213 j©*TC) + 50 + 500' 500 16
Sol. So, resistance of iron to take same current as much
current drawn by all the appliances should be 31.25 ft.
Current through circuit,
V 220
/= - 7.04 A
R 31.25
Thus, current through iron is 7.04 A.

Equivalent resistance of the circuit,

16 What are the advantages of connecting
R = RX + R1 + Ri =5 = 25ft
electrical appliances in parallel with the battery
[v R{, R2 and R^ are connected in series]
instead of connecting them in series? Pg 216 1
In series combination, current flowing through all the
resistances is same and equal to the total current ol. Following are the advantages of connecting electrical
lfowing through the circuit. ^ devices in parallel with the battery:
Current in the resistors, I = — = — = 0.24 A (0 Parallel circuits divides the current among the
R 25 electrical devices, so that they can have necessary
Ammeter reading = 0.24 A amount of current to operate properly.
Potential across 12 ft resistance, (it) If one of the devices in a parallel combination
V = IR= 0.24x12 = 2.88 V fuses or fails, then the other devices keep
Voltmeter reading is 2.88 V. working without being affected.

14 Judge the equivalent resistance when the 17 How can three resistors of resistances 2 ft, 3 ft
and 6ft be connected to give a total resistance
following are connected in parallel
of
(01 ft and 106 ft (/') 4 ft (H) 1 ft? Pg216
Pg216
(#01 ft,103ftand106ft. Sol. (i) If 3ft and 6ft are connected in parallel, thus
(01 ft {it) 1 ft equivalent resistance of parallel combination
When resistors are connected in parallel, then the = —l = 2ft
equivalent resistance is less than the least resistance 1/3+ 1/6
connected in the combination. In both the abov this combination is connected in scries with
the equivalent resistance .1 equivalent resistance
approximately 1 ft.

wwwrtebhoedS i:SW
 All/KOne Science ci
370 ass loth

The resistor connections are as shown below; 21 An electric iron of resistance 20

20 30 current 5 A. Calculate the heat ^ fakes,
—WM— a
A •—VWW— in 30 s.
60 —B v®J°P©d
—WM Sol. Given, Resistance, R = 20 Q, Pg2i«
(o) Since, equivalent resistance is less than the least Current, / = 5 A, Time, t = 30 s
value of resistance (i.e. 2 12), it means that all We know that,
three resistors are connected in parallel.
20 Heat developed, H = IlRt
= (5)2 x 20 x 30= 5 x 5 x 20 x 30= 15000J = l51(|
15 kj heat is developed in 30 s.
-AAAA/V-
30 22 What determines the rate at which energy •
" —- vww delivered by a current? p
6Q
1 Sol. Electric power determines the rate at which energy u
Equivalent resistance 1Q delivered by a current.
1 1 1
-
2
+ -
3
+ -
6 23 An electric motor takes 5 A from a 220 V line
Determine the power of the motor and energy
18 What is (/) the highest and (ii) the lowest total consumed in 2 h. pg22o
resistance which can be secured by Sol. Given ^ S A. V= 220 V, t = 2 h
combinations of four coils of resistances
4 a, 812, 12 Q and 24 Q? Pg2l6 /. Power of motor,
Sol. (i) Resistance is maximum when resistors are 7> = K/= 220x5 = 1100 W = l.l kW
connected in series. :. Energy consumed = Pr = l.lx2=2.2 kWh
40 80 12 0 24 0 X thus, the power of the motor is 1.1 kW and energy-
A •—WWV—WWV—WWV—WWV

Rnax = 4 + 8 + 12 + 24 =
*6
$ consumed is 2.2 kWh.

(it) Resistance is minimum resistors are EE>XERCISES

connected in parallel. (On Pages 221 and222)
40
WWW 1 A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into five
equal parts. These parts are connected in
parallel. If equivalent resistance of this
combination is R', then find the ratio R/H' is
(c) 5 (d) 25
Sol. (d) Resistance of complete wire is R. If it iscut *nt0^
equal parts, then resistance of each part will lx ^

Five parts of resistance ^ each are connected in

Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow
while heating element does? Pg 218 parallel as shown in the figure
Sol. The cord of an electric heater has lesser resistance than Rl 5
its heating clement. So, more heat is produced in the
heating element than the cord and it glows.

Compute the heat generated while transferring

96000 C of charge in one hour through a
potential difference of 50 V? Pg 218
Sol. Given, Charge, q = 96000 C, Time, t = 1 h = 3600 s
Potential difference, V = 50 V 25
We know that. R
Heat generated, H = Vlt ■

= Vq =50 x 96000 = 4800000 J = 4800 kj

H’f]
t lJ is 6'“Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. u. co
m
 2 Which of the following terms doeg
represent electric power in a circuit? not * A copper wire has dlemeter 0.5 mm and
resistivity p =1.6 x 1O *n-m. What will be the
(a)/JR (b)/RJ (c)W {6)vtlR length of Its wire to make its resistance 10 Cl?
& (DAOenricpowreW./^/,,^ [W m / * ] How much does the resistance change, if
diameter is doubled? CBSE 2014
■ 0' - ¥ w.r L R
Sol. Given, radius of wire = diameter/2

So, //?* does not represent electric power, = —05 n •«= 0.25 mm = 0.25x10'’ m.
An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W 2
When it is operated on lio V, the power p = l,6x 10" O-m and /f = 10Cl
consumed will be (/) We know that, resistance,
(a) 100 W (b) 75 W (c) 50 W D-P/. Itr2]
<ol- Given, V^llOV, .P = 100W (d) 25 W Aa ' 4nr tA
Resistance of bulb, R = V2/ P Rnr2 10x3.14x0.25x0.25 x10'
or /
_ 220x220 _ P L6 x 10' =
122.66 m
100 484 Ci
Now, when V 110 V, {ii) Resistance, R •
d2
then power consumed, If diameter is doubled, then resistance becomes
w 110x110 one-fourth of its original value.
P=— 25 W
R 484 The values p)T current / flowing in a given
resistor^for the corresponding values of
4 Two conducting wires of same material and of potential difference V across the resistor are as
equal lengths and equal diameters are first given below;
connected in series and then parallel in a ^ ((ampamperes) 0 5 1.0
circuit across the same potential difference,
$
V (volts) 1.6 3.4 102
the ratio of heat produced in series and parallel
combinations would be
(a) 1:2 (b)2 :1 (c) 1 : 4 (d)4:1 Plot a graph between V and / and also calculate
the resistance of that resistor.
ol, (f) Let R be the resistance of each wire. The resistance
of both the wires will be same because they are of Sol.
same material and have same length and same
cross- sectional area. Equivalent resistance in series
= R + R = 2R
V2t
Heat produced, H =
R V2t
If wires arc connected in series, then Hs - ——
R
Equivalent resistance in parallel = —
lV2t
Heat produced, Hp Resistance = Slope of graph
Ratio of heat produced, _ Y - intercept (10,2-01 V
:3.4fi
V2t X- intercept (3,0- 0) A
1;4 Thus, the resistance of the resistor is 3 4 Q.
2Vlt 8 When a 12 V battery is connected across an
unknown resistor, there is a current of 2.5 mA
Thus, the ratio of H$ and Hp is 1:4. in the circuit. Find the value of resistance of
resistor.
5 How is voltmeter connected in circuit to So/. Given, V = 12 V. / » 25 mA » 25 x 10"’ A. R = ?
measure the potential difference between the V
Resistance, R « -7 [by Ohm’s law]
I
 t
o- rrr^-^v^ e choecteee m
to measure the potential difference between two pt W
Six 10*a
 60
-'WWV-
9 A battery of 9 V Is connected In series ent
with resistors of 0.2 £2, 0,3 Si, 0,4 Si, 0.5 Q and c of two —MAWV- ■wa / v - L . j j -
12 0, respectively. How much current wo resistanc 60
Cl
lfow through the 12 Si resistor? connectc Bo-
can scries,
Sol. The circuit diagram for the given system of resistors R' = 6 + 6= 12 Q. Now, 12 and6fir-
be drawn as below are connected in parallel.
02U 03 0 04 0 050 12 0 »2x6 72
_VWW—VWW—WM VWA VWvV- Equivalent resistance, /?eq
12 +6~ ig ~40
Several electric bulb designed to be
on a 220 V electric supply line are rated at p
W. How many lamps are connected in para(| 0
Total resistance, R — R\ + ^2 + R) + ^ + ^ with each other across two wires 220 V line the
= 0.2 Q +03 £2 + 0.4 SI + 0.5 S2 + 12 £2 maximum allowable current is 5 A?
= 13.4 Q V = 220
Given, Potential difference, V
Current through all resistors in series is the same. Power, P - 10 W; Current, I = 3 A
V Resistance of bulb,
Current through 12 £2 resistor — —
V2 220x220 „
9V /?' = — = = 4840 £2
: 0257 A P 10
13.4 £2 Since, bulbs are connected in parallel,
uivalent resistance (R)
How many 176Q resistors (in parallel) are Individual resistance (/?’)
required to carry 5 A on a 220 V line? Number of bulbs (n)
CBSE201

Sol. Given, V = 220 V, I = 5 A => R ^ a.v = m

n
V 220
/. Resistance of the wire, R' -—= 44 £2 => 220 5x4840
/ 5 n
The net resistance 44 £2 is less than the individual
5 x 4840
resistance 176 £2, so individual resistances are to be 110 bulbs
connected in parallel order. 220
In parallel connection, equivalent resistance A hot plate of an electric oven connected to a
I 1 R 220 V line has two resistance coils A and fl,
R'
1 1 1 «_ n each of 24 £2 resistance, which may be used
i + R
R R R separately in series or in parallel. What are the
176 £2 176 a currents in three cases?
44 £2 : = 4 resistors
44 Given, V = 220 V, RA = RB = 24 £2

Show how would you connect three resistors,

(i) Current in plates when used separately,
each of resistance 6 £2, so that the combination has
j _ V _ V _ 220
a resistance of (/) 9 £2 and (//) 4 £2? 926 A
Ra Rb ~ 24
Sol. (i) If two 6 £2 resistors are connected in parallel, then
{if) Current in plates when connected in series.
the equivalent resistance is
Equivalent resistance in series,

6n
© R = Ra + Rb = 24 -»■ 24 = 48 fl

Current flowing , / = ^ = 438 A

—-VvWv— —vww
6 Cl
—vww {Hi) Current in plates when connected in parallel-
60
Equivalent resistance in parallel.

e o— RaR.AnB 24x24
12 £2
This combination is connected in series with a Ra + R* 48
V : 220 -.18.32 A
“""‘“WW^tecftOed u. eom— ^ R 12
 tfl/fiOne Electricity 373

14 Compare the power used in 2 Q resistor in 17 An electric heater of resistance 8 £2 draws 15 A

each of the following circuits (/) a 6 V battery in
from the mains for 2 h. Calculate the rate at
series with 1 Q and 2 Q resistors, (//) a 4 V
which heat is developed in the heater.
battery in parallel with 12 Q and 2Q resistors.
Sol. Given, Resistance, R = 8 fi, Current, / = 15 A
&>I. (0 The circuit shown right 10 20
Time, t = 2 h = 7200 s
has resistance connected VvW. WM
in scries combination: Heat developed, H = I1 Rt
Current in the circuit, 6V = 15 x 15 x8 x 7200J
-HHh .'. Rate of heat developed,
, V 6
/ ———2A 15x 15x8 x 7200
/?, + R2 3 P H
7200
Power used = 72 R 22 x 2 = 1800 W or 1800J/s
Thus, the rate at which heat is developed in the heater is
=2x2x2 m
1800 joule per second.
(it) The circuit is shown as
irght: 12 Ji Explain the following questions
VWW- i
In parallel combination, (0 Why is tungsten used almost exclusively for
potential across each 2n filament of electric lamps?
A/VWV
resistor is same and equal (//■) Why are the conductors of electric heating
to the potential applied to +,4,v- devices such as bread toasters and electric
the circuit. irons made of alloys rather than pure metals?
Potential across 2 Q resistor, (Hi) Why is the series arrangement not for used
V=4V domestic circuits?
Vj_ 4x4 (/V) How does the resistance of a wire vary with
Power used, —
R
:8 W 100 its area of cross-section?
v) Why are copper and aluminium wires usually
Power used in both the cases is same. employed for electricity transmission?
15 Two lamps, one rated at 100 W-220 V and CBSE 2015,14

other 60 W-220 V are connected in parallel to (i) Tungsten has a high melting point (3380 °C). It
does not melt at high temperature. It retains as
electric mains supply. What current is drawn
much of heat generated, so that it becomes very
from the line, if supply voltage is 220 V?i hot and emits light. That is the reason why
Sol. Given, potential, V = 220 V 100W tungsten is used as filament of electric lamps.
Power, /j = 100W _MTrL {it) Conductors of electric heating devices are made
Power, P, = 60 W 60 W of alloys because alloys do not oxidise (burn)
l readily at high temperature unlike metals. Also,
/. Current, /, = — alloys have a greater resistivity (generally) as
1 V
compared to their constituent pure metals.
= 0.45 A -Q- («i) There are 2 reasons for not using series
~ 220 220V connections for domestic circuits,
60
Current, /, = — = = 0.27 A I. Devices of different current ratings cannot be
V 220 connected as the current is constant in series
Total current drawn, circuit.

7 = /, + I2 II. If one device fails, the circuit is broken and all

devices stop working,
= 0.45+0.27 =
(iv) Resistance is inversely proportional to the area of
0.72 A
cross-section of the wire. Thus, if the wire is
^ Which uses more energy, a 250 W TV set in thick (large area of cross-section), then resistance
1 h or a 1200 W toaster in 10 min? is less. If the wire is thin (less area of
cross-section), then resistance is large.
Soi Given. /> =250 W, P2 =1200W,
(t>) Copper and aluminium wires are used for
tj = 1 h = 3600 s, t2 =10min = 600s transmission of electricity because they have low
Energy, resistivity. So, they conduct the electric current
Qj = /> t, = 250 x 3600 = 900000 J = 900 kjyj j j witnout neavy ncai loss
without heavy heat— —losses.i Also, they are quite
• ,|
and Q2 = P2t2 = 1200 x 6i led to silver.

Thus, TV set uses more enei

:^WW2techoe(§iT:com
www.techoedu.com
 (Objective Type Questions)
Multiple Choice Questions
1 A current of 4.8 A is flowing in a conductor. 4. A cylindrical conductor of length l and
The number of electrons passing per uniform area of cross-section A has
second through the conductor will be resistance R. Another conductor of length
(a) 3 x 1020 (b) 768 x 1020 2.5 J and resistance 0.5 R of the same
(c) 7.68 x 10'19 (d) 3 x 1019 material has area of cross-section
CBSE (All India) 2020
Sol. (d) Given, current, 1 = 48A, e = 1.6 X KT19C
fa) 5 A (b) 2.5 A (c)0.5A (d)-A
5
We know that, / = — = — Sol. (a) As, resistance of a conductor
t
n I 4.8 R = p-
t 1j6 x 10~19 3xl019 A Ampi
Given, conductor of length 2.5/ and resistance
2 Which one of the following is the correct 0.5 R.
set-up for studying the dependence of the 2 5/
current on the potential difference across a 0.5R = p A'
resistor and why? CBSE2019 25/
R p 0.5/?
—VvVv
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2.5/'
(a )(A] 0.5 R
=> A' = 5A

5 If a wire of resistance Ris melted and recast

to half of its length, the new resistance of
r0n
the wire will be
-WvV-
R (b>" (c)fl (d) 2R
i'i (a: 2
Sol. (a) Volume of the wire docs not change when the
wire is melted and recast. If/ and A are the original
(r) Option (c) represents correct set-up for studing length and area of cross-section and /' and A are their
the dependence of the current on the potential corresponding values on recastion
difference across a resistor because ammeter A is
A/=A'/'
connected in series while voltmeter V is connected /' A
across parallel of resistor R. t ~ A'
r i ,r, ,
The values of mA and pA are ~
— (Given)
CBSE (All India )2020 / 2
(a) 10' 6 A and 10‘9 A respectively A l
(b) 10"3 A and 10' 6 A respectively A'~ 2
(c) 10'3 A and 10’ 9 A respectively New resistance, R' K
(d) 10 6 A and 10“ 3 A respectively A'
(b) As, 1 mA = 10"3 A and 1 pi A = 10 6 A
R=~
Since, 1 m = 10i-3 Pl'/A'
and Ip = 10'6 P l! A
3iW*H
Thus, option (b) is correct.

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 Alii none Science cic

Thus, equivalent resistance, R,, = — = __ j

A cylindrical conductor of length / an « 5 '£Q,
uniform arca of cross section A has Rr = equivalent resistance for parallel combinat
resistance R. The area of cross-section ol 9 What is the maximum resistance whir h
another conductor of same material and be made using five resistors each of (i/-Cdn1/5)
erS,S,anCC ’>Ul “’cbSE wl India) 2020 q?
,)A (a) (i/5)d (b) ion (c) 5 d (d) ift
IVrPDT r>
wi NCERT Ex,
fd) 3 A eniPUr
Sol. {d) The maximum resistance is obtainedd wk
resistors are connected in series combination. Th'"
(c) 2 A
Sol. (c) As resistance of a conductor equivalent resistance Rs = n X R = 5 x - = ]q
/
R = p — => A ...(i) Rf = equivalent resistance for series combination
A PR
Given, another conductor of R R. l' 2/ and Identify the circuit in which the electric^
components have been properly connected
P'=P
/' 21
Then. R' = p'— =» R = P ~r, <•>-! ^
A A
Hence, A' = p — ••(ii)
R
From Eq. (i) and (ii), we get
21
>A' = 2A

R
7. The maximum resistance which can be
made using four resistors each of
resistance — Q is
2 CBSE (All India) 2020 (a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iil) (d) (iv)
(a) 2d (b) 1 d (c) 2.5^A(d) 8 fi NCERT Exemplar
(b) While identifying the circuit, the following
Sol. U>) Given 4 resistors, each of resistance \I2L1 conditions must be satisfied.
As, we know, equivalent resistance in series,
(a) An ammeter is always connected in series.
= /?, + R, + R, + R4
1 1 1 1 (b) Voltmeter should be connected in parallel,
(c) The positive terminals of V and A should be
2 2 2 2
joined to positive terminal of the cell and their
1 J_ 1 1 1
and parallel, + —+— negative terminals should be joined to the
R, + R2 R} R4 negative terminal of the cell.
1 1 i 1 Thus, the above conditions are satisfied in case (ii).
=—+—+—+—
1 1 1 1 A student carries out an experiment and
plots the V-I graph of three samples of
- or 0.125 d nichrome wire with resistances R), R^ and Kj
8 respectively as shown in figure. Which o( the
Hence, maximum resistance is 2d, when all 4 following is true?
resistors are connected in series.
8 What is the minimum resistance which can
be made using five resistors each of 1/5 d?
NCERT Exemplar

(a) (1/5)d (b) (1/25) d

(c) (1/10) d (d) (25) d
Sol. (b) The minim
resistors arc con

mm wMQboedu
 All/none Sci©i 'He© q

: 1000 W 24 Specific resistance of a conduc i0

Sol. Given, power. /* • 1 k\X on Increasing its temperature. * ir,cb>^
Sol. True; Specific resistance a resistivity 0f
—hHMHH1—■■ increases on increasing its tcmperatUrc
'
25 Horse power is the unit of pov/er
Sol. True; Horse power is the large unit of Do
1 HP = 746watt H Wcr-

-WAV
Match the Columns
26 Match the items of Column l with.,
-®—^ of Column II and choose the corre t ^
given below. ctr
Voltage, V = 220 V
Column I
Current, /=?
1000 A. Resistance of Depends up^T
/ = ' 4.5 A conductor nature jDfjrtaterigi'
V 220 BResistance of
Thus, the rating of fuse-wire is 5 A which is greater semiconductor
than 4.5 A.
C. Resistivity (Hi) Increases within^
_ of_ temperature
Fill in the Blanks
D Superconductor (iv) Decreases with
T7 Electric current is the rate of How of
Sol Charge
es
18 Alloy of metals usually has greatest ) A —>(ii). B —> (in), C —>(iv), D —^(i)
resistivity than their constituent (b) A—>(iii), B —» (iv), C-Mi), D —
Sol. Metals (c) A—>(iii), B —> (i), C -Miv), D -^(ii)
19 Ohm's law is the relation between (d) A—>(iv), B-> (iii), C-Mi), D-*(U)
and (b) A—> (iii) Resistance of conductor increases ^
increase of temperature.
Sol. Electric current and potential difference
B —> (iv) Resistance of semiconductor decreases was
20 1 kilowatt hour = J decrease of temperature.
C (i) Resistivity of a material depends upends
Sol. 1 kilowatt hour - 1 kilowatt X 11 hour nature of material. It does not depend depend
: 1000 war 3600 S:dhxto^ on ds
dimensions of material.
True and False D —» (ii) Resistance of superconductor is zero.

21 When one electron is removed from a metal Assertion-Reason

specimen, then it becomes negative.
Direction (Q. Nos. 27-33) In each of the followin',
Sol. False; When one electron is removed from a metal
specimen, then it becomes positive. questions, a statement of Assertion is given by «
corresponding statement of Reason. Of the statement
22 Ammeter is a device used to measure
potential difference between two point in mark the correct answer as
the electric circuit. (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true
Sol. False; Ammeter is a low resistance device used to and Reason is the correct explanation oi
measure electric current in the electric circuit. Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true,
23 Ohm's law is valid in the electric circuit for but Reason is not the correct explain
which V-I graph is obtained as straight
of Assertion.
line.
(c) If Assertion is true, but Reason is
Sol. True; The electric circuit in which Ohm’s law is (d) If Assertion is false, but Reason istrue
valid, the electric current flowing through the
conductor is directly proportional to the potential 0i tl „ ,irirc.« are Im^e
difference applied across its ends, providing the ^ * °n connec^n9
physical conditions remains unchanged. Copper, 0|
Hence, V-I graph obtained is straight line. ■ Reason The electrical conduct^1 •
■ copper is hinh.
www.tec hoed u . com
*'■ tc" & s*:*
Hcncc, conducting wires are made of copper.
28 Assertion When the length of
8 wire is
doubled, then its resistance
doubled. also gets
p"na‘l ^ etngth0' * ^
Sol. W Thc resistance of wire, fi = p
A
R <x l
Since, the resistance of a wire is directly proportional to
? . 'f Wuhen thc lcngth of a wire is
doubled/halved then us resistance also
doubled/halved.
29. Assertion Alloys are commonly used in
electrical heating devices like electric iron
and heater.
Reason Resistivity of an alloy is generally
higher than that of its constituent metals but
the alloys have lower melting points than their
constituent metals.
CBSE (All India) 2020
Sol. (c) As the resistivity and melting point of alloys are
higher than their constituent metals. So, alloys are
commonly used in electrical heating device^ like electric y
iron and heater.
30, Assertion At high temperatures
have a greater chance of sho
Reason Both resistance and r
material vary with temperature.
CBSE (All India) 2020
Sol. W Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is
correct explanation of the assertion.
At high temperature, chances of short circuiting
increase due to increase in resistance and resistivity of
material.
31 Assertion The 200 W bulbs glow with more
brightness than 100 W bulbs.
Reason A 100 W bulb has more resistance than
200 W bulb.
V2
Sol. w The resistance, R = —
P
Roc-
P
i.c. Higher thc wattage of a bulb, lesser is the resistance
and so it will glow bright.
www.techoedu.com
32 Assertion A voltmeter and ammeter can
be used to measure both the resistance
and power.
Reason Power is proportional to voltage
and current.
Sol. (b) Resistance, R = —
/
Power, P - VI
We can measure both resistance and power by
measuring the V and / simultaneously in circuit. So,
option (b) is correct.
33 Assertion Heater wire must have high
gets resistance and high melting point.
Reason If resistance is high, the electric
conductivity will be less.
Sol. (d) Heater wire must have high resistance and high
melting point, because in series current remains
same, therefore^ according to joule’s law, H
= I1Rt, heat produced is high if R is high,
therefore melting point must be high, so that wire
may not melt with increase in temperature.
Case Based Questions
Direction (Q. Nos. 34-37) Answers the questions
on the basis of your understanding of the following
passage and the related studied concepts.
How does a metal conductor conduct electricity? You
*
would think that a low energy electron have great
difficulty passing through a solid conductor. Inside a
solid, the atoms are packed together with very little
spacing between them. But it turns out electrons are
able to travel through a perfect solid crystal smoothly
and easily, almost as if they were in a vacuum. The
motion of electrons in a conductor, however is very*
different from that of charges in empty' space. When a
steady current flows through a conductor, the
electrons in it move with a certain average ‘drift speed'.
One can calculate this drift speed of electrons for a
typical copper wire carrying a small current and it is
found to be actually very small of the order of l mms
_1. How is it then that an electric bulb lights up as
soon as we turn the switch ON? It cannot be that a
current starts only when an electron from one
terminal of thc electric supply physically reaches the
other terminal through the bulb, because the physical
drift of electrons in the conducting wires is a very
show process.
$fftOneElectricity
381

Smaller the area of

resistance as
ss-«ct,on> greater will be
Sol. In parallel combination of resistors, the voltage drop
/?<*! across each resistor is same. So, for the rwo unequal
”A resistances connected in parallel, the voltage drop
ls,n«. lengths are same]
So, wire Q has greater resistance. across both the resistors will be same.

47 Find the minimum resistance that can be 49 Give two examples for application of
made using hve resistors each of (l/5)n heating effect of electric current.
Sol. Electric iron and electric bulb arc two examples for
NCERT Exemplar application of heating effect of electric current.
*-'■ M,n“nU"’ ra,SMnc' ^ob.a.ncd by c™ JL
resistors in parallel, R^ = _ _ ^5 _ 1 50 Nichrome is used to make the element of
electric heater. Why?
Sol. Nichrome is used to make the element of electric
M Two unequal resistances are connected in heater because it is an alloy with high resistivity and
parallel. If you are not provided with any high melting point.
other parameters (e g., Numerical values of
51 What do you understand by the term fuse in
1 and fi), what can be sard about the voltage an electric circuit?
drop across the two resistors?
Sol. Fuse is a safer)' device connected in series in an
CBSE SQP 2020-21 electric circuit which melts when the circuit gets
overloaded or short circuited.

C Short Answer (SA) Type

Questions )
1 What is meant by electric current? Write its
Potential at point B, VB = 230 V

fF
SI unit. Calculate the amount of charge Work done, W = ?
that flows through a conductor when Potential difference, V ■Vb-Va
current of 5A flows through it for 2 min* = 230- 220= 10 V
CBSE2015 We know that, work done,
Sol. Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric W =Vxq
charge through any cross-section of a conductor. = 10x4 = 40]
SI unit of electric current is ampercfA).
3 What is meant by "electrical resistance" of
Given, / = 5A, t = 2 min = 2 X 60 s = 120 s, q = 1
a conductor? State how resistance of a
We know that, charge, q = Ixt
conductor is affected when
=> q = 5x120 = 600C
(/) a low current passes through it for a short
Thus, the amount of charge flowing through
duration,
conductor is 600 C.
(ii) a heavy current passes through it for
2 (i) State the relation between potential about 30 s. CBSE 2016
difference, work done and charge moved. Sol. Electrical resistance of a conductor may be defined as
(it) Calculate the work done in moving a the property of any substance to oppose the flow of
current through it.
charge of 4 C from a point at 220 V to a
point at 230 V. (?) The resistance of die conductor will increase
when a low current pass through it for a short
Sol. (i) The relation between potential difference, work duration.
done and charge moved is given by
Work done (if) The resistance of the conductor will decrease
Potential difference when a heavy current pass through it,
Charge moved
4 Read the following informations :
V=—
H |j) Resistivity of copper is lower than that of
aluminium which in turn is lower than that
(ii) Given, charge, q -4 C^ off onstantan.
^..ea^ww.techoea u.com
www.techoedu.com
 R _Pi p/x4 Sol. The given circuit is shown below
JsJoW.
R nD2 K D1
. P* nD1
p/x4

- * 4 12V

Thus, resistance will decrease by 4 times.

7 Show how would you join three resistors,

each of resistance 9 £2, so that the
equivalent resistance of the combination is Let R be the resistance of the entire circuit.
Given, overall current needed, / = 9 A
(i) 13.5 £1 (ii) 6Q? CBSE2018 Voltage, V=12V
Sol To get an equivalent resistance of 13.5£2, we connect Using Ohm's law.V
resistors as 12
-£2
I ”9 3
9ft and R are in parallel
Now, the resistors
-WWV
combination.
1 _l_ 1
1- + -1i 2 R
:
9
9

= - = 4.5
9
1.W*2
1
2 [■:R -
3
a\

R^ = 9 + 4.5=13.5£2 4 4 R2
To get an equivalent a resistance of 6£2, we connect 3
resistors as *2 4 4 4 2
9ft 9ft
R-, = 2£2
So, the student should choose 2£2 resistor.

9 A battery £ is connected to three identical

lamps P, 0 and R as shown in figure.
Initially, the switch S is kept open and
the lamp P and 0 are observed to glow with
same brightness. Then, switch S is closed.
0

How will the brightness of glow of bulbs P

and 0 change? Justify your answer.
Sol. The brightness of glow of bulb P will increase and
brightness of glow of bulb Q will decrease.
This is because, on closing S, bulbs Q and R will be in
parallel and the combination will be in series with bulb
A student has two resistors 2 ft and 3ft She P. Hence, the total resistance of the circuit will decrease
has to put one of them in place o % a
and the current flowing in the circuit will increase.
Therefore, the glow of bulb P will increase.
shown in the circuit. The current that she
needs in the entire circuit is exactly 9 A Also, bulbs Q and R will be in parallel in this case. So,
two the cifrcnt gets dividedand set current flows
frU/ffOn6 Electricity
385

14 Find the equivalent resistance in the

following circuit. J_.i—L—L
Reff ^2 ^3
8^
-1 1 i 1 _ +*
_ 2+ 5 10 10 10
=> Rc„ = — = 1.25 tl
8
(**) Total current, / = =8A
R'« 1-25
Sol. In the given circuit, R, and R2 are in parallel. So, =5+2+1=8A
their equivalent resistance R' is given by (hi) Current through each resistor,
J_
—= 5A, I,.!.1
R' *I + r2 R, 2 R2
1 1 2 1 and
= — ■) = /j= — = — = 1 A
1 1 1 J R3 10
=> 7?' = 1 Ci
Similarly, equivalent resistance R" of R4 and R5 is 6 £1
given = _l_ + _L_i + y_2

R” R4 + R5 2+2 2
=> /?" = 1ST2
The circuit can be redrawn as
A W A W M W AV
In the above circuit, if the current reading in
R’ R3 R"
the ammeter A is 2A, what would be the
value of R,?

R,=7ft R3=60
Now, all the resistances are connected in series.
So. equivalent resistance of the circuit,
R=R’ + R} + R" R4=4 11
= 1 + 3 +1 = 5 £2

15 A circuit diagram is given as shown below; Calculate the total resistance and the total
2 ft
current in the circuit.
CBSE SQP ITerm-lI)
Sol. The resistances 5ft, 10ft and Rx arc in parallel
combination, so their equivalent resistance is
J_ I A l t l
-+—+—
R. 3 10 Rx
2RX + R, +10
l0Rt
L
Calculate 3R, +10 ...»
(i) the total effective resistance of the circuit. The circuit now becomes
(ii) the total current in the circuit.
611
(iii) the current through each resistor. -Awww
S*>1. Given, R, = 2 ft. R2 = 5 ft, 2A
R3 =10ft, 1/ = 10V 30V
w ^ :rvees,w^^:t^nhoedu .cdttt
 1

Here, resistances 6£1, *; and 60 arc in senes, so 17 Two resistors with resistances 5 q
equivalent resistance of the circuit becomes 10 n respectively, are to be connects?
/{pq = 6 + 6 + Rf battery of emf 6 V How will y0u Codlo«
10 /?, [From Eq. (i)l the resistances to obtain >nnect
= 12 + (i) (a) minimum current?
3 *, +10
(b) maximum current?
46*i +120
(jj) Calculate the strength of the total,
3*, +10 CUfrent
in the circuit in the two cases.
Current drawn, / = V / *,;q Sol. (*) (a) For obtaining minimum
two resistors should be connected in scric
* ^ * 7
(b) For obtaining maximum current, thc
46*, +120 _ 30 resistors should be connected in parallel ^
3*,+10 2 (/*) /. Total current in the circuit,
(parallel combination)
* 92*, + 240 = 90*, + 300
V 6x3
= 1.8 A
* *, : — = 30 Q ~R
2 Total current in the circuit,
(series combinationi
Here, resistances Ri and *4 are in series, so their is V
— = 0.4 A
equivalent resistance is R' = *3 + *4 = 6 + 4 = 10 £2 The R 15
circuit is reduced to
if,= 7fi 18 You huhave two electric lamps having rating

r -WvVvVv-
1*2=
40 W, 220 V and 60 W, 220 V. Which of the
two has a higher resistance? Give reason

£(
:ion R'='\0
24 V .=.
r for your answer. If these two lamps are
connected to a source of 220 V, which will
T *2 and *' are in parallel, so
glow brighter? CBSE 2016
V2
Now, resistances
equivalent resistance is Sol. We know that, power, P— —
R2R' 10x10 R
*2 + *' " 10 +10 20 Thus, resistance is inversely proportional to
power, i.e. higher power less will be resistance and
The circuit now becomes vice-versa. So, the electric lamp with power rating
40 W will have a higher resistance as compared to

£
-vwww- 60 W lamp.
Lamps with higher power will glow brighter.
Hence, lamp with 60 W power will glow brighter.
fl"=5£i

T 19 In an electrical circuit, two resistors of 20

and 4 £2 are connected in series to a 6 V
battery. Find the heat dissipated by the
The resistances *, and R" arc in scries, so their
4 £2 resistor in 5 s. NCERT Exemplar
equivalent or total resistance of circuit is
So/. Given, *, = 2£1, *2 = 4Q, t = 5 s, V = 6 V
*eq = *, +*" = 7 + 5=12 0
The final circuit is as shown Net resistance, * = *, + *2
= 2£2 + 4£2 = 6£2
A Current, /=—= =1A
24 V — 12 ft * 6 £2
In scries, same 1A current passes through both
resistors.
By Ohm’s law, | Heat dissipated, H Z2*, x t
V 24 < 1
www.tech oed u.com (l)2 x4x5
= 20 J
r

• n/4tOne Electricitv

20 #) !'„T^d r,' * m“ ' 3.50 to buy1,0 kWb ol electrical energy from the Sol. (j) According to Joule's law of heating, amount ofheat
produced in a resistor is
(a) directly proportional to square of current flowing
has a maxim um power of 2.0m kWCit7 through the resistor.
bMrd Hls oratorThe
H^t1
generator produces energy at this
maximum power for 3 h. Calculate (b) directly proportional to resistance of the resistor.
how much It would cost to buy the HocR
same amount of energy from the main {c) directly proportional to time for which the
current flows through the resistor.
electricity board. H«t
(ill A student boils water in an electric Hence, H = I2Ri
kettle for 20 min. Using the same
mams supply, he wants to reduce the
boiling time of water. To do so should
he increase or decrease the length of
the heating element? Justify your
answer.
CBSE SQP (Term-11)
Sol ■ (>) Given, power of generator, P = 2 kW
Time, t = 3 h
Energy consumed, E = P xt
Here, potential, V = 220 V
= 2x3=6kWh Power, Px =100 W, P2 = 60 W
Since, cost of 1 kWh of electrical energy As, current drawn is given by
is ? 3.50.
_ Power (P)
Cost of 6 kWh of electrical energy: [From P=VT\
6 x 3.50
Voltage (V)
T21.0
100 n.r
(ii) As we know that =

s?
Heat, H ■I2Rt 220 = 0.45 A
Here, I is constant, so to reduce the boiling 60 0.27 A
~ 220
time (r), the R should be decreased.
/ Three 2 £2 resistors, A, B and C are connected
Since, R = p — or /? «/
A as shown in figure. Each of them dissipates
So, the length of the heating eh energy and can withstand a maximum
decreased. power of 18 W without melting. Find the
maximum current that can flow through the
21 The potential difference between two
three resistors.
terminals of an electric iron is 220V and —VWW—
/
the current flowing through its element is •—>—WWv 8
5A. Calculate the resistance and wattage A —WWv—
of the electric iron. CBSE 2016 c
NCERT Exemplar; CBSE 2010
' ol. The potential difference between two terminals of
an electric iron (V) = 220V, current flowing Sol. Given, resistance, R = 212
through its element (1) = 5 A. Maximum power, Pm U8W
Maximum current, lm
Therefore, resistance, R = - 4412
/ 5 As we know.

We know that, power. P ■Vxl

- = J-=3A=/„
220x5 = 1100W
Maximum current that can flow through 2U resistor is
22 (i) Write Joule's law of heating.
3 A. This current divides along B and C because they
(ii) Two lamps, one rated 100W, 220V and the are in parallel combination. Voltage across B and C
other 60W, 220V are connected in parallel remain same and hence / « Since, B and C have
to electric main supply Find the current
drawn by two bulbs from the line, if the same resistance same current flows through them.
3
supply voltage is 220V. CBSE 2018 i.e. - = 1.5 A flows through B and C.
www.techoedu.com
 (c) resistivity of material of wire ; 7?«p
24 An electric iron consumes energy at a rate „ l
7f=p—
of 840 W when heating is at the maximum A
rate and 360 W when the heating is at the (ii) Metals are good conductor as their resistivity is vc l
minimum rate. The applied voltage is whereas glass is a bad conductor as its resistivity ^
try
220 V What is the value of current and the high. y*V|
resistance in each case? (Hi) Alloys are used as heating elements as their r«jst -
Sol. We know that the power input is P = VI and melting points both are very high.
. P 27The value of current (7) flowing throu
Thus, the current, 7 = — a given resistor of resistance 'Ugh
When heating is at the maximum rate, corresponding values of (7?). p0r ^
potentil
/ = ^ = 3.82A difference (V) across the resistor are ^
220 V given below
and the resistance of the electric iron is
V {Volts) 1.5
R=-= = 57.59 12
7 3.82 A I (Ampere)
When heating is at the minimum rate,
Plot a graph between current (7) and potential
7 _ 360_W _ i a
220 V difference (V) and determine the resistance (R) of^
ersistor^ CBSE 2018
and the resistance of the electric iron is
V 220 V Sol. Scale, At x axis, 1 div (1 cm) = 0.1 A
/?=- =±^- = 134.150 At^ axis, 1 div (1 cm) = 0.5 V
7 1.64 A

25 An electrical bulb is rated 40 W, 220 V. How

many bulbs can be connected in parallel
with each other across the two wires of
220 V line, if the maximum allowable
current is 6 A? CBSE 2016
Sol. Given, P= 40 W, V=220V,
We know that, R=V2IP
= (220)2 / 40
= 48400 / 40 = 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
121012 / (Ampere) »
Now, V - 77?e(j
/. Resistance = R = Slope of graph = —
=> =VII = 22016 = 36.66 12
Suppose, there are x number of bulb in parallel :. R = h.~.A = 15 ~ L0 _ =5q
36.66 =1210/* x2 — x1! 03 - 0.2 01
je = 1210/36.66 = 33.006 = 33
26 (f) list the factors on which the resistance of a 28An electric geyser rated at 1500 W, 250 V is
conductor in the shape of a wire depends. connected to a 250 V line mains. Solve
(ii) Why are metals good conductors of (i) the electric current drawn by it,
electricity, whereas glass is a bad conductor (fi) energy consumed by it in 50 h.
of electricity? Give reason. (Jif) cost of energy consumed, if each unit costs
(m) Why are alloys commonly used in electrical T 6,
heating devices? Give reason. CBSE 2018 So/. Given, power, 7* = 1500W,
Sof (7) Resistance of a wire depends on, voltage, V = 250 V
U) length of wire : 7f«/ W Electric current drawn,

m m °f “wwwrte c h o e d u.conrM?
0iffOne Electricity 389

(«) ‘ Energy consumed, f= Power X Time

= 1500 x 50 (v t = 50 h] So/, (r) Power of heater,
= 75000 Wh= 75 kWh
R
lv 1 kW = 1000 W]
200 x 200 500 W
= 75 unit (v 1 unit = 1 kWh] (1)
80
(«) Cost of energy consumed
= 75 X6 = ?450 (ii) Heat absorbed by water, H =mCQp
= 1 X 4200 X 40
29 A heater coil connected to 200 V has a [v 0^ = 60° - 20° = 40°C, C = 4200 J/kg 8C]
resistance of 80 Q, If the heater is plugged
= 168000 J
in for the time / such that 1 kg of water at
20°C attains a temperature of 60°C. Find = 168 kj

(i) the power of heater. (iit) .'. Energy consumed by heater, H = P x #

168000 = 500 xr
(ii) the heat absorbed by water 168000
336 s
(iii) the value of t in seconds. 500

C Answer (LA) Type Questions )

1 What is meant by resistance of a
conductor? Name and define its SI unit. Resistance depends on the length and area of a
substance.
List the factors on which the resistance of a
Resistivity depends on the nature and
conductor depends. How is the resistance temperature of the substance.
of a wire affected, if (i) its length is doubled, Given, p = 1.63 x 10 s£2-m
(ii) its radius is doubled? CBSE 2016
A 10.3 xlO-4 cm2 •lOJxlO^xlO^m2
)/. Refer to text on Pg. 359 and 360.
R = 20 nj
where, / = length of wire, 1
We know that, Resistance, R = —
A A = area of cross-section of wire A
RA 20x10.3x10"* x 10 m
p/x2 => /=
R'- p 1.63xl0‘sn-m
A 20 x 10.3 x!0~
v R'=2R ■ 126.38m
i.e. resistance will be doubled, if length of the 1.63 xlO-8
wire is doubled.
P/
3 (a) State Ohm's law.
R■ [v A = nr] (b) How is an ammeter connected in an
71 r
electric circuit?
Pi 1 R
(c) The power of a lamp is 100 W. Find the
R' - XT= —
n(2r)2 nr 2 4 4 energy consumed by it in 1 min.
Thus, resistance will decrease by four times, if radius of (d) A wire of resistance 5D is bent in the
wire is doubled. form of a closed circle, Find the
resistance between two points at the
2 (i) Distinguish between the terms electrical ends of any diameter of the circle,
resistance and resistivity of conductor. CBSE (All India) 2020
(ii) A copper wire of resistivity L63 x 10 £J-m Sol. (a) Refer to text on page 359.
has cross-section area of 10.3 xlO cm . (b) An ammeter is connected in scries in a circuit.
Calculate the length of the wire required to (c) Given, P = 100 W and time / = l minute = 60 s.
make a 20 £2 coil. CBSE 2016 As, energy E = Pt
= 100 x 60 = 6000 J
So/, (f) Refer to text on Pg. 359 and 360 for definitions
of R and p.
www.techoedu.com
 Electricity
393

l3 „) Which is the better way to connect lights

and other appliances in domestic circuit Current. / = I A . voltage. V' * 10 V
series connection or parallel connection? Using Ohm’s law, V * !RS
Justify your answer. 10 =»!(*, + 5) =*
(») An electrician has made electric circuit of a Thus, the resistance of electric lamp a 5 O Now, a
bouse in such a way that, if a lamp gets resistance of 10 12 is connected m paralle with the
fused in a room of the house, then all the series combination. Therefore, the total resistance of
lamps in other rooms of the house stop the circuit is given by
working. What is the defect in this type of 1 1
circuit wiring? Give reason. CBSE 2015 RP /?,+5 10

Sol. (,) Parallel connection Is a better way to connect j_ = J_+1

lights and other appliances in domestic circuit. ^ RP 5 + 5 10
It is because 1. 1
(*) when we connect a number of devices in 10 + 10
parallel combination, each device gets the
same potential as provided by the battery and
it keeps on working even, if other devices stop 10Q
-WWA-
working.
(£) parallel connection is helpful when each
device has different resistances and requires -

different current for its operation as in this

case the current divides itself through
different devices unlike series connection.
(ii) Electrician has made series connection of all the
10V
lamps in electric circuit of house because of
which, if one lamp gets fused, all the other lamps Hence, current flowing in the circuit.
stop working. / = K = ^ = 2A
This is due to the fact that when devices are R 5
connected in series, then if one device fails, the Thus, 1 A current will flow through 10 12 resistor and
circuit gets broken and all the devices in that 1 A will flow through the lamp and
circuit stop working. conductor of 512 resistance. Hence, there will be no
; change in current flowing through 512
14 (i) A current of 1 A flows in a series circicuit conductor. Also, there will be no change in
having an electric lamp and a conductor uctor of potential difference across the lamp.
5 12 when connected a 10 V batteibattery,
Calculate the resistanee ofn the electric
15 . In the given circuit, A, B, C and D are four
lamps connected with a battery of 60 V.
lamp.
(ii) Now, if a resistance of 10 12 is connected in
parallel with this series combination, then
what change (if any) in current flowing — oov k
through 512 conductor and potential
difference across the lamp will take place? «(i)4A(i)5A(i)3AiS)
Give reason. NCERT Exemplar
Sol. (i) Let the resistance of the lamp be /?, and
resistance of conductor be R} - 512
Analyse the circuit to answer the following
—(0) AVW1 questions.
(i) What kind of combination are the lamps
arranged in (series or parallel)?
(ii) Explain with reference to your above
W answer, what are the advantages (any two)
10V
of this combination of lamps?
.’. Total resistance in se^i
calculations which
w. te c h o'£
 Electricity

Such combination is shown as below: Equivalent resistance in series combination

8» 811
-/?+/?+/? = 3#. voltage " V
Let current through each bulb in series
combination be

By Ohm’s law, V = l. x }R =» /. = —
’ 3P
ift Obtain an expression for the heat produced
^ a conductor when a voltage V is applied Power consumption of each bulb in sena
across it. Heating effect of electric current is combination.
desirable as well as undesirable, Explain fj =/,2(3/?) = (-^l xlR=y~*iR
jjiis statement. CBSE2016 V3 R) 9 R1

-tfj When an electric charge Q moves against a potential

V1
=— -©
difference V, then the amount of work done is 3R
given by For parallel circuit,
W =QxV ...(i)
the resistance of each bulb = R
also know that, / = Q /1 Voltage across each bulb = V
So, Q=/xt ...(h) [v same voltage in parallel combinationj
and from Ohm’s law, V= IR ...(hi) Power consumption of each bulb m
Putting the values of Eqs. (ii) and (hi) in Eq. (i), parallel combination is given by
we get
W=IxtXlxR
Work done, W = I1 Rt From Eqs£ (i) and (ii), we get. (i)
Assuming that all the electrical work done or all the
ai
electrical energy consumed is converted into heat
energy. A (V'lR)
Py (VI5R)
W=H = I2Rt V- 3 R 3
Heating effect of electric current is desirable because it | — x — = 3 =>A=3/?
R V2
as useful for the functioning of electrical bulbs, etc., Therefore, each bulb in parallel combination
and undesirable because it leads to unnecessary loss of glows 3 times brighter than that of each bulb in
energy in the form of heat. series combination.
(ii) When one bulb gets fused then in series
19 Three incandescent bulbs of 100 W each combination, the circuit gets broken and current
are connected in series in an electric stops flowing, whereas in parallel combination,
circuit. In another set of three bulbs of the same voltage continues to act on the remaining
same wattage are connected in parallel to bulbs and hence other bulbs continues to glow
the source. with same brightness.

0) Will the bulb in the two circuits glow with 20 flj.fi, and #3 are three identical bulbs
the same brightness? Justify your answer. connected as shown in figure. .Ammeters
(«) Now, let one bulb in both the circuits get /!,, .-l2 and/l3 are connected as shown in
fused. Will the rest of the bulbs continue to figure.
glow in each circuit? Give reason.
NCERT Exemplar
(i) Let us assume that the resistance of each bulb be
R. The circuit diagram in two cases may be
drawn as given below:
By
—<$) Bi
Bi Bp S3
£
+ _ 03
v
d£YTtw, then the current of
iy ammeter A.
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