Approximation and Estimation

David Nyirenda

Malawi University of Science and Technology

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 Introduction

Approximation and estimation are fundamental concepts in

mathematics, science, and engineering.
These concepts help us understand the accuracy and precision of
measurements and calculations.
This presentation will cover measurement, accuracy, precision,
estimation, and approximation, along with illustrations and examples.

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 Measurement

Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to quantities to

describe some aspect of the physical world.
It involves comparing an unknown quantity to a known standard.
Measurements are expressed using units, such as meters, kilograms,
seconds, etc.

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 Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the true value or

accepted reference value.
Precision refers to the degree of consistency or reproducibility of
measurements.
A measurement can be accurate but not precise, precise but not
accurate, both accurate and precise, or neither accurate nor precise.

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 Estimation

Estimation is the process of finding an approximate value for a

quantity when an exact value is not available or practical to
determine.
It involves using available information and reasoning to make an
educated guess.
Estimation is useful in situations where precise measurements are not
required or feasible.

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 Approximation

Approximation is similar to estimation but may involve more

systematic or mathematical techniques.
It often involves simplifying complex calculations or expressions to
obtain a rough but usable result.
Approximation methods vary depending on the context and desired
level of accuracy.

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 Illustrations

Nearest Whole Numbers

Nearest 10, 100, 1000
Decimals
Significant Figures
Standard Notation
Order of Magnitude

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 Conclusion

Understanding approximation and estimation is essential for making

informed decisions in various fields.
These concepts help us navigate the uncertainties inherent in
measurements and calculations.
By applying approximation and estimation techniques, we can work
with imperfect information to solve real-world problems effectively.

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