Off-roading

Off-roading is the act of driving or riding in a vehicle on unpaved

surfaces such as sand, dirt, gravel, riverbeds, mud, snow, rocks, or
other natural terrain. Off-roading ranges from casual drives with
regular vehicles to competitive events with customized vehicles and
skilled drivers.[1]

Off-road vehicle
Off-road vehicles are either capable of or specifically developed for A Land Rover Defender 90 off-
off-road driving. These vehicles often have features designed roading
specifically for use in off-road conditions such as suspension lifts,
off-road tires, skid plates, snorkels, roll cages, or strengthened
drivetrains.[2][3]

Types of recreational off-roading

Dune bashing
Dune bashing is a specific form of off-roading performed on sand
dunes.[4] A Unimog U1600 off-roading

Dune Buggies, Sport-utility vehicles, and ATVs are often used.[5]

Vehicles driven on sand dunes are often equipped with a roll cage
for safety in the case of an overturn. The tire pressure is often
reduced to gain more traction by increasing the footprint of the tire
and lowering the ground pressure of the vehicle on the sand,
comparable to a person wearing snowshoes to walk on snow
without sinking.[6]

Some cars are equipped with beadlock wheels, which allow tire
pressure to be lowered even further without risking separation of 4WDs at Fraser Island beach,
the tire and rim. Upon entering the desert, it is customary for drivers Australia
to meet with a pack of other vehicles and a group leader before
proceeding. The group leader then leads the pack through the stunts
in a single file line. The rationale for this technique is to prevent drivers from becoming disoriented and
getting lost.[6]

Off-road racing

Desert racing
High-speed racing in the desert includes chases and racing at
maximum speed through rough desert terrain with numerous pots
and bumps. Drivers often use Rear Wheel Drive and 4 Wheel Drive
trucks with long-travel suspension and wide stance between the
front enlarged tires, which maintains optimal stability at high speed.
These types of trucks are often called Trophy trucks or
PreRunners.[7]

Rock racing A 5th-generation Ford Bronco dune

bashing
Rock racing involves driving over rocks, but unlike rock crawling,
does not specify penalties for striking cones, backing up, or
winching.[8] In addition, rock racing incorporates a level of high-speed racing that is not characteristic of
rock crawling.

Rallying
See article: Rally

Rallying is a wide-ranging form of motorsport with

various competitive motoring elements such as speed
tests (sometimes called "rally racing" in United States),
navigation tests, or the ability to reach waypoints or a
destination at a prescribed time or average speed. Rallies
may be short in the form of trials at a single venue, or
several thousand miles long in an extreme endurance
rally.

Depending on the format, rallies may be organised on

private or public roads, open or closed to traffic, or off-
road in the form of cross country or rally-raid.
Competitors can use production vehicles which must be
road-legal if being used on open roads or specially built
competition vehicles suited to crossing specific terrain.

Rallying is typically distinguished from other forms of

motorsport by not running directly against other
competitors over laps of a circuit, but instead in a point-
to-point format in which participants leave at regular
intervals from one or more start points. Petter Solberg driving a Subaru Impreza WRC on
gravel at the 2006 Cyprus Rally, a World Rally
Championship event
Mudding and mud plugging
Mudding is off-roading through an area of wet mud or
clay, leading to extremely low traction and problems with moving forward.[9] The goal is to drive as far as
possible without getting stuck.[10] There are many types of tires that are often used for this activity,
including balloon tires, mud-terrain tires and paddle tires. The activity is popular in the United States,
although it is illegal on public land due to the environmental impact.[11]
Mud plugging, as practiced in the United Kingdom, refers to the
motorsport of classic trials, where the main objective is to complete
a challenging course of (mostly unpaved) roads and (often muddy,
and frequently uphill) off-road terrain.

This form of motorsport is one of the oldest to survive to this day,

dating back at least to the 1920s.

Rock crawling Land Rover Series III mud plugging

Rock crawling involves

driving over rocky terrain, with the goal being to get as far as
possible with the fewest penalties. Penalties are received for striking
cones, using a winch to get unstuck, going out of bounds, and
going in reverse. These rules lead to the sport being technical, with
drivers having to plan ahead to reduce the penalties they receive.
Jeep Rubicon rock crawling Vehicles used for rock crawling are usually modified with different
tires, suspension components that allow greater axle articulation,
and changes in the differential[12] gear ratio to obtain characteristics
suitable for low-speed operation for traversing obstacles. Commonly, rock crawlers have a "spotter", who is
an assistant on foot by the vehicle to provide information about areas out of the driver's field of view[13]

Competitive trials
All progress is made at low speed and the emphasis is on skill rather than on finishing first, although trialing
can be highly competitive. There are three traditional forms of off-road trialing. During some competitive
events, such as the Turkey Run in Idaho and other events around the United States, point systems may be
used to determine rewards.

RTV trailing
RTV (Road Taxed Vehicle) trialing is the most common form of trialing. As the name suggests, it is for
vehicles that are road-legal (and thus required to pay road tax). This excludes vehicles that are highly
modified or specially built. RTV-class vehicles can carry a wide range of suspension modifications, as well
as off-road tires (provided they are road-legal), recovery winches, raised air intakes, etc. Vehicles on RTV
trials are usually best described as "modified from standard"—they use the standard chassis, drive-train, and
body that the vehicle was built with, but are fitted with a wide array of modifications to assist in the trailing.
Whilst modification is not necessarily required for an RTV trial, at the very least the vehicle would be
expected to have some underbody and over-the-body protection such as skid plates or roll cages, often
made from durable stainless steel, aluminium or mild steel. RTV courses are intended to be non-damaging
and driven at little more than a walking pace and a course properly laid out would be drivable without
damage. However, the terrain usually includes steep slopes, water, side slopes, deep ruts, and other
obstacles that could potentially damage a vehicle if mistakes are made or poor driving techniques are used.
As such, the use of modifications can increase the chances of success.[14]
RTV trials usually take place on farmland, a quarry site, or at a dedicated off-road driving center and are
usually organized by a dedicated trialing body (such as the All-Wheel Drive Club or the Association of
Land Rover clubs in the UK, or by a vehicle owner's club. The course consists of 10 to 12 "gates" marked
by two garden canes (sticks) and are vertically placed. The gates are just wide enough to get a standard
vehicle through. Vehicles start in a stagger, proceeding one by one, and are deemed to have cleared a gate if
at least one of the front wheel hubs passes between the canes. The vehicle's attempt ends when it comes to a
stop (depending on the exact level of skill the trial is aimed at any stopping may end the attempt, or a few
seconds may be allowed). Long-wheelbase vehicles are usually allowed to perform a three-point turn if
needed, providing the driver declares where the turn is going to be made before they attempt the course (this
puts a strong emphasis on ground-reading ability). This can also be called a "shunt", where the driver has to
attempt a gate and then shout "shunt". They are then allowed a space of one and a half car lengths to
reverse and line the car better to enter through the gate[15]

The course between the gates is a "section": between the start line and the first gate is "Section 1", the part
between the first and second gates is "Section 2" and so on. An RTV course is often laid out so that each
section is progressively more difficult, although this is not always the case. If a driver fails to complete
Section 1 they are given 10 points. If the attempt ends in Section 2, 9 points are awarded, etc. A clear round
results in gaining only 1 point. A day's event will consist of many different courses and the driver with the
lowest score is the winner.

Since the terrain covered in RTV trials should be well within the capabilities of any reasonably capable
vehicle (even in standard form), these trials emphasize driver skill and ground-reading abilities. Skill and
experience have a larger bearing on success than having a well-equipped and modified car.

CCV trialing
Cross Country Vehicle (CCV) trialing is the next step up from RTV
trialing and is open to non-road-legal vehicles, which greatly
increases the scope for modification. The terrain covered will be of
greater difficulty than that found on an RTV trial. Since there is a
risk of touching rocks and trees with the bodywork,[16] CCV
trialing will usually require more careful use of speed to get the
vehicle across certain obstacles will attempting to mitigate the risk
of vehicle damage. Whilst no trial is intended to be vehicle- Non legal Cross-Country Vehicle
damaging, mistakes and accidents are inevitable. A standard-
specification vehicle would not be expected to be able to complete a
CCV course, but it would still be possible.

The event is run along the same lines as RTV, with a course made up of cane-marked gates.

CCV trialing differs greatly from RTV trials in the vehicles used. Since CCV judges adopt an "anything
goes" attitude, CCV trials rely on having the correct vehicle to a much greater extent than in an RTV trial.
Competitors can design and build vehicles that are much more optimized for off-road use, than in the lower
ranks of trialing. CCV vehicles have powerful engines, high ground clearance, light, minimalist bodywork,
and good approach and departure angles. For many years, in the UK, the ultimate CCV vehicle could be
built by taking the chassis of a Range Rover, removing the body, cutting the chassis down to an 80-inch
wheelbase, and attaching it to the body of a Series I Land Rover, retaining the Range Rover's V8 engine
and coil-spring suspension in a light, maneuverable body. In recent years, the value of early Land Rovers
and Range Rovers has risen to the extent that this is no longer
practical. CCV trailers now usually base their vehicles around Land
Rover Defenders or a standard 100-inch chassis from a Range
Rover or Series I Discovery. The Suzuki SJ series of vehicles also
make good bases for CCV-spec vehicles. Some vehicles are
specially built, taking the form of light "buggies" with tractor tires
and "fiddle" brakes (fiddle brakes give the ability to lock a wheel,
which enables much better turning, better control descending hills,
traction control by slowing or locking the spinning wheel) for the Suzuki SJ based trial car, showing
best performance. an external roll-cage

Vehicles are required to meet certain safety regulations. Roll-cages

must be fitted and be built to a suitable standard, recovery points must be fitted front and rear and fuel tanks
must meet certain standards. A 4-point harness for all occupants is required and a fire extinguisher is
recommended.

Off-roading events
In some countries off-road activities are strictly regulated, while
others promote cross-country off-road endurance events like the
Dakar Rally, Spanish Baja, Africa Eco Race, Abu Dhabi Desert
Challenge, Russian Baja Northern Forest, King of the Hammers,
San Felipe 250 and Baja 500 & 1000, which are a test of navigation
skills and machine durability. Off-road parks and motocross tracks
also host several events and may be the only legal place to off-road
in the area.

offroad event Triumph Bonneville

Criticism of ORV use

Environmental impact
Off-road vehicle use on public land has been criticized by some
members of the U.S. government[17] and environmental
organizations including the Sierra Club and The Wilderness
Society.[18][19] They have noted several consequences of illegal
ORV use such as pollution, trail damage, erosion, land degradation,
possible species extinction,[20] and habitat destruction[21][22] which
can leave hiking trails impassable.[23] ORV proponents argue that Off-road vehicle impact in SW Utah
legal use taking place under planned access along with the multiple
environment and trail conservation efforts by ORV groups will
mitigate these issues. Groups such as the BlueRibbon Coalition advocate for the responsible use of public
lands for off-road activities.[24]

According to the U.S. Forest Service the use of old-style two-stroke engines, previously common in
vehicles designed for off-road use, also causes concerns about pollution. This is because "two-stroke
engines emit about 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel through the exhaust" (as the engine lubricant is a
"total loss system" and is emitted by design) and "discharge from two-stroke snowmobile engines can lead
to indirect pollutant deposition into the top layer of snow and subsequently into the associated surface and
groundwater".

Noise pollution is also a concern[25] and several studies conducted by Montana State University, California
State University, University of Florida and others have cited possible negative behavioral changes in
wildlife as the result of some ORV use.[26]

Some U.S. states have laws to reduce noise generated by off-road and non-highway vehicles. Washington
is one example: "State law requires off-road and other non-highway vehicles to use specified noise-muffling
devices (RCW 46.09.120(1) (e) maximum limits and test procedures). State agencies and local governments
may adopt regulations governing the operation of non-highway vehicles on property, streets, or highways
within their jurisdiction, provided they are not less stringent than state law (RCW 46.09.180 regulation by
local political subdivisions)".[27]

Mojave desert controversy

The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) supervises several large off-road vehicle areas in
California's Mojave Desert.

In 2009, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston ruled against the BLM's proposed designation of additional off-
road use on designated open routes on public land. According to the ruling, the BLM violated its
regulations[28] when it designated approximately 5,000 miles of off-road vehicle routes in 2006.[29]
According to Judge Illston the BLM's designation was "flawed because it does not contain a reasonable
range of alternatives" to limit damage to sensitive habitat, as required under the National Environmental
Policy Act.[30] Illston found that the Bureau had inadequately analyzed the route's impact on air quality,
soils, plant communities and sensitive species, such as the endangered Mojave fringe-toed lizard, pointing
out that the United States Congress has declared that the California Desert and its resources are "extremely
fragile, easily scarred, and slowly healed".[30]

The court also found that the BLM failed to follow route restrictions established in the agency's
conservation plan, resulting in the establishment of hundreds of illegal OHV routes during the previous
three decades.[28] The plan violated the BLM's regulations, specifically the Federal Land Policy and
Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA) and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA).[29] The
ruling was considered a success for a coalition of conservation groups including the Friends of Juniper
Flats, Community Off-road Vehicle Watch, California Native Plant Society, The Center for Biological
Diversity, The Sierra Club, and The Wilderness Society who initiated the legal challenge in late 2006.[30]

Roadless area conservation

Many U.S. national parks have discussed or enacted roadless rules and partial or total bans on ORVs. To
accommodate enthusiasts, some parks like Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida, were created
specifically for ORVs and related purposes. However, such designations have not prevented damage or
abuse of the policy.[31]

Public statements
In 2004, several environmental organizations sent a letter to Dale Bosworth (http://dnrc.mt.gov/divisions/for
estry/forestry-pioneers/dale-bosworth), Chief of the United States Forest Service, and described the extent
of damage caused by ORV use, including health threats to other people:

It is well-established that the proliferation of off-road vehicles and snowmobile use places soil,
vegetation, air and water quality, and wildlife at risk through pollution, erosion, sedimentation
of streams, habitat fragmentation and disturbance, and other adverse impacts to resources.
These impacts cause severe and lasting damage to the natural environment on which human-
powered and equestrian recreation depends and alter the remote and wild character of the
backcountry. Motorized recreation monopolizes forest areas by denying other users the quiet,
pristine, backcountry experience they seek. It also presents safety and health threats to other re-
creationists.[32]

In 2004 the Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia listed several problems that result from ORV use in
natural areas. From the Environmental News Service (https://ens-newswire.com/) article:

Scalia noted that off-road vehicle use on federal land has "negative environmental
consequences including soil disruption and compaction, harassment of animals, and annoyance
of wilderness lovers.[33]

Several environmental organizations, including the Rangers for Responsible Recreation, are campaigning to
draw attention to a growing threat posed by off-road vehicle misuse and to assist overmatched land
managers in addressing ORV use impacts.[34] These campaigns in part have prompted congressional
hearings about the growing impact of unmanaged off-road vehicle use.

The House Natural Resources Committee Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands held
an oversight hearing on "The Impacts of Unmanaged Off-Road Vehicles on Federal Land" on March 13,
2008.[35] A second hearing on off-highway vehicle (OHV) management on public lands was held by the
Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee on June 5, 2008.[36] The Senate committee hearing was
convened to find out why the agencies are failing to grapple with the negative impacts of off-road vehicle
use on US public lands and what the agencies might need to start doing differently. For the first time in
perhaps a decade, members of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee grilled leaders of the
Forest Service and the BLM about why off-road vehicle use is being allowed to damage America's national
treasures.

Taking center stage in the discussion was the "travel planning process", a complex analysis and decision-
making procedure to designate appropriate roads and trails. Both the Forest Service and BLM have been
engaged in somewhat similar travel planning processes now for years, but some of the committee members
didn't seem to think those processes were going along so well. "The BLM has identified travel management
on its lands as ‘one of the greatest management challenges’ it faces," stated committee Chairman Jeff
Bingaman, D-NM. "Likewise, the Forest Service has identified unmanaged recreation — including ORV
use — as one of the top four threats to the management and health of the National Forest System. Despite
these statements, it seems to me that neither agency has been able to successfully manage off-road use."
"Existing rules for managing off-road vehicles are not being enforced," Bingaman added, and the agencies
are ignoring unregulated use "with significant consequences for the health of our public lands and
communities, and adverse effects on other authorized public land uses."

Off-Road Vehicle Damage

Negative environmental effects Damage that occurred when

caused by a motorcycle to a vehicles left the posted trail in the
portion of the Los Padres National Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
Forest

In gaming
Video games that allow users to off-road include Forza Horizon, Dirt Series, MudRunner, GTA 5, Dakar
Desert Rally, and the MotorStorm Series.

See also
Amphibious vehicle
Baja Bug
Game viewer vehicle
Mud bogging
Ramp travel index
Suspension (vehicle)
Off-road tire
Breakover angle
Approach and departure angles
Ground Clearance
Overlanding
Adventure Motorcycle
Dirt Bike
ATV
UTV
MTB
 Trophy truck

Further reading
Environmental Hazards of Dune Bashing (http://www.greenprophet.com/2012/04/bashing-du
ne-bashing/)

References

Notes
1. International Organization of Professional Drivers (https://iopd.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/20
20/11/A-Guide-to-Authorisation.pdf) (PDF).
2. The Jeep Guru. "Why Are Jeep Rubicons So Expensive?" (https://rigrebel.com/?p=206). Rig
Rebel. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
3. "15 of the Best Off-Road Vehicles You Can Buy" (https://www.motortrend.com/features/best-o
ff-road-vehicles/). MotorTrend. 2021-06-09. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
4. Thompson, Macaulay (2022-04-04). "All You Need to Know about Dune Bashing in Dubai -
Travel Dudes" (https://traveldudes.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-dune-bashing-in-dubai/).
Retrieved 2023-09-24.
5. "Sand Duning and Off-roading in the Desert - Surf The Sand" (https://sand-boarding.com/dun
e-bashing/#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20highly%20popular,Sport%20Utility%20Vehicles%20(S
UV)). sand-boarding.com. 5 September 2020. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
6. "Sand Driving" (https://www.offroaders.com/info/tech-corner/reading/sand_dri.htm).
www.offroaders.com. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
7. "Prerunner Building 101" (https://www.offroadxtreme.com/features/car-features/prerunner-bui
lding-101-basics/). Off Road Xtreme. 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
8. "When Rock Crawling Turned Rock Racing" (https://www.drivingline.com/articles/when-rock-
crawling-turned-rock-racing/). DrivingLine. 2015-04-30. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
9. United States Forestry Service. "Willamette National Forest" (https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/
willamette/recreation/ohv/?cid=stelprdb5097794). Retrieved 19 May 2013.
10. "Muddy Run Raceway Rules" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170111005635/http://www.mu
ddyrunraceway.com/MudRacingRules.htm). muddyrunraceway.com. Archived from the
original (http://www.muddyrunraceway.com/MudRacingRules.htm) on 11 January 2017.
Retrieved 1 September 2016.
11. US Gov't. "USFS" (https://www.fs.usda.gov/recreation/programs/ohv/). Retrieved 19 May
2013.
12. Deysel, A. J. (2019-11-11). "Differential Gear Ratio to Tire Size Guide | Modifind.com - Off
Road" (https://modifind.com/offroad/featured/differential-gear-ratio-to-tire-size-guide/).
Retrieved 2020-02-17.
13. "Off-Road Spotting Basics: "Left. No, no your other left!" " (http://www.roverguide.com/13427/
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b/20041119225644/http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/chugach/forest_plan/FEIS_VOLUME_1/chapter
3_p1feis.pdf) (PDF). fs.fed.us. Archived from the original (http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/prog
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18. "Sierra Club Conservation Policies" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061201153933/http://ww
w.sierraclub.org/policy/conservation/offroad.asp). Archived from the original (http://www.sierr
aclub.org/policy/conservation/offroad.asp) on December 1, 2006.
19. "Off-Road Vehicles and Public Lands: A National Problem" (https://web.archive.org/web/200
61214145958/http://www.wilderness.org/OurIssues/ORV/index.cfm?TopLevel=Home).
Archived from the original (http://www.wilderness.org/OurIssues/ORV/index.cfm?TopLevel=H
ome) on December 14, 2006.
20. Rice, Kathleen C. "National Collection of Imperiled Plants - Pholisma sonorae" (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20121104114734/http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/cpc_vi
ewprofile.asp?CPCNum=3407). Center for Plant Conservation. Archived from the original (ht
tp://centerforplantconservation.org/Collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=3407) on 4
November 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
21. "Mojave lizard may get protection; off-road vehicles are cited as threat" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20081204085512/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-na-lizard12ja
n12,1,6234267.story?coll=la-news-environment&ctrack=1&cset=true). Los Angeles Times.
12 January 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environm
ent/la-na-lizard12jan12,1,6234267.story?coll=la-news-environment&ctrack=1&cset=true) on
December 4, 2008.
22. "Officials seek to protect desert reptile" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081205111346/http://
www.lvrj.com/news/13702907.html). Las Vegas Review-Journal. January 11, 2008. Archived
from the original (http://www.lvrj.com/news/13702907.html) on December 5, 2008.
23. "Recent questions and answers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150711134359/http://www.
mnresponsiblerec.org/Library/reports/Off-roadvehicledamageinDuluth.htm/). CarrierAdda
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24. "About" (https://www.sharetrails.org/about/). BlueRibbon Coalition/ShareTrails. Retrieved
2023-10-18.
25. "Addressing the Ecological Effects of Off-Road Vehicles | the Wilderness Society" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20081128011908/http://wilderness.org/content/addressing-ecological-effe
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26. "The Impacts of Off-Road Vehicle Noise on Wildlife" (https://web.archive.org/web/201012252
34104/http://www.wildlandscpr.org/node/258). Archived from the original (http://www.wildland
scpr.org/node/258) on 2010-12-25.
27. "Frequently Asked Questions about Noise Pollution -- for Local Government" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20120207124440/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0401007.pdf) (PDF). Archived
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28. "Off-road Routes in Mojave Desert Found Illegal" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120415135
954/http://wilderness.org/content/road-routes-mojave-desert-found-illegal). wilderness.org.
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29. "Judge rejects federal plan for SoCal desert routes" (http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_1
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30. Sahagun, Louis (September 30, 2009). "Judge rejects U.S. management plan for California
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Bibliography
Allen, Jim; Weber, James J. (2021). The Four-Wheeler's Bible: The Complete Guide to Off-
Road and Overland Adventure Driving (3rd ed.). Beverly, MA, USA: Motorbooks.
ISBN 9780760368053.

External links
Media related to Off-roading at Wikimedia Commons

Man-made erosion (http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-chl/w-countryside_environment/w

-coastline/w-coastline-threats_issues/w-coastline-threats-man_made_erosion.htm), The
National Trust (UK)

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