READINGS: (INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY OR LAW)

CRIMINOLOGY:

 scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control,

consequences, and prevention of criminal behaviour, both on the
individual and social levels. ( In short study of crime and
punishment)
 Coined in 1885 by an Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo
 Later, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous
French term, criminology.

ORIGIN WORD OF “CRIMINOLOGY”

 Came from the Latin word “CRIMEN” which means

“ACCUSATION” and “ LOGIA” means “ TO STUDY”
 Therefore, CRIMINOLOGY means “STUDY OR DEALS WITH
A PERSON BEING ACCUSED OR CHARGED FOR THE
COMMISION OF A CRIME.”

2 TYPES OF CRIMINOLOGY:

 CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY :
- Happened in 1700s where in punishments should have
proportionality. Meaning, the greater the crime, the harsher
the punishment.

 MODERN CRIMINOLOGY:
 Took premenence 1800s, rejects the notion of free will.
 Morality and abstract reasoning should be replaced with
empiricism
TYPES AND DEFINITION OF CRIMES:

 CRIME:
 An act of a person that violates the basic beliefs and
values of a society. Those beliefs are manifested as
laws where in society (people) agrees upon.

 2 TYPES OF LAW:

 NATURAL LAW:
 Laws are looted in core values shared by many values.
Natural law protects harm to person such as; rape, murder,
assault or property such as; robbery, theft, lacerny,

 STATUES LAW:
 Laws that has been enacted by either a federal or state
legislature.

CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE:

 CRIMINOLOGY
 Study of crime and criminal behaviour as well as the
punishments that comes within
 Philosopical and legal examinations of crime are based on
legal and deductive reasoning.
 (LEGAL DEFINITION OF CRIMINOLOGY R.A 11131)
Refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and
 victims, it also deals with the prevention and solution of
crimes.

 CRIMINAL JUSTICE

 Criminal justice agencies and Institutions (police, court,

corrections) works together/interrelated toward to common
goals.

THE CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT PERSPECTIVES

OF CRIME

 CONSENSUS
 Views the formal system of law, as well as the enforcement
of law, as incorporating societal norms for which there is a
broad normative consensus. (an agreement among citizens
on what should or shouldn’t be illegal)
 Writings developed from late 19th - early 20th century
(Durkheim, Weber, Ross, and Sumner)
  CONFLICT
 Theories of criminal behaviour that assume that most people
disagree on what the law should be and that law is a means
by which those in power maintain their advantage

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYMSTEM:

 Is an apparatus society uses to enforce the standards of
conduct necessary to protect individuals and community.
 3 GOALS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
 TO CONTROL CRIME
 TO PREVENT CRIME
 TO PROVIDE AND MAINTAIN JUSTICE

BRANCHES OF CRIMINOLOGY

 CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY
- Study of cause or origin of crime. Study the primary reason
fro crime commission. (what causes man to commit a crime)

 SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
- Attempt at scientific analysis of the condition which the
penal/criminal laws has developed as a process of formal
or social control. (How the law is created in our society and
what conditions these laws creates in our society as it is
implemented)
  PENELOGY
- Branch of criminology which focus on the prevention of
crimes and delinquency as a form of social reaction to
criminality. (Derived from the Latin root “Poena” means
“Penalty” which literally means, it is the study of criminal
and legal penalty)

NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY- “SAND”

 CRIME IN SOCIETY

-CRIMINOLOGY IS A SOCIAL SCIENCE

Since crime is a social phenomenon, it is but basic t note
that study of crimes requires that study of the human society
thus, criminology is a social science.

 APPLIED SCIENCE

- CRIMINOLOGY IS AN APPLIED SCIENCE

Study of crimes does not end with pure intellectual
discovery it requires the application of the various fields of
study in order to help in policy making towards the creation
of more responsive programs for crime prevention as well as
in the solution of crimes in our society.
  NATIONALISTICS

- CRIMINOLOGY IS NATIONALISTIC
Crimes are defined by laws and in other countries by
common laws. In the Philippines crimes are defined
according to our law such as the criminal law. Laws in
different countries may varies depending on their culture,
belief, religion, and others, such crimes in different countries
may also varies.

 DYNAMIC

- CRIMINOLOGY IS DYNAMIC.
As societal condition changes so with crimes. Modern
technology has brought a lot of changes in the way people
live. This innovation has also brought changes in our laws
thus, the concept of what crimes are also changed.

OTHER FIELDS OF STUDIES RELATED TO

CRIMINOLOGY:

 CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY
- The study of the relationship between criminality and
population.
 CRIMINAL EPIDIOMOLOGY
- The study of the relationship between environment and
criminality.

 CRIMINAL ECOLOGY
- The study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution
in a community.

 CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

- The study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of
men.

 CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
- The study of human behaviour in relation to criminality

 CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY
- The study of human mind in relation to criminality

 VICTIMOLOGY
- The study of the role of the victim in the commission of a
crime.