ENTRY TEST 1 ee Part 1 @ For questicns 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example:- [0] (MIO ooooooodneoooo0o00 CLOCKS ‘The clock is arguably the (0) -.. MOST... influential invention in the history of technology. ‘How did (1) .....---_- all start? The sundial used shadows to mark off the hours, but the water clock measured time even on cloudy days. This type of clock was used in China 3,000 years ago, and was also known (2) -- -- the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, Tt was not (3) ------ the 1300s that the forerunner of the modern clock, with wheels, a dial and an hour hand, was invented, (4) ——- 1700 a pendulum, a minute hand and a second hand had been added, since (6) -- the essential principles of clocks have not changed. (6) ---- clocks, using only weights and pendulums, were used for hundreds of years, but they had to be placed in an upright position so (7) ~.- to work properly. The discovery (8) _ aspring, which had to (9) ‘wound regularly, could be used (10) of ‘weights or pendulums meant that clocks (1) - be smaller, and even be carried around, Electric, atomic and digital clocks, plus clocks with microchips, are the more recent dévelopménts The modem clock (12) —-...- look different from its more elaborately decorated predecessors, but clocks and watches are still valued (13) only for their practicality but also (14) -...._-._ a fashion statement and status symbol. They will probably be with us for another 3,000 years, at the (5) = leastENTRY TEST 1 Ny Part 2 PYM @ For questions 16-25, read the text below. Use the word given In capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: (0) [ILI] mOnoooooosoo000na DANCE Most people start tapping their feet when they hear (o) LIVELY. LIVE music. This is riot (16) _.,, since dance is the oldest NATURE art form; people have enjoyed it since (17) -....------ times, HISTORY as cave paintings in northern Spain show. Early dancing was associated with (18) ceremonies and tended tobe — RELIGION ritualistic, Later, it became a form of public (19) ENTERTAIN then a social event. In traditional folk dancing, basic types of movement reflect cultural (20) ---. The dances are comprised of | GROUND stylised, (21) -. versions of everyday activities such REPEAT as hunting or harvesting. They also frequently use social (22) ___..-.-..- as sources: many folk dances are simplified - PURSUE mimes of courtship rituals, for instance. The fact that these dances have remained virtually (@3) ~forhundreds CHANGE of years indicates that they serve a function far more important than mere enjoyment. Rather, they act as a confirmation of the participants’ way of life, 24) ...-.----- revidering familiar SYMBOL tasks, events and conventions. As everyone jumps, twists and turns in unison, a feeling of (25) __ is engendered. TOGETHER In fact, folk dancing is probably one of the eatliest forms of bonding.ENTRY TEST 1 CE ES Se Part 3 @ For questions 26-37, read the two texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. LIFE EXPECTANCY It may come as a surprise to learn that, in certain developed countries, a typical female baby born this, year has a 50 per cent chance of living to be 100. For years, scientists have been advising Western governments that the astonishing increase in life expectancy which has been witnessed over the past century will not (26) ---. However, studies now suggest that life expectancy may, 27) --, go on increasing indefinitely. For example, by 2070 female life expectancy in the United States could be as (28) -.. as 101 years, which contrasts sharply with the official US estimate of only 83.9 years. Ir these predictions about longevity prove to be correct, it will have serious implications, not just for pensions but for health care and social (29) . . .. This is because the average health-span (the time people are free from chronic illness) may not keep (90) --- with the average life-span. As a result, governments will have to consider making painful adjustments to social security and medical systems which will come under increased strain if it 81) --- that governments have been drastically underestimating how long their citizens are likely to live. 26 Aabide B tolerate ¢ remain D continue 27 Aintime B in fact ¢ in truth D in all 28 Ahigh B good C far D long 29 Aprovisions B services © offices D functions 30 Aspeed B haste € velocity D pace 31 Atakes over B tums out € comes back D brings about CONCERTS THEN AND NOW ln my youth, concerts were completely different affairs. Going to rock concerts (2) -.. lining up outside the box office the night before tickets went on sale or, (23) ---, buying them at the last (34) -.— at outrageous prices from scalpers, then attending the long-awaited performance wearing your best black clothes (35) -- with the group's latest album cover. You would then scream until you were hoarse, in the company of about fifteen thousand other people. Concerts nowadays seem to be much more intimate events, They take place at much smaller venues with a (86) --. of @ couple of hundred people, who are seated at tables, not in the endless cinema-style rows that we used to cram ourselves into. Often theyre even outdoors and are attended by many gatecrashers ‘who decry the commercialisation of music. | don't know whether this downsizing in music has resulted from the increased speed with which bands (87) -.- into obscurity, but it definitely makes for a more pleasant concert experience, 32 A ‘included B consisted C involved D comprised 33. A differently B alternatively € optionally D resolutely 34 A time B point © minute D hour 35. A inscribed B etched C labelled D adored 36 A capacity B capability C facility D competence 37 A fall B submerge € descend D sinkENTRY TEST 1 Part 4 @ You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A- H the one which fits each gap (38 ~ 44). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. EXERCISE AND THOSE WITH. MOBILITY PROBLEMS We live in an exercise-crazy society. Wherever you look, there are people trying to shape up and slim down. Gyms are cropping up all over the place. On the surface, they all Took the same and may offer the same services. However, when you peel back the veneer, there are differences peo ple should be aware of. [se *The biggest problem i the lack of knowledge and education, says one fitness expert "There are very few gyms that have staf trained to deal with those with special needs. They'll sign you up but don’t know how to help you, A further problem isthe unsuitability ofthe building itself The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) categorises ‘gyms and fitness centres under the umbrella of places of public accommodation. They must follow the same rules and guidelines as those which apply to hotels and restaurants For example, their shower facilities must be wheelchair accessible. [a0 Some owmers of gymns try to find ways to alleviate this problem, *A number of our facities are on two levels, but for whatever equipment we have on one level, there's usually a complement on the other level as well, says one ‘owner. "No one has to go tothe second level to use a piece of equipment. [earee ‘The trouble isin the.definition of the phrase," says the {egal advisor of an organisation that represents 400 health clubs world-wide, "We don’t have an easy checklist“to determine compliance. it’s hard to say what’s reasonable for any particular facility” ae "The suggestion came from our participants," says the manager of a new fitness centre in New York City. “They ‘wanted to find a place to work out and exercise. They'd been trying to make use of city facilities but had found them inaccessible, We took the idea to some people who we thought might be interested in funding the project." Fi ‘One such manufacturer says he's had a lot of difficulty trying to sell his equipment to gyms and fitness centres across the country. “There’s a lot of red tape involved in selling to gyms. And they're really not interested in having. this kind of equipment. They/d rather have their staf members, help disabled clients. They disregard the issue because: they don’t have many members or potential members with disabilities” ae *What needs to be done is to educate the public and those who are working in gyms," says the manager of a gym in Venice, California. "We need to better understand the needs of this group. They don't have to stay away from clubs; they don't have to stand out."ENTRY TEST 1 ‘A Many: gyms. follow these rules, but some don’t. Like ‘ther establishments, they either claim poverty or say they are reasonably accessible. However, according to the law, buildings with only two floors don’t need a lift. Unfortunately, many gyms are housed in two-storey buildings. B No two gyms are exactly alike. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses. Of all the things a prospective ‘consumer should look at, the principal item is the staff. Do the trainers and assistants have experience working with disabled individuals? The answer is commonly "no! CA lot of times, navigating a chair in a fitness centre or ‘gym is dificult, We try to place as muich equipment to service, as many clients as possible so no one has 0 ‘wait, Unfortunately, that’s a double-edged sword, it means that navigating around the club is often dificult, D Standard gyms aside, people with disabilities sometimes prefer to exercise ina place where they know the staff is knowledgeable oftheir needs. This is why afew speciality {gyms are opening up around the country. E When you visit a gym, the first thing you see is the layout. The first impression answers many questions that should be asked-by prospective consumers with disabilities. Is the gym multi-level? Is there a lit? Is the locker room accessible? F Finding appropriate equipment forthe centre, however, is not an easy task. Access is limited due to awkward ‘equipment design, making it difficult for people with ‘mobility impairments to transfer onto pieces of equipment that might otherwise provide them witha good workout Nevertheless, there are people who do build equipment with disabled users specifically in mind. G Fortunately, mes are changing and people with cisabilties are working out in the gym. Markets for special populations like the disabled are growing. Younger people with disabilities aren’t willing to just sit at home and the newer club administrators are beginning to understand their needs. Out of necessity, clubs are becoming more aware of how to deal with special Populations like the disabled. Hits dificult to hold small, privately owned gyms to any kind of standard in terms of physical layout. Chain gyms. are somewhat easier to regulate. Most gyms are housed in aleady existing buildings. They stick to the letter of the law and the rather flimsy definition of "reasonable ‘accommodation’.ENTRY TEST 1 Part 5 @ You are going to read an extract from an article about modern Incas. For questions 45 - 50, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. i INCAS { have wanted to meet the Incas ever since 1 was in the infant school. | was already reading fluently when [started school at the age of four and was fortunate {o have a teacher, Miss Fazey, who brought me mate- rial from her own library to maintain my love of books and extend the range of my reading, That was my frst meeting with the Incas, although for a while they ‘were confused with Hiawatha, who occurred in the same volume and was coloured in with the same set of crayons. ‘The second meeting happened last year when, at long last, | took the journey to Peru. 1 thought I knew all about these people by then, but no amount of reading, prepares you for your encounter, with these lovely, kind, patient and gentle people with their quiet humour and sense of fun. Their life, whether as plainsmen or High Andéans, is hard, andl moments of relaxation are scarce. The two different physical environments have produced two different physical types. The plainsmen are taller and leaner with a uni- form complexion: Although only eleven degrees from the equator, the coastal strip is never unbearably hot, as the cold Humboldt current sweeps up the coast and keeps Lima under constant cloud. They expect about an hour of sunshine each day. t does not rain either - or rarely. Rain comes once every hundred years, and the last shower was only eighty years ago. Everything depends on irrigation and the rain that falls in the High Andes. A dry winter means traffic jams, as everyone rushes home from work to use the water that is turned on for two hours in'the evening, The High Andeans are short and barre-chested, with bright rosy cheeks. This is due to the thin atmos- phere, and they have developed huge lungs and over- large hearts to cope with the lack of oxygen. They also have 20% more, red blood cells than normal. Their work is physically very hard and life expectancy about 57 years. They feel dizry at lower levels, just as we and the Limans feel the effects of altitude. ARE PERUVIANS The Spaniards. appliquéd Westem civilisation and religion onto the Inca culture, and the stitches still show. A large part of the Catholic church built over the Temple of the Moon in Cusco fell down during. the last earthquake and it is possible to see the two together. The stark simplicity of the temple with its ‘empty trapezoidal niches contrasts sharply with the ornate and showy decoration in the church. One wall of the temple would have had a huge gold sunburst ont, but this was melted down by the Spaniards and the Incas forbidden to worship the sun any more. The niches had once contained the mummified remains of the Inca *sants’, and these had been paraded before the folk every year. The Spaniards decreed that Christian saints should be paraded instead, and the Inca mummies disappeared from view, but not from practice. The cross on the high altar boasts the Inca sun behind itand the effigies of the Madonna all have triangular skirts, | am told, by Juan, that the Incas slipped the mummies under the triangular skirt so that they were still paraded, because to see such a parade was tobe blessed for the year. "Of course," he said, "it isso much easier now." Because Christianity is well-established?" | asked. "Not that!" he said, shocked. 'You don’t have to turn out now. You get blessed just the same if you see it on television."