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THE BESTSEAMANSHIP
AGuidetoEngJneSkirls
PublishedJuly2008

P′′わ〃∫／圧）′：∫（，（W∼‘ん，町（．’（Wlソ・扉J〃。／‘んり・．・
InternationalMarinersManagementAssociationofJapan（IMMAJ）
6thFloor，NishishinbashiExcelBldg・，20−10，Nishishinbashi1−Chome，Minato−ku，TokyolO5−0003，JAPAN
Tbl：（81）−3−3580−0833 Fax：（81）−3−5501−2620URL：http：／／www．immqi．jp／

加地町蝕血町C埋）ノ痩加地Jゐr．・
InternationalMarinersManagementAssociationofJapan（IMMAJ）

葦，0〃∫Or．・
JSUVVelfareFundAdministrativeCommittee
AllJapanSeamen，sUnion（JSU）
PJ℃d〟Cer．・

NauticalTrainingSystems，Inc．

pe∫短刀．・
Shum−Ryo．GRAPH

Pr刀かg．■
SenpakuinsatuCo．，Ltd．

OriginalEdition（PublishedOctober2005）
S岬erVisor：TbshioHIKIMA，Professor，Marine恥chnicalCollege？Japan
ChigEditor：JunWAKI，Captain
Editor：MasaruNAKANO，Engineer
KEYMAXMARITIMECO・，IXD．
M・0・MarineConsulting，Ltd・
lM的AJ
Copyright

Allcopynghtisreserved・NopartofthlSPublicationmaybereproduced，StOredlnaretrleValsystem，OrtranSmittedinanyformorbyany
means，electronic，meChanical，Photocopylng，reCOrdingorotherwisewithouttheprlOrWrittenpemissionofthepublisher・
CONTENTS

Messagetoreaders

LATHEWORK

141515171818192020212121
凰Equipment／

慧TypesandApplicationsofCuttingTooIBit一一

2−1High−SpeedSteelTipWeldedTooIBit‥‥‥‥‥‥‥・

2−2CementedCarbideTip（tungalloy）‥…‥・・・‥‥‥・・

2−3High−SpeedSteelTooIBit（polishedsquarebar）‥・・‥

2−4TooIBitMaterialofHigh−SpeedSteel（blacksquarebar）
謁CuttingSpeed −
趨Precautions L
4−1BeforeWork…………………………日・……・・・‥‥‥‥‥‥‥・

4−2StartUp……………………………・・‥‥‥‥‥・‥‥・‥・・‥‥‥

4−3DuringWork…・・・・・…………………・・・‥・‥‥‥‥‥‥‥・・・‥‥・

22
4−4AflerWork……………………‥・・‥‥‥‥・・‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥・

還Practice

GASWELDING

凰Equipment 2626262727282932封34343636363738
1−1Ace吋leneGasContainer……・・…………………・・HHHH‥‥‥‥

1−20xygenContainer…・・…………………・・…‥・・・日日‥・・・‥‥‥・

1−3PressureRegulator（Reducingvalve）………・・…・・‥‥‥‥‥‥…・・・‥・

1−4WeldingTorch…………………日…………………………・・

1−5WeldingRodandWeldingFlux H・・・・‥‥・・‥‥‥‥‥・‥‥・・・・・・・‥・・・‥

票IIreparillion
3BasicofGasWelding
4Applicationを在俗⑳恐顔㊥⑳髄

4−1FlatButtWeldingof3mmorThickerPlates
4−2GrooveforFlatWelding…‥・・‥‥‥‥・

5GasCutting
5−1EqulPment‥‥・‥・・‥‥‥‥‥‥・‥・‥‥‥‥‥‥・・‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥

5−2Preparation………‥・・・・…………………………………・・・・

5−3Procedure・・・・・……………………‥・…・・・‥・・・・・・‥‥‥‥‥・‥

5−4RelationofThicknesstoCuttingSpeedandOxygenPressure・・・・・・・‥・・‥‥・
 CONTENTS

3
9
6Ji．・azingoflil・ilSSandSiJveJ・

9
3
6−1Coppertocopper…………・・‥‥・・・・・・・・・‥・・‥・‥・・．…‥．．．．．．‥．

9
3
6−2CoppertoBrass……・・……‥・・・‥・・・・・‥・・・‥・・・・‥．．．．‥．．．‥‥‥

ARCWELDJNG
凰Equipmen巨
42
1−1ArcWelder・・・・‥‥・・・・・‥・‥・‥・・・・・‥・・・・・・・・・・・・・・．‥‥．．‥‥‥．．．
42
1−2WeldingAccessories……………‥・・・‥‥・・・・・・‥‥・．…‥．．．．．．．‥
42
1−3WeldingRod（electrode）…・・………‥・・・・・・・・・・‥‥．．‥．．．．．．．．．．．．．
42

43廻444445464747474747亜485050525354565758
慧CautionstobeTaken 蔦′ 。。

詔Practice〉1〟 †′fコ 。

3−1Arcing‥・・・・・・・‥・・・‥・・・・‥・‥‥・・‥・・・・・・・・・・・‥・・・．．‥‥．．‥‥‥．

3−2HowtoJoinWeldBead………‥・・・・・‥・・・・・・・・・‥・．．．．．．‥．．．．．．‥．．

3−3HowtoTerminatetheBead・………‥・・‥・・・・・…‥・・．‥‥‥．……．．

3−4GrooⅥngandTackWelding・…‥・・・・・・‥・・・・・・・・・・・‥・．．．．‥‥．．．‥．‥

趨ElectrodeHoldingAngle1
4−1natWelding・・・・・‥・・・・・・・・・・・・・・‥・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・‥．．．．．‥．．．．．．‥．

4−2HorizontalWelding‥・・・・‥・・・…・・・・・・・‥・・・・・・・・・・・・・．…‥．．．．．．．‥

4−3VerticalWelding…・・・………………・・‥・・・・・‥‥・．．．．．．‥．．．．．．．．

4−4円lletWelding………‥・・・・・・・・・‥‥・・・‥‥・・・・・‥・・．．．．．‥．．．‥．．．．

還Application否〕

5−1WeaⅥng‥・・・・‥‥・・‥・‥・・・・‥

5−2BoxingifFilletWeldJoint‥・・…‥・・・・・・‥・‥‥‥‥‥．．．．‥‥．．．．‥．．．

5q3ImproperweldJoint…・・・‥・・‥・・‥‥・・・・・‥・・・・・・・．．．．．．．…‥．．．．．．

5−4RepairFilletWelding……‥・…‥・・・・・……‥・・・・・・．‥．．．．．．‥‥‥．

5−5CheckingandRepalnngOftheGroove・・・・‥・・・・・・・・‥・‥‥．．．‥‥．．．．．．．

5−6HowtoRepairBreakageonasteelPipe・・・‥‥・・・・・‥‥‥‥‥‥．．．．．．．．‥

5−7HowtoPreventWeldmentfromDeformlng…‥・・‥・・・‥‥・・‥・・・・．．．．‥．

5q8ArcWeldingwithCoatedElectrodeofGalvanizedSteel………‥．．．．．‥．‥

5−9WeldingofCastIron・‥・・‥・・・・‥・・・・・・・・・・・‥・・・‥・・・．．‥．．．‥．．．．‥．

GRINDINGANDFAC．NGUPOFVALVES
6
2

凰MaintemanceofaMainEngineStartingValve翁℡螢⑳尊命慈尊母⑳㊧帝を◎穏窃昏母⑦勒㊥語
6
2

1−1HowtoCleantheValveComponents・・・・‥・・・・・・‥・・・・‥・・．．．‥‥．．‥．．．．
6
2

1−2PointstobeChecked・・・・……‥・‥‥・・・‥・・・・・・‥・・・・．‥．．‥‥．．‥‥．
 626364656565656666666767686
1−3HowtoMeasuretheBendofaSpindle‥‥・・‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥・

1−4GrindingProcedure‥・……………………日‥‥‥‥日日‥‥…●‥

1−5PrecautionsforGrinding‥・・・……………・・……‥・・・‥‥‥‥’’‥‥

2ReplacementofIntake／ExhaustValveofI）ieselGenerator（D／G）秒◎螢

2−1Intake／ExhaustValve ‥‥・‥‥‥‥・‥‥・・・・‥‥‥‥・・・‥・・・・‥・・‥・‥・

2−2ExhaustValveSeat……………・……………・・・‥‥‥日日・‥‥‥・

2−3IntakeValveSeat（Solidtype，Valveboxb7Pe，rePlaceabletype）………‥・・‥

3CheckingBendandRoundnessofValveSpindle￠e＠㊥℡⑳め㊥砂金㊥鯵◎窃◎尊薗地修辞

3−1HowtoMeasureandReplaceIntake／ExhaustValveGuide……………・・・

3−2HowtoReplacetheGuide…日……………‥・‥‥‥・’’’‥‥‥‥’‥‥

4MaintenanceandFacingupofSluiceValve燈台㊨㊤鬱蓼⑳尊命帝尊母昏⑳尊顔◎参会◎⑳尊を尊

4−10verhaul，MaintenanceandChecking……………………………●’’

4−2GrindingandFacingupofSluiceValve………・・‥‥‥・・・・‥・・‥‥‥‥‥

869696969
4−3PrecautionsforHandlingaValve・・‥‥‥・・・‥‥‥・・‥‥・‥‥‥・・‥・・…●

5GrindingandFaceupofFlatandConicalTypeofValve車◎◎◎⑳勃◎螢◎⑳診

5−1WhenaValveSeatFacehasaSigni負cantFlawortheWidthofValveFace
istooIJarge‥・……・・………・……………日………‥’’‥‥‥●

5−2WhenaValvehasaSigni丘cantFlaworStep……‥・…………………・

5−3WhenaValveandaSeatareMachinedorGroundSeparately……‥・・・・‥‥

5−4HowtoGrindandFaceuptheValveFacewhichhasnoGuideLeg
（flatvalve，COnicalvalve）……‥・……………日‥‥‥‥・・・‥‥…●‥

6PrecautionsforGrindingandFacingupValveandSeat魯⑳◎⑳穏恐⑳㊥昏◎殴恐

727 3737374
7CheckingtheValveFaceofPrecisionValve（HighPressureValve，etC．）⑳⑳

8ValveShapesandGrindingToo1 砂 金 癖 ⑳ ⑳ 稔 事 拶 慶 ④ 怨 ⑳ ◎ 葛 尊 顔 診 ◎ ℡ ◎ ◎ 尊 母 恐 穆 台 車 唾 ㊨ 昏 窃 番 傘 蓼

8−1FlatValve………………‥・

8−2ConicalValve…………………‥・・‥‥・・・・‥・‥‥・・・‥‥‥‥・・‥‥

8−3GrindingToolforaFlatValveSeat………・………………日・‥‥‥・’

SLINGINGWORKS
l Wil・eRtIpe 76
2SafeWorkingLoadofSlingWireRope◎⑳⑳⑳⑳⑳⑳⑳⑳魯⑳◎◎⑳⑳⑳㊤⑳魯⑳㊧⑳◎…⑳0 79
8
l

31lillldlillg −
8 8 8 8
l 1 2 4

3−1TensionImposedonWireSling………………………………・−‥●

3−2SlinglngHitch………‥・………・……………‥−−‥■‥‥．日’…●

3−3SlinglngaLoad…………………‥・・・‥・・‥・’’‥‥‥‥’日‥‥‥‥‘

3−4MiscellaneousaLOadSlinglng……‥・………………………‥−‥●
CONTENTS

ALIGNMENTBETWEENPUMPANDMOTOR

88909090919292929294
IToIcllaltCCLinli10fAli脚1mCn1
2InstallationorRemovalofBallBearing屯LN…苺蔦だ▼1㌫敷…［5嶽…LSMm点…

2−1Instal1ation・……………………‥・‥・‥・‥‥‥‥‥．．‥‥‥‥‥．．．

2−2CheckingBeforeRemovlngtheBeanng‥・・・・‥・・・・・・・‥‥‥・・・・‥‥・・…

3Slll・inliFillillg
4Extraction ￣ 一・ 、一・・ 、、− − 、・一一 、・・一 、1 ・一 一 ノ ー 一 ・＿ ・1、 − 、 − 1 ・■ ・

4−1SampleRemovalofBearing（bypuller）……・・・………・・・・・・‥…‥・・‥

4−2RemovalbyaHandPress・・‥・・‥・・・‥・‥‥・・・・・‥・・‥・・‥‥・・‥‥・・・・・

4−3RemovalbyaPuller・・‥・・……………・・…………・・・・・‥・‥・・‥‥

3C（川plillg

REPLACEMENTOFSTEELPIPE

969697
鼠HowtoAli鮮IFlangeHoles
1−1HowtoAlignFlangeHoles…………‥・・‥‥・

1−2HowtoAlignStraightPipeandFlange・‥‥・・‥・・

望ModelingofaBentPipe 98

慧ModelingofaBentPipewithaBranchPipe 99

量ModelingofaPipe 100

箆BendingofaPipeFilledwithSandbyHeating 101
5−1Fi11ingSand…………………………‥・……………………・101

5−2ModelingtheBentAnglewitha＃8SteelWire………………………‥101

5−3Heating…・＝……………・………………‥・………………102

済EmergencyRepairofCrackedPipe 103

TYPESANDAPPLICATIONOFPACKING

ISorLMoldedGaskeI J川；
1−1Paper…………………………・…………………………‥106

1−2Fiber…・・…・・…・・…………………・・……‥・……………‥106

1−3Rubber……‥・………………………………………・・……106

1−4SealTape………・…・・…・・…………………………・t……‥106
2LiquidGilSliCt
2−1TypeofLiquidGasket…………・・・・‥‥‥‥‥‥

2−2FeaturesofLiquidGasket・………………・・・‥・

30・ringforGeneralMachineComponents草…………湯の播＄…笠主な章桔璧Q108

3−1日PHnumber（packing）・・・・・・‥‥・…

3−2日G”number（gasket）・・‥‥‥‥・‥・・

3−3HowtoFindtheDimensionsofO−ring

GENERALWORKSIN ENGlNEROOM
I HowtoOverhaulEquipment＠◎尊顔前歯⑳￠◎◎噌

1−1BeforeDisassembly……………‥・・・

1−2DuringDisassembly…‥・・・・・・・‥‥‥‥

1−3DisassemblyConsideringReassembly‥‥

20pcn Shulon▼ah・CS ・‥ ■Jl い・‥111

2−10pen／ShutofSteamValve・・……………………日日日日………‥111

2−20therHighPressureValves……………‥・・・・・…………………・111

2−3IJOWPressureValveHavingaLargeCapacibT・・・……・・・………………112

3TreatmentAfterCleaningaStrainer㊥勒秒＠母野ゆ⑳⑳⑳尊前⑳＠⑳梯㊨悌胡容砂⑳噂の⑳尊⑳⑳◎尊113

3−1AirPurglng……‥・……………………・・・…………………・113

3−2CheckbrLeakage…………………・・………………………‥113

3−3WhenthePressureontheInletSideisNegative………………………113

1PllmpGlitndPとlrkitlg ・ 111

4−1AdditionalTighteningofPumpGlandPacking……………………‥・・・114

4−2ChangeintheLeakagefromtheGland………………………・・……114

4−3AdditionalTighteningofaGland……………‥・・・………………‥114

311とIndlingoraGl・indel・ 113

6HowtoMaintaintheBurnerAtomizerofanAuxiliaryBoiler㊥瑞辱躊℡辱116

7AdjllSlingilVBelt ・ 117
7−lProperTensionofaVBelt……・・・・・・・・・………………………・・・117

7−2HandlingPrecaudons・・・・………………………・日日…………‥117

8HowtoOverhaultheHatchCoverLiftingHydraulicJack◎￠⑳命令㊥⑳⑬∞昏118

9Col10nlTaSle ・119
10RemovalofSeizedBoltandNut浄魯尊顔勒⑳⑳㊥㊥備中⑳⑳偉功敷0叡尊等⑳砲塔昏ゆ穏⑳㊥㊧㊥邸⑳尊母120

10−1HowtoI，00SenaSeizingNutforthroughBoltorStudBolt……………‥120

10−2HowtoRemoveaTapBolt…………………・・…………………120
CONTENTS

10−3HowtoRemoveaBrokenStudorTapBolt…………………………・120

11Tapping 、122
11−1MakingaPreparedHoleforaFemaleScrew 122

11−2Tapplng：3−PieceSetHandTap・…・・・‥・ 123

11−3TumtheHandle‥‥・・‥‥‥‥‥‥・・‥・ 123

11−4HowtoRemoveaBrokenTap・・‥‥‥‥・
124

12GrindinganditsAngle 125

12−1GrindingofCuttingEdge 125

12−2GrindingofChisel‥・・・
126

13Non．DestructiveTest
（TestwithoutDestroyingtheMaterial）◎◎◎◎金将⑳8秒歯車㊥⑳⑳⑳◎◎⑳⑳昏◎⑳⑳◎尊￠毎秒129

13−1Classi丘cation ofNonDestruCtiveTest

13−2DetectingTestbyPenetrant…・・・・・

13−3DetectingTestbyMagneticParticle・

USEFULADVICE

凰HowtoInstallGlandPackingstoaValve 134

2HowtoRemoveaGlandPackingwhichhasGottenStuck 135

3HowtoMakeaMakeshiftEjectorPump 136

4HowtoParallelizeFlangesJ 137

5BoltandNutUsedonSeaWaterLineI 138

6EmergencyprocedureforUnevenMatingSurfaceofFlangeJ −139
7HowtoInstallPureIron（Fe）orZinc（Zn）Plate q140
8EmergencyProceduretoStopLeakagefromSteamPipe J141

SPEClFICAT10NSOFSTEEL，BOLTANDNUT
且OutlineofMetallicMateria】巨…番…啓……尊…粂……㊦…を……町…桧M溌机…の…一℃恐144

1−1Carbonstee1日・・・・・・・・・・・・…・・……・・・…………‥・……‥・・・‥・144

1−2SpecialSteel‥・‥‥‥‥‥‥・‥‥‥・・・‥日・……‥・・……・………・144

ヱlleヽilgt川Iioll ll3
3MainThreadGenerallyUsedinShip…柑窄O穏′Jb（＝…や…か式γ苺苺◎やれ卓…楼…146

4TypesofThreadGenerallyUsedinShipこら…MlJ83ごっこゝ…RJ草母秒G塁…覧…蔓り147

4−1MetaricThread………………………………………………・147
 4＿2Uni丘edThread……………………………‥・………………・147

4−3WhitworthThread（JIShasabolishedthisb7PeOfthreadsine1968）………●147

4−4ThreadTypes‥・・………・…………‥・………………………147

5NominalSizeandPitchofMetaricThread… 苺LmW第位時好梯〆きめ 薄儀…監「‘良148

6NominalSizeandtheNumberofCrestsofUmifiedThread璧窃蓉分秒藁謝毎春粉149

7PipeTtll・eild l訓
8NominalSizeandtheNumberCrestsofPipeThread軒LnF鶏＄⑳飴やノ誇葛や帝だ窃魚㊥151

CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIFICATION OF CARBON STEEL PIPE FOR

ORDINARY PIPtNG

里CarbonSteelPipe L＞ lJ154
1−1SGP（carbonsteelpipesforordinarypiping）‥‥‥・‥‥・・・
154

1−2STPG38−E（carbonsteelpipesforpressurepiping）‥‥・・・‥
154

154
1−3STPT（carbonsteelpipesforhightemperaturepiping）‥…

154
1−4STS（carbonsteelpipesforhighandlowtemperaturepiping）
2TypesandFeaturesofFlangeLu C7155
2＿1WithFlatSurface…………・・・‥・………………‥・…………‥155

2＿2WithProtrudedSurface………………・………………………‥155

2−3WithSpigotJoint……・………・・………………・…・・………・・155

2＿4WithProtruSionandGroove…………………………・…・・…‥・・・155

2−5WithWavySurface・………………………………………・・…・155

3TypesofPressureCover− √・156
3−1FlatFaceType…………………・・………………………‥・・・・156

3−2SpigotJointlYpe……………………………………………‥156

3−3ProtruSion／GrooveType…‥・……………・…………・・………・・156

4SpecificationsforCarbonSteelPipesforOrdinaryPipingJn）ノ …157

50．5MPsShip・OnWeldingFlange（ 。JJ 158

61MPsShip・OnWeldingFlange− 1159
71．6MPsShip・OnW■eldingFlanger ∼L￣160

COPPERTUBEFITTING

凰CopperTubeFitting√ 1 11162

2HowtoI）istinguishtheSizeofCopperTubeFitting 163
CONTENTS

3Types andShapeofCopperTubeFitting ノ164

4CopperTubeSpecificationTable＜l 165

Addendum

SHllteJ・naljonalSySIcmofLTnils 168

TOOLSRegularlyUsedinEngineRoom帝都㊧場⑳㊥⑳⑳⑳⑳◎儒鴇⑳◎⑪◎静穏錮⑳倭⑪馳⑳⑯番傘172
■
r
 空き1−∴＝√l、Il二 二Illて二l∴ 一・二∴−

慧Ⅶ凰High・SpeedSteelTipWeldedTooIBit

（SeetheitemT．ShapeandSampleApplication”）

MadebyforglngSPeCiatsteel，depositinghigh−SPeedatthetoolbittip，andquenchingand
temperlngthem．
⑳Type
tion
er Pointnosestraighttoolbit，rOundnosestraighttoolbit，diagonalstraighttoolbit（right，
left），rOund−nOSe tOOlbit（right，left），Side straight tooL bit（right，left），Sidefinishing
血g
Stand Straight toolbit（right，left），Square nOSe Straight toolbit，threading toolbit（male，
female），Halefinishingtoolbit，boringtoolbit，borefinishingtoolbit，Harecuttingtool
bit，Harethreadingtoolbit
◎Workpiece
Stellite，Steel0therthanspecialsteel

Offsettoolbit 語呂 詣 733Fbit Partingtoolbit 恕瓶⊂t∠ hr＝

eadi
＝コng⊂】
（Right−
handedAeft−
handed）
馴感馴鋤翻稲 13R 〔ヨ21 1 謂 32B・ 一日51 葦
、− ヨロ
13L Eコ
Pointnose EHring cut￣ Offtool ERring finishing t＋
ool
［コBoretoolbit □ FemaJethreading
Straighttoolbit toolbit
［
］14R □ 52 監 」□［
］
10 □ 22 □ 40 □
14L ［コ
Round nose Fjnishing toolbit Partingtoolbit Bore finishing tool 射 撃 芸 当 □
Straighttoolbit bit
15R ［コ 31 、 呂 41 T 呂
11 、． 呂 15L □ 53 事 □
Square nose bent Roundnose bent Partingtoolbit 訂 ing finishingtool 己 だringthreadingt
Hool
toolbit toolblt □
12R − □ 16R 」 □ − ［］
12L ［
］16L ［コ32 □ 42 □ 53B □
Round nosestraight Ofl＝
settoolbit 恕盲 are nOSeStraight Partingtoolbit □
甜 こ □
瓢離訝
離鰯昭
61 □… … P ≡ bi
t r
64
［ ］
□ 66 1 □
Pointnose straight 選鮮 rOUndnose 呂 語 Sebent日 恕fngfinishing Centerparting tool
甜I l二 □ bit □
bit ロ
60 □ 62S J’
‘ 65 □ 67 ㌔ □

13R 12L 21 31 51 11 14L

［コ
⑳TypesandApplicationsofHigh−SpeedSteelTipWeIdedTooIBit
JIS cIassification A pplication M ain＋
W Ork pje ce

SKH2 G eneralcutting

SKH3 H igh−
SPeed heavy cutting A lm inum

S K H 4A G e neral m ate rial，Sem i−

harde ned
M iddle−
SPeed heavy cutting ，
C utting
Steel，b rass，m artenS tic stainless
01＝hard−
tO一m aterial
Steel（free−CUtting）
S KH 4 B

H igh− SPeed heavy cutting，

A ustenitic stainless steel （
hard−tO−
SKH5 C utting ofhard −
t0−m aterial
Cut）heat resistantall0y，hard steel
SuSCePtible to w ork hardenLng

C utting ofhighly hard−

tO−
Cut M ild steel，high chro m e steeJ，high
S K H lO
m aterial nickelsteel， Ord inary castiron

The hard− tO−Cut m aterialsusceptible

SKH9
to w o rk hardenlng

S K H 52
C utting of ge neral cutting requlrlng
S K H 53 to ug hness

S K H 54

S K H 55
S K H 56 C utting of ha rd m aterial req uiring
COm Paratively hig h to ughness
A l10yed cast iro n，hig h m anganese
S K H 57
Steel
望摺CementedCarbideTip（tungalloy）
Sinterd a”Oytoolbit mainlycomposed oftungsten carbide，havlng the highest hardness

nextto diamond．（Because ofthe brjttleness underimpact，itisimportantto makethe

Cuttingsurfacesmoothandevenwithasanderoragrinderbeforecutting．）

⑳TypesandApplicationsofCementedCarbide（Tunga”oy）Tip

憲
■格・
￠
．葦
≡
・
ass的
【 Oati・
0巾
箪鞠叛廟頗痍
Sym ・
bo卜
POl S TO5E
盗
釣■笑
、1
− Steel，
CaStSteel
PlO S TlOE STlOP
P20 S T15E ST20E Steel，
CaStSteel，
ductile iron
P30 S T25E ST30E Steel，
CaStSteel
P40 S T40E Steel，
CaStSteel

Steel，CaSt Steel， CaSt iron，high m anganese

M lO U lOE
Steel，
auStenitic steel，
al10yed cast iron

H igh m ang anese steel，

auStenitic steeJ，
M 20 ∪2
a” oyed castiron

M 40 A 40 Steel，
CaSt Steel，free−
Cutting steel
H3 H igh castiron，hardened steel，
graPhite，
KOl
H2 hard paper

K lO Hl
C ast iron，nO n−
ferrous m etal
K20 （
Old G 2）

M ild steel，nOn−
ferrous m etal，SOft non−
m etal
K30
J
．
法4 SuCh as w ood

⑳CementedCarbideThrow−aWaylnserts
Inships，Plnl0Ckorcaml0Ck
typeisused．Becarefulnotto
damagethe pin bytightening
too hard orinsufficiently
Cleamngthematingsurfacein
holdingthetipbyashank．To
mount the tip，be sure to
Clean the mounting face，uSe
a dedicated spanner，and
thenmountcorrectly．
工封T〕ト二・甘い、ヽ圧・日ソ；…＿き ざ、†−i−；いl痛いご一子！いけ叶肝i
熟語High・SpeedSteelTooIBit（polishedsquarebar）
Makebyheattreating50tolOOmml0nghigh−SPeedsteelwithsquarecrosssectionand
form■ngandpolishingthetoolbittiplnaPOPerShape・

（Sizes：5×5×5mmto13×13×100mm）
⑳Workpiece
thesameashigh−SPeedsteeltipweldedtoolbit・

望m逢TooIBitMaterialofHigh・SpeedSteel（blacksquarebar）
300mm Long high−SPeed steeLwith squarecrosssection・Cuttingedgecanfreelybe
formedinanyshape．Usedafterheattreated（heattreatedafterheatedbyaburneruntilit
turnsredandthensmithforged・Forheattreatment，heateduntilturnsbrightoryeHowTred
andthenoilquenched）．
 ‡呈立；二十一二∴手工∵
d

In working on alathe，the cutting speed depends on the radius of the work piece orthe
distancebetweenthetoolbitanditsaxisofrotation，andthespeedofrotation．

方・上）・Ⅳ ． 、，JOOO・Ⅴ
1／⊆ 川舟血 ．＼ゝ JpJ77
JOOO H‘′“‘‘目 方・上）

Ⅴ：Cuttingspeed
D：Radiusoftheworkpieceinmm
N：Revolutionsperminuteoftheworkpiece
e ︰ 川 ． d

⑳Relationbetweentheoutsidediameterofworkpieceandtherotatingspeedoflathe
（rpmofspindle）
∼一
柳 頑 頑巌 ＿
−
￣ 凛
・ 牒廃車 療 ￣
嶽轍 手
＋
済済 、
一
級 始・
‡
≡ ′寮等鰍 塾‡
ご
暮
−野
C u tting s p ee d ．
光 源 r 【
m 仙 n 】＋ 25 20 35 50 65

Piece 【
m 叫
30 2 65 2 10 37 0 5 30 6 80
50 1 60 1 30 22 0 3 20 4 15
70 1 15 90 16 0 2 30 3 00
10 0 80 63 1 10 1 60 2 10
15 0 53 42 74 1 06 14 0
20 0 40 32 56 80 1 05
30 0 26 21 37 53 70
450 18 14 25 35 46
60 0 13 11 18 26 35

Forperipheralfinishing cut，tWO methods are available；One tO Cut at high−SPeed with s10W

feedandanothertocutatl0W−SPeedbyHaletooLbit．
lngeneraJ，high−SPeedfinishingcutisappliedtospnngtypetoolbit，Whilel0W−SPeedfinishing
CUtisappliedtocarbon．Thefoll0WlngShowsareIationbetweenbitandrevolution．

◎BitandRevolution（Cuttingspeed）

‡M a ch ine d S u rfa ce F e ed S pe ed
Fle vO Iu tion R ．
P．M ． T oo l B iト
悶…
．＿
．ぬ磁 衰
S q u are C o rne r V e n t T o o IB it
R o u g h ing 20 0 ′
｝30 0 0．
2′・
・
′0．
3
（
R ig ht−h an d e d）
P o int C o rne r S traig ht T o o I B it
M ed iu m fin is h in g 30 0 ′
−40 0 0．
1′〉0 ．
2
R o u n d C o rne r S tra ig ht T oo IB it
F in e fin is h in g 40′
−80 0．
1′・
・
′0．
2 S p rin g F in ish ing T o o IB it
S p ring
C u Ct−
uO t−
ffOBfflad
T oeo I B it
C ut−
Offing 80′
−1 20 −
Edge−
d re ss ln g 40′
−80 − 0 1＝
fset T o o IB it

／′T∼＼

弧腋甜路酎 七二ノ′
各格BeforeWork
（1）WorkermustwearPrOPerWOrkingclothes（helmet，
workingsuite，Safetyshoes）toavoidexposinghis
bareskinduringthework（Protectionagainstburns
fromheatedturnlngSandagainstbeingcaughtin
machinery）．
（2）Safetygogglesmustbeworn・
（3）Toremovefinedustandturnings，mainpartofthe
machinemustbecleanedusingwastecotton・

（4）OilLeaksand L．Oquantity mustbe

checkedand，ifnecessary，LOmust
berepLenished・
（5）Anyobstaclestolatheworkmustbe
removed．
（6）Longitudinalslideand crossslide
must be checked so that they are
notsetatautomaticfeeding．
（7）Mainshaftrotationspeed mustbe
checked；itshouLdnotbesetatthe
maximumfromthebeglnnlng・
（8）Sufficient space muSt be kept
betweenthebitandtheworkpiece．
（9）Mechanical movement muSt be
checkedbyturnLngrelevanthandles・
etc．
叡慧StartUp
（1）start＆stopswitchmustbecheckedfornormaHunctions．
（2）Motor，mainshaft，etC．muStbecheckedforabnormaInoises．
（3）Machineasawholemustbecheckedforabnormalvibrations．

叡詔DuringWork
（1）Mainshaft，mOtOrandotherrotating
PartSmuStbecheckedforabnormal
heating．
（2）Machine must be checked for
abnormalvibrations．
（3）TooIs must be removed from the
bed ol＝the machine．

（4）cleaning ormaintenance must not

be carried out during machine
OPerations．

趨閤趨AfterWork

（1）Automaticfeedingforlongitudinal0rCrOSSSlide，ifused，muStbereleased．
（2）AHpartsofthemachinemustbecheckedforanyabnormality．Anyturningsmustbe
removedandthemachinemustbecreaneduslngWaSteCOttOn．
（3）lfthemachineisinsta”edinamoistareaoriftheweatheriswet，unPaintedpartsofthe
machine，SuCh as chuck，tailstock spindle，maSter SCreW and slide surface，muSt be
Wipedwithoiledwastecottontoavoidrustgeneration，

軸酬㊥
（1）Grinding of high−SPeed steelbit
uslngagrinder．

（2）Grinding using oilstone before

Settinghigh−SPeedsteelbit．

（3）centering oftoolbit．Adjustingthe
heightoftooIsbit．

lnsertingb10Ck
豚1
「
■
HeatforgasweldinglSSuPPliedbyburn．ngamixtureofoxygenandasuitablecombustible
gas・GasweJdingisamethodforweldingmetalus．ngtheabovementionedheat．

盈・且AcetyleneGasContainer

Acetyrenegasislikelytoexplodeifsubjectedto
Shocksorpressurizedtomorethanapressureof2
atmospheres，thusitisdangerousto storeitin a
gaseousstate，
Therefore，agranularandporousmassofcharcoaJ
POWderwith a solid mass ofcalcium silicate as a
maincomponentareplaced uniformlyintoahigh
PreSSure SteeJcontainer，CaHed as a”cylinder．1

（Germanword Hbombe”being morecommonfor

Japanese），thusitshouId be used by keeping

Vertica”y．

旦曲20ⅩygenContainer

Oxygenis compressed to a pressure of150

atmospheresat35deg．C（95deg．F）inablacksteel
Cylinder．
Gasleakagefromsuch ahigh pressurecontajner
CanJeadtoaseriousaccident，thusthefo”ow■ng

PreCautions shouJd betaken for handHng the

Cylinder．

◎Keepitawayfromfireordirectsunright，aSWeH
asfromanacetylenecyrinder．
◎Re−CaPWhennotinuse．
◎Handrewithcaresoasnottogiveanyshock．
⑳Mouthringshouldbefreefromoil0rgreaSeSO
astoavoidspontaneouscombustion．
◎VaIveshould beoperatedgentJyandthevalve
handJeshouldbekeptinpositionduringwork（to
COPeWithbackfirepromptly）．
且・3PressureRegulator（Reducingvalve）
Oxygen and acetyIeneshould be used at
PrOPerly reduced pressure suitable for
WeLding，i・e・0・3∼0・4Kgf／Cforacetylene

and3．0∼4．OKgf／cm2foroxygen・

ApressureregulatorisequlPPedwithone
PreSSure adjusting screw，tWO PreSSure
gaugesforthein−Cylinderpressureandthe
reducedpressureandonesafetyvalve・

旦−4WeldingTorch

◎Torchhead
◎Body
◎Grip
⑳Gashose
◎lnnertube
◎valve
◎Needlevalve
◎Hoseconnector
◎Nozzle
 Thisistomixtheacetyleneandoxygengasesinanappropriateratio，andtoignitethe
flameatthetipofthenozzle．
ThegasmixtureismadeinthejnJeCtionstructure；highpressureoxygenspurtsoutfrom
thecenternozzleasillustratedinfig・1，andformsgasmixturebysucking■Owpressure

acetylenesurroundingthenozzle．

普極月Bases辞は翫∬eO We闇円g改野Gn

Thegasmixturejsmadeintheinjectionstructure；highpressureoxygenspurtsoutfrom
thecenternozzleasiIrustratedinfig・1，andformsgasmixturebysucking■Owpressure

acetylenesurroundingthenozzIe．

lnthecaseofB−tyPetOrCh（Frenchtype），aninjectoriscontainedinabrowpipe，andthe
nozzJediameterofthejnjectorcanbechangedbythemovementofaneedlevalveshown
infig・2SoastoreguJatetheoxygen pressuretogetthebestmixingratiobetween
acetyleneandoxygen．

Oxygen

NeedlevaJve

Acetylene

音羞g・2S好u軸膵eO We闇ng OrG机Fre円eh顆Pe〉

且A5WeldingRodandWeldingFlux

WeldingrodareusedtofiHthegapbetweenthebasemetaJstobewelded，andthose
having the same chemicalcomponents and properties as the base metalare
recommendedl＝oruse．

Oxideisgeneratedwhentheweldingportionisheated，Whichhamperwe■ding，thusfluxis

usedtoremovesuchanoxide．
Bicarbonateofsoda，boraxandboricacidareusedasflux．
 1｝t・叩ilt・illi
（1）selectasafeplace，andsureLyfixthegascylinderssothattheydonotfall・
齢・シ
⑳Whenused，aCetylenecyLindermustberaised・
⑳lfLaidwhenused，dissoIvedacetylenemaycomeout・
ltisdesirabletoraisealsotheoxygencylinderduringuse（inordertopreventthedanger
thatafireexpandsexpl0SiveLylikearocketeng．neifoxygenwereleakedwhenthe
CyIinderislaiddown），
⑳Welding operationsshould be carried out at asitewhere mechanical0rnatural
Ventilationcanbeexpected．
⑳Duringweldingoperations，alwayswearsafetygoggles，handgl0VeS，aWeldingapron
and armcovers．

（2）MounteachpressureregulatorontheoxygenandacetyLenecylinders・
嘲E賢覧き
◎SurelymountthepressurereguLatorsaftercheckingthatapackingwithnodamageis
PutOnthemount・Beforemountingthepressureregulators，OPenthegascylindervalves
foramomenttoblowoffdustorforelgnmaterialstickingonthejointholes・

◎Highpressuregauge
◎Lowpressuregauge
◎Adjustinghandle
◎Gasdischarg？Valve
◎RubberhoseJOint
◎Gasoutlet
◎clamp
AcetyIenepressureregulator Oxygenpressureregulator ◎safetyvalve
（3）Connectthehosetothepressureregulators．

◎Evenwhenitishardtoconnectthehose，donotuseoil0rthelike．
Whenconnected，fixitwithahoseband．

（4）openthegascylindervalves．

◎Thegascyrindervalvesha”beopeneds10Wly．
Theacetylenegascylindervalvemustnotbeopenedexceedingl・5turns・Fu”yJoosen
thehandleorpressureregulatorbeforeopemngthegascylindervalve．

（5）MountthegasweJdingtorch．

◎Donotmistakeoxygenhose（black）foracetyIenehose（brown）．

（6）Adjustthepressureofoxygenandacetylene．

⑳Setthepressureofacetylenetol／10thepressureofoxygen・Forgascutting，OXygen
PreSSureisadjustedaccordingtothethicknessofobject（asexplainedseparately）．
⑳ChargingpressureofoxygenandacetyJene：
Oxygen：150kg／cm2at35deg．C．
Acetylene：15kg／cm2at15deg．C．

ご′
、r
￣
憲′
最【一
盛 業 ま▲冥；）
∨
・ 、 炭1㌔
蒸し
・イヤ
′ 還謬駕 ℃づ
￣；
≡恐 ・
7蔓
￣
も5
ぐ
も
わノ＿
・
ゝ
−

肌 奏
・
√￣
・
′y・
：〝
くJ′
求
遥〟鼓狂笠
薄−
・ b■
績温燃− bV ・
離瑠 璧 牽 鵡 超 モ
還試頭懇望
も 澤撥な
㌔
巧
、）
−
「
．
・
ノ
；
￣こ′
，
V 喜
≡
一鰻 ＿
撃 鞭 ．
一 誉
．ノ
塁賢
照 ． 璧
，
Ji．
ゝ￣
P【

5 0 0 ．8 0 ．7 7

7 0 l．0 0 ．
8 8

1 0 0 l．2 0 ．
9 1 0

1 4 0 l．5 1 ．
0 1 1

2 0 0 2 ．
0 1 ．2 1 2
（7）Adjusttheflame．
Opentheacetylenecockbyl／2tolturntoletacetyJeneflowatl0Wrate・letoxygenf10W
atl0Wrate，andignitewithadedicatedlighter・
Observlngtheflamesize，adjustthefl0WrateOfacetyleneandoxygentoobtainneutraI
flame．

earb涌zng引ame

Flamecore

NeutralfIame

草）二重dミ裏！1与川an19

Flamecore

（8）Forputtingout，ShuttheoxygencockaftershuttingtheacetyLenecockandthenconfirm
ifthefLameisextinguished．

◎
 Hordaweldingrodinyourlefthandandthetorchjnyourrjghthand．Directthe
OXyaCetylenegasflametowardthebasemeta−topreheatjt，andp．acethetipofthe
WeldingrodontotheheatedmetaJandstartwe■djngfromtheend．

MovetherodfromrighttoJeft（CaHedforwardweJding）orfrom．efttoright（CaHed
backwardwelding）．

ForwardweJdinglSSuitabJeforwerdjngathinp■ateof5mmor■essinthickness，and

backwardweldingforweldingathickplate．

（1）Keepaspacebetweenweldmentand Approx．3to5mm
Weldingbench．

（2）Adjusttheoxygenandacetylenegas
torchcockstoobtajnneutralfJame．

Advanclngdirection TiJtanglewhenseen
Whenseenfromfront fromside

（3）BecausetheendpointofweJdment
tendstomeJt，tiltthetorchtoreJease
heat．

（4）KeepingthedistancefromfJamecore
to weJdment at2to3mm．move the
torchstraightatconstantspeedwhjle
meJtingtheweIdrment．

障Weldingdirection
 （5）weld straightwhiLe osci”ating the
torch LateraILy（in crescent−Shaped
． 900
form）and movingthewelding rod up
【
anddown．
f

謂
′ 一
一→ 1半− 豪←Welding
desk
Groovel to2mm

（6）Tack welding shall be done

Symmetrica”yfromcentertowardend

POint．

On
4p温FlatButtWeldingof3mmorThickerPlates

WeJdingof3，2mmthickplates：
Withtheflamecoreenteredinthegroovebyapproximately1mm，fusethebasemetaJ．
Withthetorchtilted by50to60deg．andthewelding rod by45deg．，fusetherodwhiJe
movlngitupanddown．

4−2GrooveforFlatW■elding

（旦）Appliedtothissteelplate．Weldedbyfusingthebentsection．Noweldingrodnecessary．

（2）Squarebuttwelding
3／4t′〉1／4t

t＝1′〉3mm

（3）SingleVbuttwelding

t＝4′・・′15mm

1∼1．6mm
ile

1／4t∼1／3t

2．4mm

（6）SingleUbuttwelding（appliedtothickplate）

Thickplate

」」
4．8mm

（7）DoubIeUbuttwelding（appliedtothickerplate）

Thickerplate
Anoxyacetyleneflameisappliedtometalto
heatit up and fresh oxygen at a high
pressureisappliedtoassistthecombustion・
Theproducedoxideofmoltenmeta＝sbl0Wn
offbythegaspressure，reSuLting■nCuttingof

themetaL．

5・凰Equipment

弓∴・・了し：1−モー至什ヨTcl’油

5鱒望Preparation

沌）Markacuttingline，andplacetheobjectsothatthemarkingbecomeshorizontat・Putthe
objectonasteelplatesoastokeepaspaceunderthecuttingline・

Highpressureoxygen
Mixedgas

Advanclngdirection
（2）Slightlyopentheacetylenevalveandtheadjustingvalveandthenignitewithadedicated
lighter．

（3）Adjusttheflame
⑳Operatetheflameadjustingvalve
Operate the acetylene vaIve and the
adjustingvalvetoobtainneutraHlame・

◎Highpressureoxygenisdischarged
Whenthehighpressureoxygenvalveis
OPened，the flame changes to
CarburizingfLame． Carburizingflame

◎Adjusttheacetylenevalve
Operate again the acetylenevalveto
Obtain neutraLflame．

⑳Slightlyoxidizingflame
By shutting the high pressure oxygen
valve，Cuttingflameisobtained，Whichis
aslightlyoxidizingflame・

Cuttingflame

5曲3Procedure

（1）withthe nozzleofthetorch at rightangLetothe

Objectmaterial，and keeplngthedistancefrom 令旨i慧思。
flamecoretotheobjectmaterialat2to3mm，heat
theedgeoftheobjectmaterialuntiLitturnsred・
Red heat
When the edgeis red heated，OPen the high
pressure oxygen valve byl／2tol turn and
advancethetorchatconstantspeed．
Cutting
direction
（2）when gas cutting ends，Shutthe high pressure 2へ′3mm

OXygenVaLve・
Highpressure￣ナ
OXygen
⑳Forbothgascuttingandgaswelding，OXygenandacetylenepressuresdifferwiththe
thicknessofsteelplate・Forgeneralworksinships，adjustoxygenpressureto3to4
kg／cm2whileacetylenepressuretoO・3toO・4kg／cm2．
⑳Thefollowjngmetalscannotbegascut：
Castiron，COPPerandcoppera”oy，aJuminumandaJuminumaHoy，StainJesssteeI

⑳Gascuttingofflangeboltsinanarrowplace
lnanarrowplace・thisworkisquitehard・lnaddition，Wheninahurry，Wetendtomake
SuChamistakeastodamagetheflangeholes・Toavoidthjs，theboJtshouJdbecutstep−
by−SteP（twotothreesteps）Withoutcuttingtheboltatitsrootatatime．

RelationofThicknesstoCuttingSpeedandOxygenPressure

無 等 ・
＠・療 ㊥ ぎ
4 4 50 ′
−5 0 0 2．
0 ∼2 ．
2

5 4 00 ∼ 4 80 2．
1 ∼2 ．
5

15 3 50 ∼ 4 50 2．
2′〉2 ．
9

20 26 0 ∼ 35 0 2．
8∼ 3 ．
8

25 24 0 ′
〉2 7 0 3．
7∼4．
2

30 2 1 0 ∼ 25 0 4．
0∼4．
7

40 18 0 ′
〉2 3 0 4．
3∼5．
5

60 1 60 ∼2 0 0 5．
6 ∼ 6．
2

80 1 50 ∼ 1 80 5．
5 ∼6 ．
7

1 00 1 30 ∼ 1 65 6．
0′−7 ．
7
転配喜ば言訳嘗牽き

6qlCoppertoCopper
Tojointcoppertubestogether，theendofacoppertubebeingfLaredbyatubingtool・aS
showninthefigurebe10W，PutOthertubeonit，andexecutebrassbrazlng・

（1）吉鵠Ea鍔。Pf．ared（2）putothertube・（3）諾；霊1…笥iS滞空認■訂hat
6q2CoppertoBrass
Toconnectacoppertubetoabrasscockorpressuregauge，abrasssleeveissolderedon
thecoppertube・Thesleevecannotbebrassbrazing・andthereforesilverbrazlnglS
empl0yedhere・

（l）Fistofa”，Sufficientlypolishthetubeedgeandthebrasssleevewhicharesilverbrazing・
HeatthetubeendandthebalLbyasma”excessacetyleneflame（Carburizingflame）until

theyturnred，Withtheflameendfacedtothecoppertube・

（2）Execute soldering，taking the melting pointof

eachpartintoconsideration・
Meltingpoint：
Copper：Approx．1100deg・C
Brass：Approx．850deg．C
Silverbrazing：Approx，600deg・C
Sufficiently polish and coat boraxaround the
SOlderedpart．

（3）whentheyturnpalered，COatboraxaroundthe
soldered part，and putasma”amountofsilver

braz■ngOnit・Whenfused，SilverbrazlngSPreads

aroundtheperipheryandsinksdownward・When
silver brazing sticks around the tube，
immediateLyturn the flame aside to coolthe
soldered part・When re−heated aftercooled，the
SiLverbrazlngWhich hassunkdownwardcomes
uPagaln・
「￣￣￣￣「
「
ArcweJdingistoweldbasemetalsbymeltingthemwitharcheat（about4，500deg．C
generatedbyapply■ngPOWerVOltagebetweenthebasemetalsandaweldingrod．

凰畑選ArcWelder

ArcwelderisadeviceforgeneratingtheweJdingarc，andis
ClassifiedaccordingtothepowersourceasDCtypeandAC
type．

TheACarcwelderofsjmpleconstruction，advantageousin
Viewofmaintenanceandcost，andisthuswidelyusedtoday・

窃慧WeldingAccessories

摘）Holder
ArodhorderisnotonlytohoJdawerdingrodbuttodeliverawe■dingcurrentfrom

COnductivecabletotherod．

ほ）Cable
AcabJeistoconnecttheweJderwith
the holder．lt contains numerous fine
COnductive wires twisted together
andshieldedwithrubber．

潮 Facecover P3㌢せSO書き臓萱亡きer Caわきe

AsthearcgeneratesnotonIyhighheatbutaJsoharmfuJurtravioJetrays，thewerdershould
notdirectlyexposehiseyesandskintosuchlightbeamsbyusingafacecoverfor
PrOteCtion・TheharmfuHightbeamscanbeabsorbedbyablackglassofthefacecover．

Facecover

済離臓潤浦胞謂相済
㌻l ・● ・、

凰閑認WeldingRod（electrode）

AweldingrodunjformJyshieldedwithfruxarounditscorewireisusedinarcwe■ding．
慧藍済闇麿嵐紺＄患⑳髄監督

⑳Weldingworkshouldbecarriedoutatasitewheremechanica10rnaturalventilationcan
beexpected・FLammabLematerialsshould beremovedfromaroundthewelding
WOrkplace．
⑳AIwayswearleathergl0VeS，rubberboots，anaPrOn，etC・
⑳Besuretouseafacecover．
⑳Be carefulnot toinhale the gas generated during
Welding．
⑳Especiallyinthearcweldingofgalvanizedsteelplates，
alargeamountofzincoxidegasisgenerated・Which
causesgas−POlSOnlngifinhaled・Thuspayattentionto
goodventiLationanduseagasmask，ifavailable・
⑳HoIders and powercablesshould bethose perfectly
insuLated and a grounding wire should be secured
PrOPerly．
＠lfacoiledcableisusedasshowninfig．1，theresistance
ofthe cableincreases and generates unstable arc，
whichresultsinanunevenbeading．Toavoidthis，uSea 掛配瀞針軸闇流弾臓諭離郡
weldingcabLeofproperlength・Whenitisinevitableto
useaLongcable，laythecabLeasshowninfig・2・

骨壷9拶瑠 亨毒等。2

⑳Toweldasteelplatesupportedbymagnets・
lnthecaseofarcweldingofasteelplatewhichissupported bymagnets・thearc
becomesunstable，Whichmayresultinthegenerationofbl0Wholes（airbubbles）and
Pits（Sma”dentsonthesurface）・
Suchmagnetsshallberemovedwhentackwelding．simplementedbeforestarting
regularwelding・
認印凰Arcing

Generatethearcatapointapproximatelylto2cmfromthepointA，andreturntostarting
POintA，andthenmovetheelectrodestraighta10ngtheweldlinewithoutosci”atingthetip
OftheeJectrode．

WhiJemovJngtheelectrode，itisimportantto keepthearclengthandoftheelectrode
tiltingangJeinconstant，

PointA（Arcstart） Endpoint

2∼3mm

認耶慧HowtoJoinWeldBead

（1）Attheendofabead，quickJyraisetheeJectrodebackward（leftside）toscoopupfused
metalinthemoJtenpool，thusmakingshallowdjmpIeontheendportion．

二一二で‡：？l
d

⑳
認応L盈GroovingandTackWelding

AreastobeweJdedofthebasemetalshouJdbefreefromrustandoilassuchimpuritie！

leadtoadefectivewelding．

（1）priortomainwerding，PreParatOryWOrkssuchasgroovjngandtackweJdingarerequired
ThebasemetalshouIdbeproperlygrooved（beveled）correspondingtothejrthjckness．

t＝thickness（mm

′ 800 4

2∼3mm 6∼15mm

it∼it一十十 ∼3．山イ

60㌔−900
▲ ▲

3∼6mm 15mm
Or mOre
it∼it一斗ト

銚約滴昭画庵矧離職

（2）lnordertoinducearcdischarge，thetipoftheweldingrodshouldbecontacte
instantaneouslywiththebasemetalandpulJedquickly・
（3）Topreventtheweldingrodfromadheringtothebasemetalandtoinducethearc，theti
Oftheweldingrodshouldbeswunglittlebylittleljkestrikingamatch．
毯監凰FlatWelding

Atrightangletotheweldment，
At70to80deg．foradvanclngdirection・

触Hori2lOntalWelding
At70to90deg．totheweldment・
At70to80deg．foradvanclngdirection・

敷詰VerticalW■elding

Forverticalwelding，thesameasfIatweldingL

叡膿FilletWelding
Forfi”etwelding，45to60deg．forfi”etangle，
馬閻凰Weaving

For both flat and verticalweldings，the firstlayer shallbe weJded by manlPuIating the
electrode strajght orslightweavlng．Forthe2ndlayer，manlPulatethe electrode alittle
fasterinthe middle，Whilestopitforamomentatboth endssothattheweld beaddose
not becomeconvex．

Forthe3rdlayer，StOP electrode for a moment atthe cornerof groove to preventthe

undercut．

Forweavlng，itrsbettertoosci”atenotthetipofelectrodebuttheentireelectrode．

摘B Variousweavingmethods
靴離郷離離欄
盈 駒輔儲摘感機関

Therearemanyothermethodsofweavlng．Thepointistomakesuretotheelectrodeat
thecornerofgroovetopreventundercutatthetoeofweld．
To obtain a weId bead of constant width，manlPulate the electrode whire observlng the
StateOfmeltingpenetration．

掛畠。′鮎
ForMulti−layerwelding，Weldwhileadjusting
thethicknessofdeposited metalsothatthe 0．5′−0．1mm

COrner Of groove remains by O．5tol mm

beforel＝inalweld beadislaid．
ほ）HowtoJudgetheProprietyoftheManipulationofEIectrode
C凱羞SeOfu再avorab短arcw融ding．
⑳Thewidthofbeadisnotconstant．

一 一 ■ −● 、 、

、 一 一 ■●、

⑳TheweldbeadisscalyorswoHenonthesideorcenter・

、 、

⑳Theweldbeadisnarrowwithsharprippleonit．

、 ● − ● ●

、 ■ ■

⑳Beadismelteddown． ⑳Thesidesofbeadareroundish． ⑳Beadisscalyl

十 二＿ 二￣￣一
一 、、

● ● −

Undercut：TheweldmentisdugatongthetoeofweLdwithoutbeingfi”edwithdeposited

metal，thusandresultedbymakingagroove−likegap・
還皿慧BoxingifFilletWeldJoint

BasicalLy，boxinglSemPl0yedforfi”etweldjoint，Wherearcisnotcutoffattheeachendo
Weldment．

Topreventastrainarisedyoucanuseaproporchangeitsweldingsequence．

1 4 3 2

還遇ImproperWeldJoint
宅、盈き Proprietyofweldjointfromthemomentpointofview

×
（慧）Weldjointtoavoidtheconcentrationofweldlines

X O

Min．100mm

撒きWeldjointtoavoidstressconcentration

㈲ButtweldingforthepLatesof
differentthickness

㈱Defectiverepairweldingwhichmustbeavoided
一 、 、

閣蓋＄忍蔓機関獅昏離○菅野喜忍電昏愚
鼠趨RepairFilletWelding
（1）whentherootgapis1．5mmorIess，Weldasitistospecifiedleglength．

1．5mm orless

1：SPeCifiedleglength

（2）whentherootgapis1．5to4．5mm，thejointmaybeweldedasitis，butleglengthmust
beincreasedfortheincreaseinrootgap．

増
′・
※；ニ
ミ
譲
窯※ず■ ．
、
′′
′
、雄隼
一 ト
：ノ
5 m m J ※様※
‡
十
‥
：頂・
；；
≦
； ゝ￥
￣、
1．5mm∼4．5 ′
・辛

G 黛 浩
シ
彗

巨 ∴
∵
や
料
￣彗
ご
毎
葦享定
言．
一
定鷺
栄転冬
（3）whenrootgapis45mmormore，insertalinerorcutoutthedefectiveplateby300mm
OrmOreandreplacewithproperone．

300 m m
議俄還CheckingandRepairingoftheGroove

（1）whengrooveis6mmorless，eXeCutebuild−uPWeldingoneitherside（Orbothsides）until
thegroovebecomeasspecified・

Build−uPWelding

」ト
6mmorless
」ト
1．5±0．5mm

（2）whenrootgapis6to16mm，uSeabackingstripofapproximately6mmthickness・

⑳After having welded，gOuge Out

the backing strip，Or Weld aH
aroundthestrip．

6∼16mm

（3）whenrootgapis16mmormore，rePlacethea”orpartoftheplate・
還認鴎HowtoRepairBreakageonaSteelPipe

獅 WhenthewaterfIowcannotbestopped

（1）prepareasamesizeorone−Size−largerpipe，fromwhichasemicirculariscutouttobe
usedasthestrappedjointwhichcoversthebreakageatitscenter．
（2）Thepipelengthsha”beapproximatelytwjcethediameterofthebrokenpipe．
（3）cutoutasemicircularpipe，andchamferthecorners．
（4）Makeadrainholeonit，aVOidingthesectiononwhichstrappedjointmountingbandisto
beapplied．
（5）Mountasma”valveorapairofboltand nutonthedrain hoIetopreventwaterfrom

droppLngOnWeldment．
（6）withathinflatrubber，PaCkingorsealantontheprocessedstrappedjoint，tightenthe
band．
（7）Aftertackweldingthestrappedjoint，StartreguJarweldingfrombeneaththeleakingpoint
（thepointonwhichwaterdrops）．

⑳ltlsbetter，tOPreParealargerstrappedjoint，takingitintoconsiderationthatthebase
metalaroundtheleakagemaybethinned．

鰻）BreakageatacornerofT−Shapedpipe

Chamferthecorner

靴関都酎鹿馴郷関閥廟馴謂闘

（1）Fortheupperpart，SPlitaT−Shapedpipeintotwopieces．
（2）Forthel0Werhalf，PrePareaSPlitpipe．
（3）Makeadrainholeonthelowerhalf，andmountasmallplugorvalveonthehole．
（4）Thepipelengthsha”be50tolOOmmaccordingtothesizeofthepipe．
潮 Lealagefromflanges Fi”sealant
FiH seaLant
（1）prepare aflat barto make a band
▼￣− ■・寸
Whichfitstheperipheryoftheflange・
（2）Make2to3holesonthebandtofiH
Sealant（ltis recommended to use
boLt＆nut）．
（3）With alead plate or a packing put
underit，tightentheband．
（4）FiHquickdryingsealant（Silicon，etC・）・
（5）checkthat sealant comes outfrom
underside． ▲＿

（6）whenseaLantissufficientLyfi”ed，Plugtheholes・ Sealantisfilled

（7）lfnecessary，Weldtheboltandnutmountedonbothsidesofthebandoronthefilling
POrt．
趨
′

、 1 F l
′

Leakagefromthebootofflangeorboltholesofflange
才
一
t

1
ヽ

Prepare2pLeCeS Ofsteelblank
︶
︵

flange which are the samein √−JointtwoflangesbyfIatbar

thickness as the flange of the
brokenpIPebutarelargeinsize・
（2）Bore the blankflanges，aligning
themwiththeLeakingpIPe．
（3）After boring the blank flanges，
PrePare2pairs of split pipefor
StraPPed joint which fit the
outside diamater of the broken
PIPe and are50tolOO mmlong， Prepare2palrSOf
SPlitblankflange−
and weld them on the bored split † PIPeaSSembLies
bLank flanges（the above sight Drain hoLe
（boltandnut）
figure）．
（4）prepare a pair of split blank
flange−PLPeaSSembtyasshownin
thefigurebel0W，PUtthemonthe
brokenpIPe，andweldthem・
（5）Ltis recommended to tack−Weld
the strapped joint assembly at
many points，but be smalL as
†
POSSible．
PrepareapalrOfstrappedjointassembIy
（upperandl0Wer）
（Mountadrainplugonthe10WeraSSembly）
還Ⅳ冒HowtoPreventWeldmentfromDeforming

（l）MountthestrongbackatanangJeofapproximately45deg．againstweIdline．

（2）lnweldingthedoubJingplate，makethedeformedoriginalplatecomeincJoseconta
Withthestrongback．

⑳One−Sideweldingisenoughforthestrongbackanddog．

（3）Eliminatingtheclearancebetweentheoriginalplateandthestrongbackoneaft
another，taCkweldalJaround．Thenexecuteregularwelding．

Wedge

Makenoclearancehere
遍照爵ArcWeldingwithCoatedElectrodeofGalvanizedSteel

lngeneral，galvanizedsteelishardtobeelectricweldedwithcoveredelectrodebecause
Ofpoorusabilityofweldingandpoorappearanceofweldment・
Thisisbecausethecoatedzinchasabadinfluenceonthearcandthephysicalpropertyof

depositedmetal．
Galvanized steelisroughlyclassifiedintotwogroupsaccordingtocoating method：
galvanizedsteelandelectr0−galvanizedsteel（COatedamount：amOuntOfcoatedzincper
Surfaceareaofsteel）．
Coatedamountofzinchasalargeinfluenceonweldability・Themorethecoatedamountis
added，themorenotablethefo”owlngPhenomenaappears・

獅Influenceonusability
⑳Arcbecomesunstableanddepositedmetalisinsufficientlycoveredbyslag，reSultingin
POOrCOnformabilityofbeadandroughsurface・
⑳Excessspatterandfume
Spatter ＝MetaLparticleswhichflyduringarcorgasweldingandwhichdonotbecome

depositedmetal，
Fume ：Smokygas

を慧）lnfluenceontheperformanceofweldment

⑳Generatespitsandbl0Wholes，loweringmechanicalperformance・
Pit ：Sma”dentgeneratedattheendpointofweldment

BlowhoLe：Cavitygeneratedbygasincludedinmoltenmetal

ltishardtocompletelyeliminatetheabovementionedbadinfluences・
Butitcanberelievedtoacertaindeg．bythefo”owlngmeaSureS：

⑳Executeweldingafterremovingthegalvanizedzinclayera10ngWeldlinebyagrinderor
Sander．

◎Whenhighstrengthisnotrequired，eXeCutebrasssolderinginsteadofarcweldingwith
COVeredelectrode．

蜘離⑳
還欄WeldingofCastIron
摘）Basicwelding
（1）BeadJengthpereachpassshaHbe50mmorJess（approximate．y20mmisproper）．
Executepeeningafterwelding（Formurti−layerweJding，PeenjngshaJJbeexecutedafter
eachpass・ForthefinaJbeadwhjchdoesnotfusethebasemeta．，PeeninglSnOt
necessary）．

（2）UseskipweJding，Symmetricwe■dingorbackstepwelding．

（3）FormuJti−layerweJding，Carryingout
butteringleadstoagoodresult．

（4）chamfertheedgeofthegroove．
（5）lfthedepositedmetaIdoesnotconformtothebasemetarwhenwerdedwjthnickeHype
eJectrode，eXeCutebutteringwithmiJdsteelrod．
（6）weldmentofpurenickeltypeelectrodehashigherresistancetoc，aCkthanir。n＿nickel

typeelectrode．

ほj Procedureforrepairweldingofcastironproduct
（1）whenoirsoaksintotheobjectproductofcastiron，Sufficjentlypreheatittoremoveoil
beforeweJdinglSStarted．

（2）sufficientlygougethepartofthedefects・■fnecessary，makestopholesatbothendsof

thecrack．

（3）prepareonedgebygrinderortheJike．

（Roundthebottom）

ヽ60㌦90ン
20mmorJess 20mmormore
（4）Accordingtothesizeofthebasemetal，Preheatuntilthespecifiedtemperature（Sma”
PrOductneedsnotbepreheated）・
Preheatingtemperature：
Castiron：100to300deg．C（nickeltypeeLectrode）・
Caststeel：60to250deg．C（10Whydrogentypeelectrode，ilmenitetypeelectrode）・
（5）Bead Length perpassshalL beapproximately50mm（topreventoverheating，reduce
Strainandpreventcracking）．
（6）Besuretoexecutepeening（removestrain bytappingwithahanmer）・Foreach bead，
executepeeninguntilrippLeonthebeaddisappearswhilethebeadisstillhot（Tapping
bythesharpedgeoftesthammeriseffective）・
（7）Weldingmethod
Forcomparativelysmallconicalgroove，Weldsp■ra”ystarting：Fromthebottomofthe

grOOVe・

WeIdfromthecentertowardperiphery
⑳gWe
Whenweldlengthisl0ng，uSeback−StePWelding，Skipweldingorsymmetricwelding（to
PreVentCraCking）．

（4）（3）（2）m
50mmorless

−i主三二三主よ二千二！ここ ≡三二、− ・ ：

m （3） （1） （2） （4）

勤閤獅離鹿瀾感動欄

（1） （4） （2）（5）（3）

・ ・ 喜

＞ ＞ ＞ ＞ ＞

（8）Afterwelding，COOltheweldment ass10Wly as possible・Forsmall0rmiddlesize

PrOducts，WraPthemwiththermostabLesheetafterweldedandletthemnatura”ycool・
＿＿妻Il＋
『
 §篭漁璃呈溌gVa重ve
1．1 HowtoCleantheValveComponents

CarbonorotherforeJgnmateria．sstickingtovaJvecomponentscaneasjryberemovedby
dipprngthemjnwaterfor2to3hours．
OilystajnscanbecJeanedwithkerosene．

且・2Pointstobe CIleCked

◎FJawsontheworkingfaceofaseatandavalve，andtheproprietyoftheircontact．
⑳CJearancebetweenavaJvespindleandaguide．
◎Bendofavalvespindle．
◎wearofaseatandavalve．

且t3
HowtoMeasuretheBendofaSpindle
（1）Measurethebendofaspindle

PuttwoVb10CksonalargesuHacep．ateorf．atstee．p．ate・Setadia．gaugewithmagnet
Standaccordingtothefjgurebe．ow・andthemeasurebendatseveraJpositionswhile
turnJngthespindlemanuaJly．

轍1HowtOrneaSure的ebendofaspin釧e

（2）Measurementofrun−OutWjthalathemachine

AfterthecenterhofesofthevaJvehavebeensuffjcientrycJeaned，SetthespjndJeonaJathe
aCCOrdingtothefig・2；then・meaSurerun−OUtSatPOints”a”，”b”and”C”inthatorder．

Whenarun−Outisdetectedatpoint”a”，adjustthechucktore−CenterthespindJe．

f羞g■2MeasurementofrumOutSWithaiathemac摘ne
14GrindingProcedure
Grindingwhenalargeflawexistsonthevalveface．
（1）cutouttheflawonthevalvefacebyalathemachine．
・主ごきつ∴￣

OCutthework−Piece aftercenteringitwith adialgauge；if necessarysupportitatthe

Centerholebythetailstock．
⑳Beforecutting，finelyadjustthetooIpostexactlytotheoriginalangle．
◎Becausethevalveisworn greatly，Cutting sha”be minimized，aVOiding unnecessary
Cutting．
（2）withthevalvesetonaLathechuck，grindthevalvefacebyamiddlemesh（＃120to＃180）

emeryc10thwhichiswoundaroundaflatfileuntiltheflawdisappears，Whileturnlngthe
Valveat10WSPeed．

野寺、∫
OGrindaswe”astheoriginaIangle．
⑳Be carefulso that yourworking cl0theis not
Caughtbytherotatingwork−Piece．
（3）whenaseatorvalvefacehasasmallflaw，Sticka
PleCe Of emery c10th on the seat or valve face
using two−Sided adhesive tape and rub them
together to remove the fLaw．For grinding，Stick
Sma”pleCeS Of emery cl0th to the shaded parts
Shownin fig．3．The number of pieces of emery
Cl0thtobestucksha”bechangedwiththesizeof

Valve．

（4）AfterremovinglargeflawsbyfoHowingprocedures
explainedin（3），grind the both seat and valve
faceswith mediumcarborundum pasteuntil2／30f
the periphery comesin contact with the mating
Valvel＝ace．

ずig．3Va∃vestem
（5）Finishing：GrindwithfinecarborundumpasteuntiL
the both seat and valve faces come to have a
blackishluster．Then grind with oilto clean the
Valvel＝ace．

（6）checkthevalvefaces：Afterfinish grinding，Wipe
OutOil，dustandotherforelgnmateriaJsstickingon
the seat and valve faces．To check the contact
between the seat and valve faces，Slightly hitthe
formeragainstthelatter2to3times．Bydoingso，
youcanfeelthesituationofthecontact．
l・5PrecautionsforGrinding
（1）Alarge size valveis ground by applying the
Strength ofIessthanitstare．Grind thevalveface
Whileliftingandturnlngitlittlebylittle．

（2）lftheworkingfaceofvalveissinkinginthatofseat，gaSleakagemayoccur．lnsuch
CaSeS，Cutthetopoftheseatbyadiscgrinderfile（AccordingtotypesofvaIve，theseat
Canbereptaced）．

（3）lfthevalvefaceisbeingstepped greatlyasthe
Circled section，remOVe the stepplng by Lathe
machiningandre一grindthevalveface．

（4）Toshortenthegrindingtime，COmPletelyremovetheflawbymachjning，andfrequently
Changegrindingpowder．
（5）Grinding mustnotbecarried outwhilegrinding powderisrunningout（Otherwise，the
Valve faces comein direct metalcontact with each other，and creates the flaw−On the
faces），
（6）TomakethevaLvefacecomeincontactwithmatingfaceatouterdiameter．
⑳Changethetaperanglebylathemachine．
0Grindbyaddingsma”amountofgrindingpasteonthejnnersideofthevalvefacewhile
WIPlngOffthegrindingpowdercomlngOutSidewithcottonwastes．
豊艶p言訳e
Ⅴ挽旦ve⑬若齢畳eSe温Ge弧eP級もOr電影／G）
Bymeasunngthefoll0W■ng PartS，determinethetimlngforreplac．ngthevalveorvalve

Seat，refernngtothemakerTsreplacementstandardforeachtype・

2．凰Intake／ExhaustValve

Replace when the width of valve faceis

reachingorinexcessofwearlnglimit・

2．2ExhaustValveSeat
RepLacewhen the distance between theinner
diameter of valve seat face and the diameter

PaCkingseatisreachingorinexcessofweanng
limit．

噸モ●．−、
When the width ofvalve seatface becomestoo
large，reSultinglnanarrOWerflatpartof‖C”，Cut

the partof TTC”to beflat．However，dimension

．rA■lmustbewithinweannglimit．

2−3IntakeValveSeat（Solidtype，Valveboxtype，replaceabletype）
Replacevalve seatwhen reaching orin excess ofweanng
limit．

◎Solidtype ：Machine the cover to mount the

replaceablevalveseat．
◎Replaceabletype：Replacewithaspare・
OValveboxtype ：Replacetheva］vebox・

BecarefulthatmeasurlngPOintsdifferbymakersandtypes・

−SampLe−

Exhaustvalveseat lntakevalveseat lntake／Exhaustvalveseat

 ミ￣ahで転indle

Togrinddowntheva■vefacebyalathe・aligninadvancethedeflectionrun−OutOfthe

valvespind−e，aCCOrdingtothefigurebel0W・Torepairthevalveface・itisdesirablethata
contactlineisatl／3fromtheoutsideofthevalveface・

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3．1HowtoMeasureandReplaceIntake／ExhaustValveGuide
（1）Machineaboundarysamplerod（amodelrodwithadiameteroftheoriginaldimensionof
valvespindlep■usthe．imitc■earancebetweenvaIvespindleandguide）byalathe

machine．Replacetheguidewhentheboundarysamplecanbeinsertedinit・
（2）lnsertanewvalvespindJeintheguide．RepJacetheguideiftheclearanceistooJarge・
（3）Measuretheboreoftheguidebyacylindergauge，dialcaliperorotherpropermeasuring
instruments（SuchameasuringinstrumentishardLypreparedinships）・

3・2HowtoReplacetheGuide
（1）Measurethediameterofthebossinsideandtheguideoutsidetoseewhethertheyfitor
not．

（2）Sufficientlycleanthebossinside（Onthebody）andtheguideoutside・
（3）pressandfittheguideaftercoolingitinarefrigerator，etC・

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4・10verhaul，MaintenanceandChecking
（l）DisassemblethevaLve，Cleantheinside，remOVeSCaleorotherstainsstickingonthe
WOrkingfaceoftheseatandvalvewithanemerycl0th，SCraPer，etC・
（2）Checkflawsandthestateofcontactofvalveface．
（3）Measuretheclearancebetweenthebodyandthebottomofvalvedisk（Noclearanceisa
defectivecondition）．
（4）Checkthecorrosiononthreads，Valvebodyandvalvecasing■

lfeverything■SSatisfactoryintheabovechecking，facing−uPISnOtneCeSSary・
4・2GrindingandFacingupofSluiceValve
（1）whenthevaLvefaceofseatorvalvehasaflaw（Avalveoraseathavingsignificantflaws
cannotbeused becausethevalvesinkstoodeeplyintothevaLveseatandcannotbe
closedcompletely），grindtheentirevalvefacebyanoilstone，file，SCraPer，emeryCl0th，
etc．，untiltheflawsareeliminated・
（2）Afterapplyingaminimumcoating（redlead）tothevalveface，insertthevalveintheseat
tocheckthestateofcontact．
（3）Grindanypartwherethecontactistoostrongusinganoilstone，file・SCraPer・emery
cLoth，etC．Repeatsuchstepsuntilthevalvecomesincontactwiththebody・
嘆遜慧監ヒ
Keepaminimumgrindingbecauseevenagrinding．nasmallscaIemayleadtoalarge
dropofthevalve（lfthevalvediskbottomcomesincontactwiththebody，thevalvecan
notbeusedanyl0nger）．

4．3PrecautionsforHandlingaValve
（1）Changesintemperaturesometimesmakeithardtoopen／shutavalveduetoexpansion
ofcomponents・Especia■lyathightemperatures・Valveshouldnotbeshuttoofirmly・

（2）whenavalveisnotoperatedforaLongtime，thethreadedsectionmayseize，OrSCale
maystickonthefaceofseatandthevalve・Topreventtheseproblems・Valves（especia”y

thoseinsta”edintheseawatersystem）shalLbeoperatedfromtimetotime・

Dilation
5・且WhenaValveSeatFacehasaSignificantFlawortheWidthofValveFaceistooLarge

（l）Aflawon avalve seatfacesha”be removed byaseatcutterorby machining，Orbe

ground offuslng SmallpleCeSOfanemerycl0thwhjch aretobeattachedtothevalve

faceofmatingvalvebyatwo−Sidedtape．
（2）whenthewidthofthevalvefaceistoolarge，CutOuttheflatsectionatupperpartofthe
Seatbyaseatcutterorbymachiningtoreducethewidth（ltwiLlbedefectiveconditionsif
theoutsidediameterofthevalvefaceoftheseatisgreaterthanthatofthevalve，Orifthe
WOrkingfaceofthevalvedeeplysinksinthatoftheseat）・

5A2WhenaValvehasaSigTLificantFlaworStep
（1）setthevalveonalathemachinebyaligningitwiththecenterofthelathe，adjustthetooI
POSttOtheangleofthevalve（COnicalvalve：45deg．；flatvalve：90deg・），andmachineit・
（2）Setthevalveonalathe，andgrinditwithafileoremerycl0thtotheoriginalangle・

5・3WhenaValveandaSeatareMachinedorGroundSeparately
（l）Rub them together applying a medium
Carborundum pasteandcheckforanyflaw
On the valve and seat faces as welt as for
thestateofcontact．

（2）changeagrinding pastetoasmaHersize
gradually and continue to rub them
together．
（3）Fina”yapplyoilgrindingto removestains
Stickingonthevalvefaces．
 ⑳Whenavalveandaseatarecuttothesameanglebyalatheoraseatcutter，grindingis
tobedoneonlytochecktheangLeofcontact・
⑳lftheirangleofcontactisdifferent，COrreCttheangleofvalvebylatheworks・
Thismethodprovidesabetterresultthantheoneacquiredfromrubbingthemtogether
foral0ngtime，andinadditionreducesworkinghours・

5−4HowtoGrindandFaceuptheValveFacewhichhasnoGuideLeg（natvalve，COJlicalvalve）
lnsertathickpackingintheshadedgapinthefigure，mOUntthespindle，andtightenitby
nuttofixthespind−eandthevaIvebody・Thenprepareaguideforgrinding・andapply
grinding．
tHhemountedspind．eistoo■ong，thefaceofthevalvetobegroundmovesrattlingduring

grindingworks・Topreventthis，grindbyturn■ngitgradua”y・Canngthatthespindledoes

not move．

Valvespindle

VaIvemountingnut

Packinggap
（l）whenavalvehasasignificantflaw，butlargeinsizeandthereforecanbemachined，the
flawshouldberemovedbymachining，Whichnotonlyreducesworkingtimebutalso
PrOVidesanexce”entfinishing・

（2）whenavalveoraseathasasignificantflawnotremovablebymachining，grindoffthe
flawwithsma”p．ecesofanemerycl0thappliedbyatwo−Sidedtapetothefaceofthe

valveortheseatorothertypeofgrindingtooIs・
−‡ミー冠、
⑳WhentheemerycLothiscl0gged，bl0Wairtorevitalizeit・
◎WhenthevalveandtheseatarerubbedtogetherforaLongtime，thevalvefacemaybe
steppedasaresultofsuchgrinding，reSulting−nadefectivefinishing・
（3）ltisrecommendednottorubtheseatandthevalvetogether，butisdesirabletogrind
themseparatelybyava■veorseatlapplngtOOlandfinallychecktheirstateofcontactby

applyingminimumcoating（redlead）・
（4）Agrindingpastemustnotberunoutduringgrinding・Otherwise，thevalvefacemaybe
flawed，dependingonmaterial（especiallystainlesssteeltypematerial）・
（5）ThegrindingfaceofalappingtooIsha”Sometimesberepairedtobeflatbyatatheoron
asurfaceplate．
 ecisionlralve
吉報量感㌘iでSS塁まで罠￣￣責唇で睾酌む事享

（1）carefu”yfaceupwithanextra−finegrindingpaste（Chromiumoxide）tofinishthefacing−
up，andthenfaceupwithoil．Thencleanthevalvefacewithcottonwastesandcheckthe
StateOfcontact．

嘲際等．
Ifthevalvefaceisimproper，ablackishshadeappearsonitsface・Ontheotherhand，
Whenthevalvefaceisproper，itgivesawhiteluster．
（2）Afterafinishgrinding，WipeoffoilandmarkseveralradiaJljnesonthevalvefaceusinga
SOftpencil（4B）・lfthecontactbetweenthevaJveandtheseatisproper，thepencillines
markedonthevalvefacedisappearswhentheyarerubbedtogether．
噸選聖賢；
Materia10fthesevalvesisveryhard，thusremovIngOfevenaslightfJawrequ■reSal0ng

time・Grindthemwithsma”piecesofemerycJothappliedtothevaJvefacebyatwo−Sjded

tapewhilechangingthegrainsizeofanemerycl0thgradua”ytosmallerones（＃240to
＃600）．

輔ghpressureva目ve
8．1FlatValve

Valvespindle

Valveguard
Lockingwasher
Valvedisc

Valvedisc Valveseat
guidingrod Driveawooden rod
Whichis used as
handEe†orgrinc廟g

8。2ConicalValve
8・3GrindingToolforaFlatValveSeat
Guideplate＝CaStironorsteelplate・Useacastironorsteerp．ateforthegrindingtooJ．

際どt−
⑳Beforegrinding，CJeanallcontactpartsotherthanthevalvefacetobeground，remOVe
PrOtruSions・ifany，byafileoremeryc10thtomakethesurfacessmooth，andcoat
lubricatingoi10nthesurfaces・SOthatyourfingersdonotfee．anyunevennessduring
grinding．

⑳Duringgrinding・COnCentrateyOurnerVeSatyOurfingertips，andyoucaneasilydetect
thefeelingofforeJgnmatter，ga”ingoranyotherabnorma■itiesifanyr
十二
（2）Lay
The■10rdinaryIay‖has theJay ofthe rope opposite to thatofthe strand．The most

Standardropesfoundonboardvesselsatethoseofll0rdinaryZ−layl．
The Langlslay rope has the samelay ofthe rope as that ofthe strand and hasthe
tendencyto unlayandisliableto kink・ltis usedin placeswhere both ropeendsare
unlikelytorotatefreelyortheropeiskepttensionedata＝times．ltshouldnotbeusedfor
generaJslinglng．

∈≡妻 ∈≡∋

OrdinaryZLlay OrdinaryS−day LangrsZ」ay Lang．sS−lay

●Crosssection

Core of each strand Thereis no fiber core
as well as the core of in a strand．Thisis
thewireropeisafjber used for standing
COremOStlyonaship． wlre．
Thereis no fiber core A strandis used as
in astrand．Wirecore the core of rope
is usedin the center （homo−Centric）．Used
Of mooring wires as as the wire for
thisis more suitable suspensionbridge．
forthetension placed
OnmOOnngWires．
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（3）Diameter

ThesjzeofwireropeisnominaIlyrepresentedbythediameterofacirclejustencl0Slnga1
0fitsstrands・Themethodofmeasunngwireropeistomeasurethediametersinthre（
directionsinacertainsectionusingacaliperasshowninfig・1−2andtheaverage（
diameteristobethesizeofthewirerope．
ThediameterofawireropeatthetimeofmanufacturinglSSOmeWhatlargerthanthC
nominaldiameterandthetoleranceistobeO7％ofthenominaldiameter（010％forthC
WireropewithanominaldiameterlessthanlOmm）．

fig・1Correctmeasurement fig・2lncorrectmeasurement
2Safe
Wireropesarec■assifiedintoGrade−G，Grade−A・etC・inrespectofthestrengthdepending

onthetensilestrengthofthewireandthegalvanizationstatus，i・e・galvanizedornot
gaLvanized，
Thebreakingstrengthofeachofthetwomostcommonwireropesforslingworks，6X24
and6X370fGrade−GandA，isshowninTablel．

●TabLel．Classificationbythebreakingstrengthofawire

●Table2．Breakingstrengthofwireropesling
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3 31． 6 31． 6 34 ．
0
9 37 ．
1 39． 9 40． 0 43 ．
0
10 45．8 49． 3 49． 4 53 ．
1
11．2 57． 4 61． 8 61 ．9 6 6．
6
12 65． 9 71 ．0 7 10 1 7 6．
5
12 ．5 71． 5 77 ．0 77 ．
1 8 3．
0
14 89． 7 96 ．6 96 ．
7 10 4
16 1 17 126 12 6 13 6
18 14 8 16 0 16 0 17 2
20 1 83 19 7 19 7 2 12
2 2．4 2 30 24 7 24 8 2 66
24 2 64 28 4
25 286 30 8 30 8 3 32
28 359 38 7 38 7 4 16
30 412 44 4 44 4 4 78
31．5 454 48 9 4 90 5 27
33． 5 51 4 5 53 5 54 596
35． 5 57 7 621 622 66 9
37 ．5 64 4 693 6 94 74 7
40 73 2 789 790 85 0
42 ．5 8 27 890 892 95 9
45 9 27 998 10 0 0 1 08 0
47． 5 1 0 30 11 1 0 1 11 0 120 0
50 11 40 12 3 0 1 23 0 133 0

（Note）Source；JISG3525−1995
・・OrdinanceonSafbLyofCrane，etC・・requiresthesafetyfactor．161，forslingwireropes・Accordinglyasingle
slingwireropecanvertica”yhoistuptothemaximum10ad（basicsafeload）asshowninfig・Table3・
（Diametertobeexpressedinmm）
●Table3．Basicsafel0ad（kN）
・・
＿印 ・
醜 感 繭 滅 醸 衰

汁
やゾ

雄 細 面 顔 料 ．． ・執 事 纏 増 樟 G ra d ＋
e −A G ra d e −G G r a d e TA

6 ．3 0 ．3 3 0 ．3 5

8 0 ．4 9 0．
53 0 ．5 3 0 ．5 7

9 0 ．6 3 0．
67 0 ．6 8 0．
73

10 0 ．7 7 0．
83 0 ．8 4 0．
90

11．
2 0 ．9 7 1 ．0 1．
0 1．
1
12 1 ．1 1 ．2 1 ．2 1．
3

12．
5 1 ．2 1 ．3 1 ．3 1．
4

14 1 ．5 1 ．6 1．
6 1．
7

16 1 ．9 2 ．1 2 ．1 2．
3

18 2 ．5 2 ．7 2．
7 2．
9

20 3 ．1 3 ．3 3．
3 3．
6
22．
4 3 ．9 4 ．2 4．
2 4．
5
24 4．
4 4．
8
−
25 4 ．8 5 5 ．2 5．
2 5．
6

28 6 ．1 6 ．5 6．
5 7．
0

30 7 ．0 7 ．5 7．
5 8．
1

31．
5 7 ．7 8 ．3 8．
3 8．
9

33．
5 8 ．7 9 ．4 9．
4 10
35．
5 9 ．8 10 10 11

37．
5 10 11 11 12

40 12 13 13 14

42．
5 14 15 15 16

45 15 16 16 18

47．
5 17 18 18 20
50 19 20 20 22

53 23 25

56 26 28

60 30 32

Theabovebasicsafel0adcanbeworkedoutroughlybythefoI10Wlngformula．
BasicLoad（t）＝0．008X（diameterofwirerope）2

（Diametertobeexpressedinmm）
3・lTensionImposedonWireSling
The tension applied to asling greatlyvaries，depending on the angIe of hosting；the
hoistingangleshouldbelessthan60deg．

3・2SlingingHitch
（1）Eyehitch
WireropeforslinglngWOrkhaseyesplice，nngShackle，etC．Thismethodhitchesthemon
acranehookhoistthel0ad．

Singlehitch Doublehitch Quadruplehitch

（2）Halfhitch
This method should be avoided becausethewire rope
easilyslipsonthehook，eSPeCiaHywhenahigh−Center−
Of−graVityl0adistobehoisted・

（3）Singleblackwa”hitch

SingleblackwaIlhitchisthemethodtowindslinglngrOPearOundthe
main stem ofthe hookso thatthel00PWOrks asthe eye ofslinglng
Wirerope．Thismethodcannotberecommended・Donottapwirerope
tofitittothemainstemofthehook．ln addition，One−SidedloadinglS
Verydangerous．
（4）Roundturnhitch
ThismethodisemployedtohoistaLoadwhichcenterofgravityisone−
Sidedwiththinrope．Inthismethod，aWireropeiswoundthehookby
OneturnSOthatfrjctionpreventsthewireropefromsLipplng．

3・3SlingingaLoad
Thereareseveralmethodstoslingwireropeoveral0ad．Basica”y，thefo”owlngmethods

areempl0yed．
WeHbeunderstoodthesemethodssothatyoucanproperlyselectasuitabIeoneforeach
application．

（1）Through−eyeSingleropesuspension

Thesuspendedl0adrotates．

（2）Roundturnandthrough−eye，Singleropesuspension
Whenthesuspendedl0adrotates，thelayofropeisreleased．

（3）Bounddoublerope（Cowhitch）suspension
Useatwice−foldedwireropetopreventtheloadfromrotating．
（8）Leftィightdifferentthrough−eye，doublerope，SuSPenSion

（9）Roundturnhitchthrough−eye，doubleropesuspension

3．4MiscellaneousaLoadSlinging
（1）Quadruplesuspensionofrectangularl0ad

To hoistarectangular10ad byquadruplesuspension
Windthewireropearoundthe10adbyoneturn・

（3）Tworingsuspension
（2）Ringsuspension

Suspend at equalintervals・
Firmly draw the ropeL For
Sma”rlngS，triplesuspension・ Windtheropearound
thehookbyoneturn・
 （4）Bounddouble （5）Tiltingsuspensionforring
SuSPenSionfornng
Letthewireropesliphere．

（6）Trigonal−Pyramidsuspension （7）Grippingsuspension

Cheekthepin
forweanng．

Fortimber，grlPata
m， POint10Werthanthe
Centerline．
Wireropeonthe Carefullycheckthe
CenterOfgravity．
rearl＝ace．

（8）Hand−mi”suspension （9）Discsuspension

Applythewire
ropeattwo
OPPOSitepoints
（rightandleft）．
Firmlydraw
thewire．

AppJytheropeat
4equa”ydivided Wireropeon
POints． the rearface．
 ．Sd＞uqUIOのP再∈
＝巾∈村上再エ＝再のS⊃
・￠dOL
d∈型工のS⊃
．四〇一LOPLqOqP一0−−再OS ．Odるpuの
I08聖d￠一m⊆S
四〇一S再工0⊃Sdq〇一
dlS．石工01P些dd＜ とlDuO一〇lPOニdd＜
uO領u乳S⊃S￥⊆空d監卓S︵tl︶ UO領uas⊃S＝再∈9扇工＝︵雪︶
ill」子＿二＿TT千千＋
 刃i鮮lment
AJignmentmustbemadewithin5／100mm（7／100to8／100mmmaybeacceptable）．
Adjusttheclearancebetweenthematingfacesofamotorandpumpcouplingsby3to4
mm．Basically，adjustmentshallbe madeonthe motorside．Measurementsha”bedone

bysettinglor2couplingboltsandrotatingboththemotorandthepump．
Verticalandsidewaydifferencesshallbe5／100mmorless．

J 5／100mm
†
※鱒瀬醸隼
藻和

3′
〉4

PaFaile】 Feeler

（1）Adjusttheclearancebetweenthematingfacesofthemotorandpumpcouplingson
upperandl0WerSides（measuringinstrument：feelergauge）．
Foradjustingwithaliner，insertthelineronthefrontorrearsideofthematingfaces．Use
aljnerofthesamethicknessonbothleftandrightsides・Turnthecouplingby180deg．to
measuretheclearance．
 11、IIht叩・・eljmと」tIr

（2）Adjustmentoftheheight（measuringinstrument：dialgauge）
MethodtomountadialgaugecorrespOndingtotheshapeofcouplingandotherfactors・
Lnadjustingwith．iners，insert．inersofthesamethicknessat4positions・

Up

、
、、、
戸 u ・
、 獅 蹄 、、‥

蔓
− M otor

Down
Pump Motor

（3）Adjustmentofamiss−aLignmentandac■earancebetweenmatingfacesofthemotorand

PumPCOuPlings・
Firstadjustalatera．miss−aLignment・thenadjustaclearancebetweenthematingfacesof
themotorandpumpcoup−ingsbysLightlytighten■ngtheanchorboltsofthemotor，

（4）Repeatproceduresoftheabove（3）・
（5）Afterfinishingtheadjustment，tightentheanchorbolts・
 emoヽ▼a！＿ポ恥llBearing
21lInstallation

（1）AmjddleorsmalJsizebearingsha”beapp■iedbypress−fittingatroomtemperature．

点、

（2）whenanyinterferenceisrequiredforbothinnerandouterrjngshousingthemiddJeor
SmaHsizebearlng・donottapstrongly，buttapsJight■ytodrivethebear■nggradual■y・

（3）lnthecaseofabearingwithanadaptersreevehavingac■ampontheinnerringside，

100Senthemountingnutbyg■V■ngjtseveralturns・Takeoutthestringbytapp−ngitwitha

doHybJock．

2．2 CheckingBeforeRemovingtheBearing

（l）Beforeremovingthebearing，besurethatthecornerandrightanglesectionofthe
beannghouslngCOmeSincJosecontactwjththeendfaceofthebeanng・
（2）Jfthecontactiswrong，CheckthesectjoncircJedinthefigureshownberow．

「転．
…
〝
．
、
箋
≡
才

1き
3Shrink
（1）Bearingisfitontheshaftafterexpandedinanheatingoilbath・
Heatingtemperature：100to120deg・C（Mustnotexceed120
deg・C becausethe hardnessofbeanng
increaseswhenheated）．
（2）Maketheendfaceoftheinnerring ofbearing comein cl0Se
contactwiththatofthestepplngOfshaftuntilboththebeanng
aresufficientlycooled．
Appliedtoopentypebeanng・
Sealedbear■ngmuStnOtbedippedinheatingoilbath・

（3）ln caseoffitting sealed bearing withlargeinterferenceon a

Shaft，

PutthebearlngOnaSteelpLate，heatthesteelplatefromdown，
and sometimes reverse the bearing to evenly heatit・When
heated，fitthebeanngontheshaft・

疇監藍賢妻￣−Carefu”ycheckheatingtemperaturesothattheshieLd
isnotdamaged andthatoilcontainedintheshieLd
doesnotcomeout．
 ：
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ヽ1 ．、
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蔦峰 ′
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■6uJ」au叫；叫IuO〟でP
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10u S！11eLIS QLJl leul

■Jt2ln〇！PuOdJadsau09aq

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Oq‘」auLu叫eIqa＾Oua川⊥（Z） auluOddnssq〇〇■q叫＝叫10SSSaJdpu叫叫IlOS（L）

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‘110q aulJVta」〇Sun

alPut2L18LT16u！UJn⊥

（J叩ndAq）加！J甘咽JOl臥OuaⅦatdu甘S曙
（2）whenhard，giveashockbytappingtheheadofthe
PuLler，Withpu”ingforceappliedonthebearlng・ D olly
／
防
音房蕎狙
訝竃折憲
実

∴二
滋測
器
l
※轟数字遮
簑キ※

、ふ′

（3）lfthe bearing does notcomeoutevenWith above

method，heatthebear．ngbyagasburnerwithpulling
forceappliedonthebearing，CaringthatthefLame
doesnotreachtheshaft．

（4）whenthebearingdoesnotcomeoutwithaboveexplainedmethods
●Cuttheouterringandmetalsupportfittingwithgascuttingtorchtoleavetheinnerring・
Heattheinnerringbygascutting（Welding）torch，Carefullynottoheattheshaft，tOtake
itout．
●Whenthebearingcannotberemovedevenwithabovemethod・Cuttheinnerringwith
gas cuttingtorch・
ト更．ぐ

●Thesemethodsgenera”ycannotberecommendedbecausetheymaybendorfIawthe
shaft，maydegrademateriaI，Orforotherinfluences・
●Forgascutting，uSeaSSma”flameaspossible，aSWe”asminimizetheopeningofhigh
PreSSureOXygenVaLve・
●Afterheatingandremovingthebearing，theshaftshaHbecoolednatura”y・
 酪招蕊

萬炎

箪笥艮
て告トム
哺 1 7 ⋮ ⋮ ふ

う パ パ ⋮ ⊥

潤憩
日工

でトム
⋮

？1ふ
1︹⋮㌦
てトム
・

r Y 王 互 妻 ミ

ヽ 1 ⋮ ﹂ Å
な．■■モー竜上

〝11−︵し
もÅ
了卜㌧

㌧ ■ 、 ▼ − ∃ 一 一 ﹂
・
lW
翫鼠HowtoAligTLFlangeHoles
（l）PLaceaflangesothattwoofitsholesbecomeonalevelwitheachother，insertabolti
eachofthem，andlayawelding rodonthetopofthesebolts・（Awelding rod mayb
SeCuredusingaclamp．）

←一checkvisua‖y
こ

1言▲こ…・・簑壷■’耶…⊃

（2）Dothesamethingtoanotherflange，and100kstraightattheseweldingrodsfromth
frontsideoftheflangefaces．
徽礪順庵離済感済掛澗廊媚層郡昭劉閻醸酢

※ぢ

よ塁

恥一一一一ゆ

Turntheflange

‥ ‥ 一 一 一 ‥

〝
、
′
、
．
：
〈
法

三
で
3
爪
∴、
〉
′
爪
ノ
ご
む
、
七

（3）TurneitherflangeuntHtworodsbecomepara”eltoeachother・Wheninpara”eL，aPPl
tack−Weldingtotheflanges・

◎ C馳諷汐富e茸潤
 ︵づー莞jゝ
︻ ﹀ ， 仁 −
蓋m慧HowtoAlignStraightPipeandFlange

（1）withtheendofpiperetreatedfromflangefacebyapporoximately5mm，taCkweIdthe
flange．

（2）Holesoftherightflangewitchistobetackweldedshallbealignedwiththoseofleft
fLangewhichisregularwelded・

Regularweldingsha”bedoneonbothsides・

㌢ 」
」
Keepa5mmclearance・
n
『
 一 一 ■ ■ −

Apipecanbemodeledatsiteuslnga＃8steelwire．

＃8steelwire

t
＼
† 9ふ＼＼＼

Stretcha＃8steeJwirea10ngthecenterlineofapIPetObemodeled；thelengthsha”be

littJe10ngerthantheactualpIPeJength；aPPJyamarktothewireatflangepositions・
 ‖㌣ワナy㌦ r

5u鼠FillingSand

Sandgrave10f5mmorsma”erinsizeisidealbutfinesandcanalsobeused．Avoiduslng

WetSandwhichiseasilysolidjfiedbyheat．

Withthebottom ofthepIPe Pluggedwjth awood bl0Ck，fi”sandinthe pIPeWhileglVIng

hammer−taPPingtotheperipheryofthepipefromthebottomandupward（Areatobebent
Sha”bepositionedonthel0WerSide）．

姦し一望ModelingtheBentAnglewitha＃8SteelWire

Mark”All，”BTTand”C”atthepositionwhere＃8steelwirebeginstobebent．

Tracethepoints’lA”，TTBIT，”C”onthepIPe．

Woodp山g
斗 …
′

Point Point Point

A B C
 HmItillg
Apply heatevenlytothesection ofapipeto be bent（Defective bending resultingfror
uneven heating can hardJy becorrected）．Donotheatanysection otherthanthecurvel
SeCtionfrom”A”to”C．．．Heatthesectionwhichonlybecomesinsideofthecurvature（2／

Ofthecircumferenceofthepipe），anddonotheatthesectionwhichbecomesoutsidec
the curvature（1／30fthe circumference ofthe pipe）・Heating the outer plateofth
CurVatureW‖resultinthinnerwa”thicknessandadentinthepIPe．
When the bending angle approaches90deg．，the pIPe mayCreate adenton theoute
Plate ofthe curvature．ln such acase，glVe an additionalbend tothe pIPeforaboutl
deg・，thenburnthatportionuntilthesurfaceturnred，andreturnthebendinganglebackt・
90deg．Ontheotherhand，theinnerplatesometimesbecomeswavybeforethebendin・
anglereaching90deg・lnsuchacase，glVehammer−taPP−ngtOSuChportiontoregalnit
normalshape，andthen resume burn■ngtOincreasethebending angLe untilthesurfac

turns red．
r
■
 鋒
∴甥 汐留 嚢遠 へ誓 幾
：
．豊建 十 空き 密
＋十 や，
感 薮ソ モ
激■ 十 童
琵
㍉ 。
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′y、
、
′．黒
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J弐
賢￣ 一
芸・
岩 溺広 義
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）
．
笠 議 欝 十 簸濃 結 庶
′3．
．
ミ 十
儒 ￣‘ 洋 逆 尊
教 域窮瀞、義 ‡
十 十‡
照 済 禁 書 薄 緑 r慧 式 立
●
雄 字 薫 万
格
学 穿 流 菩
てY∫
ポ溜￣、貢ぎ
域椚 、
葦 ゾ
． “ 号
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1−
ノ
じ
・・ 己
萱・ 衣、
；
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き／． 郡 ÷ 薫 十
海
、
かさ ごね 猿 謂 返 還 謹 ■ ■ ■ 『 田 ■ 逗 正 道 ・・
・、
・・
濁 ・・
■厭・
邑．
駕1、
掛 賛七
・、
．
莱 鼓 芳・
￣扶
・ 篭 蔓 裏
駅 等 薫く 三
ン繁，
漂■㌢
一 箪筆 きざ 詐
十 十＋ 邁
澤野暮・
Ⅵ 十‡ 十
等 藻・
薫・ 十 十‡
策￣
㌍が 入
′￣
く＿
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ま 十＋
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驚 骨盤 彗＋二
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簑 十
濃 筈 簿
痴
藷 ゾ
喋、
デ
ポ
質ぶ
．
∼
攣 攣牽 攣響 警 ず≒ 一
Y■決灘 ．
《ン 淡く
＿ 、
り′く
．′
小
く域
や
十
；
書
攣登 深 層笈 如才
窯
・攣＿． 感
L￣
警 攣 物 療 攣 等封 十
澗粋 登率 、
、モノ
や
、一 ・
・ 騨 ㌣堅 √′
∼ぅ■
÷
、
ど
∴ 十＿ ＼ ＿
1・1Paper
Notso strong and easilycomesout underhighfJuid pressure．Especia”yacardboar
Weak．

Shortinflexuralstrength，andsusceptibletobreakagewhenremoved．
Whencoatedgraphiteonthesealingsurface，thepackingcaneasiIyberemoved．
Suitableforsteamline，PneumaticIine，drainoilline，etC．

1．2Fiber
Appliedindryconditiontotapwater‖neandgas‖ne．
AIso usedforsteam rine．

1．3Rubber

Mainlycomposedofsyntheticrubber，Withwhichothermaterials
are kneaded to be pressure heated and then vulcanized and
molded．

1・4SealTape
T．Ethylenetetrafluoride unbaked resin
tape for sealing”（raw tape）is the

namedefinedinJIS．
Leavel to
Due to exce”ent usability，ChemicaI
2ridges
resistance，PreSSure and vibration
PrOOfing，COId resistance and heat
resistance，Widely used to seal
threadedjoints．

●Howtowindsealtape
Asshowninthefigure，ifsealtape
is wound protruding from the end
Of thread，the pleCeis torn off to
enteranequIPmentOfthefacilityto
CauSetrOublel Be sureto wind sea］

tape on threadleavingl to2

Good Bad
ridges．
 、、、ヾ＼ヾ

2LiquidGasket
2・lTypeofLiquidGasket
lS （l）Classificationbynature
●Non−dry： Doesnotdrypermanently，hasfluidity，andcaneasilybeseparated・
●Semi−dry： Althoughthesurfacedries，theinsidedoesnotdrytobehard・
●Dry： SoIventevaporatestodrytheliquid・

（2）Classificationbystate
●Adhesive： Representativeliquidgasketwhichisnon−dryingandhasfluidityL
●Visco−elastic：Has bothtackinessand elasticityand suitableforpadding atagreatIy
deformedplace．
●Membrane： Formsaseparablemembrane．Varioussoftand hard membranetypes
areavailabLe．

●FiLlingtype： Thetypeforfillingclearanceofvariousstructuralcanberemoved・
●Hardsticking：FiLledtobehardinaplacewheregasketisnotsofrequentlyreplaced・

2・2FeatureSOfLiquidGasket
●Becauseofliquid，itspreadsoverthevoidtopreventleakageal0ngthetangentaswe”
aspenetrationleakageand providesexcelLentpressure−PrOOfsealingeffect・Proof
PreSSureuPtO250kg／cm2isstandardized・
●ltdoesnotdamagemetalsurface，andprotectstherefromcorrosion・
●Nodeteriorationbytheaging．
●Owingtoitsfluidityandvisco−elasticity，liquidgasketwe”absorbsandrelievesvibration
andshocktoassureal0ngSerVicelifeofcomponents・
●ltispossibletoimprovetheresistingpressureperformancebyusingtogetherwithsolid
gasket．
●ltdoesnotcauseanymis−alignmentwhenitisfi”edinmechanicalcomponents・Dueto
metaltouch，itisnonecessarytoconsiderthethicknessofgasket・
●Evenforcomplicatedsurfaces，itlseasiIycoatedwithabrushoraspatula・

lnternalpressure

Internalpressureand Gasketgroove
Viscousfl0W Adaptationofgasket
tomatingface
（a）Liquidgasket
＊Experiments have reveaLed that the thinnerthe （b）Solidgasket
thickness of coatedliquid gasket，the higherthe
PrOOfpressureis．MaximumLimitisO・1mm・
 achineComponents
3・1’’p’’number（packing）

MainlyusedforrunnlngPartS．Thickerthan”GrTnumberO−rings．

3−2’’G’’number（gasket）

Usedforstationaryparts．

3・3HowtoFindtheDimensionsofO・ring
NominalsizeofO−ringisdeterminedbasedontheinnerdiameter．

●Example
”P”forrunnlngPartS

（NominaJsizedenotesthedimensionsofXandYof”P”）

▲
／ X
■
＿
＿
厳、′
結
社幾頂
や告
宥
Y ．
、
〈 ′
′
′W′
箋
、
． ≡＿
八、
㌔
′
〝
、
≡
￣
′
櫻粧 †

避
、
…
′

lTG”forstationaryparts

（NominalsizedenotesthedimensionsofXandYoflTG”）

●Sampleuseofbackupring
Whenpressureexceeds105kg／cm2，backup Backupnng

ringlS uSed to prevent the O−ring from

PrOtrudingintheclearance．

Whenpressureis Whenpressureis
appliedfromoneside app＝edfrombothsides
1十十．二二l‡■
 quipment

1−1BeforeDisassembly
Check（byreferringtodrawings）Onpartstobeoverhauledandtheextent／purposeofthe
OVerhaul，andthenpreparenecessarysparepartsandspeciaJtooIs．

l・2DuringDisassembly
UsepropertooIstopreventpartsfromdamagesormisslngduetoimproperdisassembly．
Useboltsandnutsincorrectsize，andl00Senthemwithaboxwrench，Cl0Sedwrench，etC．
AvoiduslngaPIPeWrenChoramonkeywrenchunlessabsolutelynecessary．
ProperdisassembJyproceduresshouldbetaken．
WhenaJoose，CutOrdamagedpartisfound，informthemattertothepersonnelincharge
OftheequlPment．

l・3DisassemblyConsideringReassembly

Any part which has a mating part shallbe marked by paint orthelike，SO thatthe
COmbinationandcontactconditionofsuchmatingpartsdonotchangeafterre−aSSembJy．
Parts having a mounting direction sha‖be marked with a match−markto avoid miss−
mounting．
Donotgivedamagestoashafthavinganoilsear．Donotcarelesslymarkwithascriberor
thelike．Evenwhenapartisfittedtootightlyontheshaftanddifficulttodjsmantle，donot
tapittoremove．
Place disassembled partsin the orderof removal，SOrting them group−by−grOuP，Small
PartSShallbeputintooneboxandtheysha”bekeptfreefromdustanddirt．
20pen Shutofl▼al

Any pIPelinein ship■S equLPPed with valves

without fail．Valves are usedin many places，

SuChasaboilerpressurecontainer，tank，PumP，
andin front andin the rear of every strainer．
Various types ofvalve exist，differingln Size，
Shape，aPPlication，etC・Theymustbe handled
Withthegreatestpossiblecare，keep■nglnmind

that a miss−OPeration maylead to a severe

accident．

2・10pen／ShutofSteamValve
（1）Beforeopeningthevalve，SufficientLydrainthe
SteamIine and check that drain does not
COmeOutanymOre・
（2）slightlyopenthevaLve（1／32tol／16turn）and
Checkthatwater hammer（banging）does not
OCCur（A water hammer phenomenon occurs
depending on the steam pressure，remainlng
drain andits temperaturein theline on the
dischargesideofthevalvetobeopened）・
（3）Afteropeningthevalve byl／16turn，OPenit
further byl／8turn and then checkforwater
hammer．If water hammer should occur，
Cl0Sed
immediatelyreducetheopenlngOfthevalveor
COmPletely shutit，and wait untilwater
hammer disappears．When disappeared，
Slightly open the valve again and checkfor
Waterhammer．

（4）The valve sha”be opened sl0Wly up to one

turn．Themorethepressuresonbothsidesof
the valve differ，the higher noise the steam
bringsaboutwhenpasslngthroughthepIPe・
With the noise becomingl0W，increase the
OPenlng Ofthevalveand checkforchangein 1／4turn
noise．When the noise does not change any
more，Slowlyopenthevalveto100％・

2・20therHighPressureValves
Thevalveopening／shutting procedureisthesameastheabove・Evenwhen alarge
differentialpressureexists，OPenthevalveto100％bys10WIyreduc．ngthedifferential
PreSSureSOthatafIowrategradua”ylnCreaSeS・
2−3LowPressureValveHavingaLargeCapacity
ThevaLveopen■ng／Shuttingprocedureisthesameastheabove・Thegreatestattenti．

Shallbepaidwhencl0SlngthevaLve・
lfthevalveisclosed rapidly，agreatimpactwilL be broughtaboutonthevalvebyt
inertiaofthefluidstoppedwithinashorttime・
AndifthepIPLng．Sinstalledathigherlevelthanthatofthevalve，Similarvalveoperatio
wi”createareverseflowofthefluid bringlng aboutaslgnificantreversepressureont

Valve．

Thisreversepressurebecomeshigheriftheverticaldistancebetweenthep■Plngandt

Valveincreases．

Therefore，thevaIve shallbecl0Sed sl0Wly reduclng thef10W rate gradually，SOthatt

fl0Walmoststopsjustbeforethevalveisfu”ycl0Sed・

Likewise，Valves havLng anegative pressureonitseithersidesha”beopenedcarefu

accordingtotheaboveprocedure・
 十一」∴・

Variousstrainers，differingIn Size，Shapeand structure，are uSed atvarious places・Of

these，the strainers on FO，LO and seawaterlines are ratherfrequently cleaned．After
Cleanlngthesestrainers，Checkthefoll0Wlngitems・

3・lAirPurging
Withtheinletvalveofstrainerslightlyopened，Purgeairthroughtheairventvalve（OrCOCk）
fitted onthestrainer．Afterconfirmlngthatairdoesnotcomeoutanymore，Shuttheair
VentValve．

3・2CheckforLeakage
Aftershuttingtheairventvalve，Checkforanyleakagefromthestrainercover，Withthe
inletvalvekeptslightlyopened．
Wipeoutthestrainercoverandthecasinginadvance（especia”yforFOandLOIines）to
makealeakcheckeasy・Forseawaterandfreshwaterlines，blowairatthematingsection
Ofthecoverto removewater．

3・3WhenthePressureontheInletSideisNegative
RemovethevalvecoverandfillthesamefluidinthecasIng byuslng aladleand restore
thecover．
4・lAdditionalTighteningofPumpGlandPacking
Asshowninthefigure，aSealrlnglSinsertedinthemiddleofaglandpackingtointroduc
Sealwater，Which preventsshaft−Seizlngduetothefrictionalheatgenerated betweenth
PaCkingandtherotatingshaft．Therefore，aSma”amountofwaterleakagefromtheglan
is a normalcondition．lf the glandis additionally tightened to completely stop（Ort
excessiveJyl0Wer）theleakageofwater，the gJand becomes hot resultingin burnoutan
Shaft−Seizlngbecauseofthefrictionbetweentheshaftsleeverotatingatahighspeedan
thepacking．Therefore，glandpackingrequlreSPrudenttightenlng．

4・2ChangeintheLeakagefromtheGland
Dischargepressureofapumpfluctuateswith①thepumpJoad，②boilersteampressurei
thecaseofaboiIer−relatedpump，③hu”motion（ro”ing，etC．），and④others．Thehigherth
PumPdischargepressurerises，thegreatertheleakageisfromtheglandandviceversa．

4・3AdditionalTighteningofaGland
Totightenaglandadditiona”y，theabovemattersha”beborneinmind；aSma”amounto

WaterShallbeal10WedtoleakfromthegJandevenatal0WerPumPdischargepressure．
When additionaJtightenlnglS required，tighten each ofthe gland cap nutsevenlybyl／L
turn（Orl／2turn）and waitfora while to checktheleakage，heat generation and othe
abnormality；aVOidtighteningthemataslngletwist．lftheleakageisstiHexcessive，rePea
thesameprocedure．
5Handlingofa
（1）Adjusttheclearancebetweenthegrindingwheelandtheworkrestto3mmorlessT
（2）Adjusttheheightoftheworkresttothecenterlineofthegrindingwheel・
（3）whenthesurfaceofthegrindingwheelisnoteven，flattenthesurfacewithadresser・
（Placeadresserontheworkrestlettingithaveaslightcontactwiththegrindingwheel，
andmoveithorizontallyuntiltheoutersurfaceofthegrindingwheeLbecomesflat・）
（4）precautionsforusingagrinder：WearsafetygoggLes；thesidefaceofthegrindingwheel
Sha”notbeused；Checkthegrindingwheelforanycrack．

（5）Thetighteningnutofthegrindingwheel0ntheleftwhenyoufacethegrinderisaleft−
handedscrew（tobetightenedwhenthewheelrotates）．
Adjustingplate

Workmustnotbehighernorl0Werthe
Centerlineoftheworkrest，

●Howtoadjustthebalancewhenthegrindervibratesduringoperation
（1）Adjustmentwhenabalanceweightisprovided，aSShownintheabovefigure・
Softlyturn the grinding wheelby hand，and thewheelwiJIstopwith a heavierpart
downwards．Move the weight to the opposite sjde，namelyto thetop・Repeatthis
PrOCedureuntilthewheelstopsrandomly．
（2）AdjustmentwhenabaLanceweightisnotprovjded．
SJightlytightenthe nut，adjusttheclearance betweentheshaftandthegrindingwheel
While rotating thewheelby hand．lfthis methodis noteffective，rePlacethe grinding
Wheelwith anewone，

Balanceweight
Makeamarkforwheretheheavierpartofthe
（2pcs．）
grindingwheelisattheLowerpart．
Adjustingthebalanceweight
 tomizerofaniuxiliaryBoiler

〇 〇 〇 〇 〇
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㌣ 搾 軒 下 や 鯨 ・
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泣 顔 ・慈 憮 藍 ′
．

、
．1、
OAtomizer

芦，二，…．・；．，絹．．・￣墓、

（1）whenthedismantledatomizerisnotstainedwithcarbon，etC．，itisenoughonlytoclean
itwithalightoil．
（2）lfstained，dipitinlightojl0rCarbonsoIvent，etC．，andcJeanthegroovewithacopper
Wireorthelike，Toremovestainsstickingonthesurface，SPreadcleancottonwasteson
alevelb10CkandapplyPikaltothem，andthenplacetheatomizeronthemandslideitto
removestains．

（3）lfthematingfaceoftheatomizerorbackplateisflawedortheircontactisdefective，
regrindthesurface・lfflawsaretoodeeporthediameteroftheboreisenIarged，rePlace
itwithanewone．

（4）Regrindingsha”notbecarriedoutbyplacingonalargelevelbl0Ck．Alevelb10Ck
dedicated to grinding（With an outside diameter2to3mmlargerthan thatofthe
atomizer）sha”be made using alathe．Theatomizersha”be placed onitandsJid asif

Writinga’’fig．8”［

（5）Thematingsurfacebetweenaninnertubeandabackplatesha”becorrectedbythe

Samemethod，Withtheburnerplacedperpendicularly．
疇胚慧賢 Becarefulingrindingwithatoolasshowninthe
figure on the right because theinside and outside
CannOtbefinishedinal＝latconditjon．

（6）Tomounttheatomizer，itmustnotbetightenedtoostrongly．
 71djustingal▼Be

− −
0

As shownin the figure on the right，mOVe the 十

照 ：
H．
＝．
‘
，

motorto adjust the tension of the V belt while 律．

′

adjusting the para”elism by applying a ruler（if

not applicable，aString or afine steelwjre）to
thepulley．

7・lProperTensionofaVBdt
（l）CorrectwhenyoucanpickupandtwisttheV
beltwithyourfingersbyapproximately90deg．
（2）Correctwhenyoucan pushdowntheVbelt
With your finger by approximatelyits
thickness．
汀
n

7・2HandlingPrecautions
O

（1）lncreasethetensionifaslippjngnoiseisemittedatthestartorduringoperation．
（2）LengthofVbeltchangeswithoperatingtime．Properlyadjustthetensionduring
リ

OPeration．
e

（3）whenmultiplebeItsareused，theyshallbethesameinlength．ForrenewaI，rePlaceallof
k

them atatime．
e

（4）Theshapeofapulleygroovehasagreatinfluenceonthelifeandtransmissionefficiency
叩
け

OfthebeJt・lfthegroovehasbeengreatlystepped，WOrnOrdeformed，rePlacethepu”ey
With a new one or sendit to aland−based
e

facilityforrepaIr．
（5）vbeItisstructuredsothatitsbottomsurface
does not comein contact with the bottom of
the groove．lf the bottom surface of V belt
COmeS jn contactwith thatofthe groove due
to wear，e10ngation or for other reasons，
replacetheVbeltwithanewone．
（6）OilstickingtoVbeltisdangerous．Checkfor
OilstickingonVbelt．

AngleofVbeJtis40deg・irrespectiveofthetype（A，B and C），Whileangleof

Pulleydiffers（34，360r38deg．）accordingtothebeJtsizeofeachtype．
 HatchCoTerLikingHydraulicJac

（1）puH0utthepiston（Supplycompressedairthrough
theoilintakeport）．
（2）FixbyweJdingthemain bodyon abollard（bitt）
usfngangIesteel．
（3）weIdathickstee川atbarorrodonthetop．
（4）Loosenthenutbytappingbothendsofthewelded
flatbarsimultaneousIy．
（5）whenthenutistootighttobel00Send，heataround
the main body by gas burner andloosen the nut
（heatuntilthedustsealburnstosmoke）．

●Putab10Ckonthetopofthenutandtapitwithahammersothatthethreadofthenuti
notdamaged，andthenutcaneasilybe100Sened．
●lfthepistoncannotbetakenoutwithoutremovingthenut，PrOCeSStheflatbarasshow
intheflangebel0W．

Handle

Nut

Dustseal

Piston

Cylinder

Weldthe handleonthenut
9CottonWaste
CottonwastesshalLbecuttoapropersizeforeconomicalandeasyuse・
lncuttinga■argeamountwastes，aSheathknifefixedonaviceiseasierandmoreefficient

thanscissors．

●Tosharpentheedgeofthesheathknife，uSeagrinderorafinesander・（Althougha
sheath knife cutsweIIwhen sharpened with an oilstoneorawaterstone，itsoon
becomesdullwhenalargeamountofwastesarecut・Whensharpenedbyagrinderora
sander，theedgebecomesnotchedbutworkswellincuttingwastesforal0ngtime・This
isthesamereasonwhyaknifecannotmatchasawincuttingwoodhoweversharpitis・）
●Removebraids，buttons，metalfittingsorotherobstaclesfromthewastesbeforecutting・
●ltiseconomicaLtostorethewastes，uSedbutnotdirtyandreusableinlaterdirtyworks，
incontainersseparatelycorrespondingtothedirtiness・
 ltandNut
10・lHowtoLoosenaSeizingNutforthroughBoltorStudBolt
（l）Applyaliquidpenetranttothethread．
（2）Tapthesidefaceofthenutwithahammertogiveanimpact．
（3）Turnthenutwithaspanneroracaulkingchjsel．
（4）Heatthenutwithagasburnerandturnit．
（5）splitthenutwithachisel0rCutitwithagastorch．
Tryfromitemlinthatorder．TospIitalargenutwithachiseJ，
itisefficienttocuthalfofthewidth atatime．

10・2HowtoRemoveaTapBolt
（1）Applyaliquidpenetrantoroiltothethread．
（2）TaptheboBtheadtogiveanimpact．
（3）TaptheboltheadandturntheboltwithaspanneroracauJkingchisel．
（4）Repeattheaboveitem2and3whileheatingwithagasburner．
Greatestpossiblecaresha”beglVenWhentheboltismadeof

brittlematerialssuchasacastironoranaluminiuma”oy．

10・3HowtoRemoveaBrokenStudorTapBolt
（l）Whenabrokenpartisprotrudingalittlefromthesurface
RemoveaccordingtotheaboveprocedureofremovlngataPbolt．Orweldapipeorth
liketothebrokenboltandturnitwithapIPeWrenCh．
（2）WhentheabovemethoddoesnotwOrk
①CutouttheprotrudedpartevenLy，boreaholetothebottomwithadri‖sma‖erinsize
thanthepreparedho■e，andtakethebrokenboltwithascrewextraCtOr・

②Whentheabovemethodisnoteffective，drilLaho−eintheboltteavingathinperipheral
wa”，andthenremovethewa．lcompLetelywithafinechise10rremOVeLittLebyLittlewith
asharpscriberorthelike・

（3）WhenthebrokenstudboLtisafatone
onthetopofthebo．t，PlaceapLeCeOfap■Pehav■ngthesame

diameterwiththebrokenboLt，andthenweldtheinsideofthe
pIPeandturnittoremovetheboLt・

（4）Whenthreadridgesaredefective
①Re−taPthreadslargerthantheorigina10neS・
②Insta”ahelicalcoiLinsert・
Helicalcoilinsert：aSPr■ng−ShapedtooLwhichhasthreads

onbothinsideandoutside・Tapathreadwhichisonesize
largerthanthedefectiveoneandinstaLlaheLicalcoiLinsert
whichenabLestouseaboLtoftheoriginalsize・（Adedicated
toolforinsta”ingahelicatcoilinsertisonthemarket・） Helicalcoilinsert
ll・lMakingaPreparedHoleforaFemaleScrew
Examp■e：TotapafemalescrewofnominalsizeMlO・makeapreparedholewith8mm

drill，althoughsizeofthepreparedho■eis8・21mmaccordingtothetabIebel0W・

RelationbetweenthenominaLsizeofmetriccoarsescrewthreadandtheinnerdiameterof
femaLescrew．
Unit：mm
澤祈歳笈微光￣
揮肯聾症甚・ In n e r d ia m e te r o f 紬 In n e r d ia m e te r o f
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●ltisdesirabletomakeapreparedho■eforafemalescrewatrightangIetothebase
metal．BecarefuLoftheperpendicu■arity，eSPeCia．Lywhenaportableelectricdri”isused・

●Tomakeapreparedho−eofa■argediameter，firstmakeaholeofasma”erdiameter，and
thenuseadri”foraholeofaspecifieddiameter・
●Inthecaseofablindhote，uSeadri”aftermakingtherequireddepthonit・

￣￣ ￣￣・「￣∴一

Preparedhole
品
I l

Checktheperpendicularity
（d） 二・

Taphandle

Lefthand

Removlngthetap
ll・2Tapping：3−PieceSetHandTap
●Seta＃1tapatthepreparedholeperpendicularlyasshowninthefigureontheright，and
Slowlyturnitc10Ckwiseuntilitbitesthepreparedhole，Canngthatthetapdoesnottilt．
●Whenthetapbitesthepreparedhole，rOtateitby2turnsandmovethehandIetocheck
fortilting．
●lftilted，COrreCtitperpendicularlybyturningthetaphandle．

11．3TurntheHandle
When the tapIS COrreCted and directionis determined，turn the handle horizonta”y and
evenlybybothhands．
●Returnthehandlebyl／4turneachtimeitisrotatedby3／4turn．
●Addoilatproperintervals．
lnthecaseofablindhole，takethetapoutoftheholetoremovechjpsoccasiona”y．

Coarse Coarse
Middle Middle

（1）（2）（3）（4）

TapplngOfthinwork TapplngOfdeephole

噸；冠琵賢妻・、
IftapplnglS SO hard thatthe tapistwisted when you apply aforce on the handle，the
PreParedhoJemaybetoosma”orthetapmustbetiltedagainstthehole．Takethetapout
Ofthe holeand widenthe hoIeaIittJewith aroundl＝ileortheIike．

ln the case of a shall0W though−hole，＃2and＃3tap are not necessary，buy a deep

through−holeorablindholerequlrethem．
llr4HowtoRemoveaBrokenTap
●Pinchthetipofthetapwithahandvice，SJowlyturnthevicewhi■eapp■yinganimpact
thework−Piece．

●ApplyingthetipofapunchorachiseJtotheedgeofthetap，giveatappingimpact
thepunchorthechiseltoturnandremovethetap．
●Weldasteelpieceonthetaptoremovejt．
●lfavailable，uSeataPhoJdertoremovethetap．

Tapholder
‘r

Tighteningnng

Handvice Brokentap
Steelplate
Brokentap
 12Grindingand
12・lGrindingofCuttingEdge
（1）Asshowninthefigureontheleft，holdthedriIl，Withyourlefthandplacingonthetipside
andrighthandontheshankside・
閣蘭繊繚瀞
凄藁科覇剥

GrindingandTooIAngleofDri”

（2）Withyourlefthandonthepedestaltokeepacuttingedgehorizonta”y，a”owtheedgeto

touchtheperipheryofthegrindingwheelsothattheincludedanglebecomes118deg・
（3）Grindtheendfaceofthedri”whiLeturningitbyyourrighthandbyslightLymovingitasif

youscoopupthegrindingwheelwiththeendfaceandshapethecuttingedgeandthe
angleofreLief．
疇旺賢覧
Thesharpnessofthetipofcuttingedge，thatofchiseland
theangleof reliefhaveagreatinfluenceonwhetherthe
dri”cutswe”ornot．Therefore，ingrindingadri”attention

Sha”be paid tothe tip ofcutting edge，Chiseland the

angleofrelief（10to15deg．）．

lnaddition，thedri”shaLIsometimesbedippedintowater

forcooling to avoid tempering during grinding（During

grinding a drill，Pay attention to the angle of relief，
incIuded angleand chiselwhich aremarked bythickLine
intheabovefigure）． GrindingofCuttingedge
12・2GrindingofChisel
Tipline：flat
Tipline
lncludedangle：50to60deg．
Tipline sha”be at right angle to the center
lineofthechisel．

（1）HowtogrindchiseI
（1）Grind toflatten thetip untilchipsand
Weardisappear．
（2）withthechiselonthe pedestal，grindit
tospecifiedincludedangleandtipline． ■三：、：：￣

●Grindthechiselwhilecoolingitbywater
SO that the edge does not become
tempered．
●lf the edgeis tempered，quenCh the
貞’￣
ヨ
ニ；
二
g
Chiselagaln．
●Before grinding，flatten the grinding 打∵斗∵㌶
Surfacewith adresser．
蔓

（2）HowtoQuenchaChisel
（l）Beforequenching thechisel，finishthe ‡
tip by grinding untilchips and wear GrindingofChisel
disappears．
（2）Heatthetiptoaquenchingtemperature（750to800deg．C）．Whenagasburnerisused■

heatachisel，keepthe nozzlewithin3to4cm from theedge and heatuntilthechis

turns redtoitscore．

（3）Dipintowateronlytheparttobequenched（1to2cm）ofthechiseluntilthedippe
SeCtionturns black．

（4）whentakenoutofthewater，thetipwi”bewhiteincol0randgradua”ychangetolig
yelLow，ye”ow，brown，PurPleandthendeepblue．

（5）whenthetipbecomesdarkorlightbrown（270to290deg．C），diptheentirechiselinI
WatertOCOOl（tempering）．
 lfthechangeincoLorisnotcIear，Checkus■ngafinefile・Whenthefilebeginstowork・dip

theentirechiselintowater．

600℃ 650℃ 700℃ 750℃ 800℃ 850℃ 900℃ 950℃ 1000℃

Dark Reddish Dark Middle Bright Dark Bright Ye”owish Ye”ow
brown brown cherry cherry cherry red red red

1 」

lmpropersmithwork Smithworktemperature

1050℃−1100℃ 1150℃−1200℃ 1250℃一1300℃

Brightye”ow Ye”owishwhite White

lmpropersmithwork

Relationbetweensmithworktemperatureandmetalcolor

（3）BoringJig
Whenaworkingmaterialcannotbesetonalathe，itisnecessarytoprocessabiggerhoIe
thanthedri”instock．

（1）Machinethefo”owingjigbyalathe．

SettingboJt Toolhole ThetapershaHbemachinedtomatchthedri”sleeve・

Sehigh−SPeedsteelbitorhigh−SPeedsteelsoIidbitofapproximately8X8mm・

Grindtoformthetip
駆、・
●High−SPeedsteelbit（blacksquaretooIsteel）sha”beusedafterheattreated．
●Heattreatment：HeatthetooIsteelto aspecified smith worktemperature，andthl
Shapeandgrindittoaspecifiedshape，andheatitagaintothequenchingtemperatu
toquenchit．
●Quenching：Heatthematerialuntilitturnsdarkorbrightbrown，andthendipitintooiH
quenching．

（2）High−SPeedsteelsolidbit（groundsquaretooIsteel）isalreadyheattreated，SOthatitci
beusedonLybyshaplngandgrindingthetip．
（3）setthecuttingtool．

Adjusttheprotrudinglengthofthecuttingtooltheboresize

（4）Howtodrillahole
（1）ApplyapunchmarktotheworkingmaterialatthecenteroftheholetobedrilFed．
（2）withthemarkatitscenter，markacircleoftheholetobedri”edusingacompass．

（3）Fixtheworkingmaterja10nthetableofthedri”ingmachinewiththecenteralignedwi

thatol＝thedrill．

（4）Dri”aholeatthecenteroftheworkingmaterial，Withamaximumsizedrill．
（5）Removethedrj”，andinsta‖theboringjigwhichwasmadeastheabove（Donotmis
alignthecenteroftheworkingmaterial）．
（6）Adjustthecuttingtoolfixedtothejigsothatitcancutlto2mmdeepatatime．
（7）setthedri”ingmachinetotheminimumspeedandcuttheworkmateriaHittlebyIittle．

（8）Repeatabovesteps6and7untilahoIespecifiedindiameterisobtained．

Upto60to70mmholescanbemadewithonboarddrillingmachine．
 錮0爪・Des加Ctive
13．1Classification ofNonI）estructiveTest
Visual

Magneticparticle
Surl＝acedefects Penetrant

Electromagneticinduction
0『
Detectdefects Spiralcurrent

Ultrasonicwave
lnteriordefects ⊂
Radiation
Measurementol：strain

13−2I）etectingTestbyPenetrant

（1）process

fig．

（2）Features
ThistestisapplicabIetoeithermeta10rnOnmetalmaterialsunlesstheyare affectedby
thepenetratingliquidorhavea porousnature・
Thistestisapplicableagainstanyextendeddirectionofthedefects・
This testis usefulfor materialswhich surface are damaged and extendedinterioras a
百柚

（3）lmplementation oftest
S亡 ●CleanupthesurfaceforremovingdustandoiL
●Applythepenetratingliquid（Processfig・一〇）
Fluorescentpenetrant：tOObservethroughultravioletraysinthedark
Dyingpenetrant： COl0rVisioninthelight
●Cleanupthesurface（Processfig．一〇）
Wipeoutthesurfaceliquidexcepttheoneinteriorofthematerial・
Whentheapplyingpenetrantincludetheadditiveofanemulsifier，thesurfaceshould
bewashedbywater．
（4）Devel0Pment；formationofindicatingdefectspattern（Processfig．−◎）
Drydevel0Plngmethod： Drydevel0PlngSOlutionisused
Quickdrydeveloping method：developingsolutionwithavoltaicsoIventisused
Wetdeve10Plngmethod： Deve10PlngSOlutiondispersedinwaterisused
Nondeve10Pmentmethod： PrOCeSSbyheattreatmentinsteadofdeveJoplngSOlutio

（5）Finishthetest
Removetheremainlng Penetrantbywipingoutand／orflushing bywater．

一二二●轟！
＿1＿＿二L
13・3DetectingTestbyMagneticParticle
（l）process Byforclngthemagneticfield
toactonmetaJobject

S N S N S N S N S N S N S N S N S N S N S N S N

告 ‥
華 、
※、、

（2）Features

Thistestsha”beappliedfor strongmagneticsubstances．
Thistestcandetectthedefectwhenitisl0Catedinteriorasdeepas20r3mm．
Thistestissuperiorfordetectingathreadshapeddefecttoaroundone．
ltlsdifficulttodefinethedefectofitsshapeand direction．

（3）lmplementationoftest
（1）preparation
Spraymagneticparticleson metal0bject，muCh particJesonthedefectsuspectedarea
andlesserontheleft，inordertomakeiteasytoobservethepattern．
（2）Magnetization
Giveanappropriatemagneticfierdontheobject．
Turnintheelectricitythroughaxis．
Fo‖OwIngSarethewaystogetthemagneticfield．
●Directcontactmethod
●Crosscurrent method
●Centralconductormethod
●Coilmethod
●Yokomethod
●】nducedcurrentmethod
（3）Applicationofmagneticparticles
●Kindsofmagneticparticles
Fluorescentmagneticparticle＝ tOObservethroughultra−Violetraysinthedark

NonfJuorescentmagneticparticle：COJorvisioninthelight
●Dispersemediumofmagneticparticles
Wetmethod： tOmakemechanicaJsuspensioninwater
Drymethod： USethemagneticparticleindrycondition
●Applicabretiming
Continuousmethod：tOaPPJythepartjclesduringrunnlngmagnetizingcurrentturn■ng

Onelectricity
Remnantmethod： tOaPPJytheparticJesafterswitchingoffmagnetizing current
（4）observationofthepatternofthemagneticparticles
Theobservationshallbedoneduringtheapplicationoftheparticle・
Dependingonthematerials，SOmePrettyStrOngreSidualmagnetismisseen・
lt．srequiredtoremovetheresidualmagnetismforthefoll0WlngCaSeS・
TheresiduaLmagnetismofthetestedmaterialdisturbsitsfutureprocesslng・
The residualmagnetism ofthetested materialaffects badly against a measurlng
instrumentanditsprecision．
Thetestedmaterialswithresidualmagnetismmightabsorbsomeironparticlesandcause
tohastenfrictiondamageswhentheyareg■Ventheroleof”slidingsurfaces．l・

（5）Finishthetest
Removetheremain■ngmagneticparticlesandapplyrustproofing suchasanticorrosive

Paintingifitlsnecessary・
、聖￣苦いモミ圭誉・∴こ1−三一∵宣言∵空言圭∵亨仁一￣二 ㌦‥で

（1）Glandpackingsshallbeinsta”edsothatthecutsectionsdonotoverlapeachother・

（2）GlandpackingsmaybecutdiagonaLly；buttheysha”beinstalledasmentionedabove・

（3）lnstallasmanypackingsaspossibleinthegland，inserttheglandbushandtightennuts
evenly，and then tighten them furtheruntilthevaLve handle becomesslightIyheavyto
OPerate．
（4）lfthereisenoughspacetoaccommodateadditionalpackings，addthem andtighten
accordingtotheabovestep3tosecureasufficientinterfacebetweenthegland bush
andthevalvemainbody．

⑳Valve packings usedin steam−Pipesystem sha”becarefullyinstaHed，becausethe

SteamCannOtbeeasilystopped．ltiseffectivetoapplygraphitegreaseorMo霊ykoteto

PaCkings．lnthecaseofpackingsusedinthewatersystem，greaSeWillbeappropriate・

Space

￣「
信雄
巨斗十㍊蓼
l
篭∴㍊老 妻
妻 妾
盲 霊
封福川灘㈱肝斗塙持戒恒輔甘毎払†㈹§用
（l）Aglandpackingusedinsteam−Pipesystemtendstostick・lnremovingsuchapacking，
takeoffthegrand andthespindIe，and poundthe packing us■ng aSCreWdriveranda

hammertopeelitofffrominside・
（2）whenthetipofapackingtooIcannoteatintothepacking becausethepackingistoo
hard，makeaholeon the packing with ascriberbylightlytapp■ngthescriberwith a

hammeranddrivethetipofthepackingtoolintothehole（Pu”outthepacking，Withthe
PaCkingtooldriveninitasdeeplyaspossibIe）・
（3）when the packing wasfragiLe and has been partlytorn off，aPPlythe procedure
mentionedintheabove2totheoppositesideofthepeeledpart，
（4）During removing the packing using ascriberand apackingtool，the packing wiH
graduallybreakintop■eCeSWhichcanberemovedbyair−bl0W・

（5）Thisisquiteatime−COnSumingwork．Toeasethework，itisrecommendedtoremovethe
Valvehandleandtheglandholderinadvance・
 三滝む呈竜、言…泳ぐ§璽1勘‡永く暮lflttI】．．．．．．j

Duringoverhaulingaseawaterpumpformaintenance，amakeshiftejectorpumpcanb−
usedtodrainwateraccumulatinginthecas■ngOrtOremOVeWaterSlightlyleakingfromth・

inletordischargevalveofthepump・
ThelengthofahosetodischargewatershaHbedeterminedoptionally・butitsha”bemor

thantwicethelengthoftheairnozzle・
TheairnozzleshaHbeinsta”edonthedischargesideifthehoseistooLongTBydoings（

themixtureofairandwatercanbedischargedevenwhenthewaterlevelinthecas−ngha
lowered．
−i抽Ⅲ・ilg事音量三洋呈消毒捕捉盲二号il円空PS

（1）lnserttheboltsintheflangeholesandtightenthenuts・
（2）Heatthepipeandadditiona”ytightentheboltsandnuts・

（3）whenthematingfacesoftheflangescameincontactwitheachother，COOlthepipeand
fLangenatura”y・

（4）lfnotenough，rePeattheabovesteps2and3・

昆
琴
 Yi・l1−LJ騨diI、n S円lⅥγilterl一．ine

BoltsandnutsusedjnaseawaterpIP．ngSyStemtendtobecomerustyandmaybebroken
bytwisting when removing・EspeciaHya broken stud bolt remainingin the bedisa

Somesaidthattheyneededthreedaystore−installapumpbodyduetoabrokenstudbolt
Whichfixesthepumptothebottomplating．
lnaljmitedspace，SuChworkswi”betime−COnSumlng．

Toavoidsuchsituations；
⑳Besuretoapplygreasetoboltsandnutswithoutsavjnglaborbeforetighteningthem．
◎BoltsandnutsremovedwithdifficultyshaHbethoroughIythreadedwithathreadingnut
OrtaPbeforetheyarere−aPPlied．
6E111嘩岬岬冊由沌症附す廟両軸甑摘
lfthematingsurfaceofafLangeisunevenandtheleakagecannotbestoppedonlywitha
sheetpacking，aPP■ytheDebcontotheunevenmatingsurface，Placeapackingonthe

matingsurfacebeforetheDebconsolidifies，andtightentheflange・

ご♪
こ〉こ き
、
、㌔
三
′
さ壷

翠…
浅…
…
、′

Sheetpacking

樟転宗㌶斗 Debcon

DonotcoatDebcon heretopreventit
fromprotrudingintothep■Peinsidein

tighteningtheflange・
 誹㌢弼teh描け亡きIlrf…肛、．＿＿．1巨．．．．

Pureiron（Fe）platesorzinc（Zn）
Plate areinstaLledin some parts Silicon

OftheseawaterpIPlngaSananti− Bolt
璽
COrrOSion measure．Such parts 懐索薮 ＿
巨㍉ 鴻疫ま ・
、
≡
』
．
Washer
are pIPeS，heatexchanger，PumP
and strainer．lf theinstallationis Rubber
PaCking
醗㌍㌍竃迂頸慧ご芸￣
、
ヨ
not proper，thelife−SPan may be
Purqiron
Shortenedbycorrosion・ （OrZlnC）plat

Rubber
PaCking

Mainbody
Mustbecontacted

（漫）Howtoinstall

⑳MountingboLt
Amounting boltisusedtofixthepureiron（OrZinc）plateaswe”astoelectricaL
COnneCttheplatetothemainbody．
翁Washer
AwasheristoentireIypressarubberpackingontheupperside・
瀞Rubberpacking
Arubberpackingistopreventseawaterfromenteringthroughtheholesofthepureir（
（OrZinc）plateandcorrodingthefemaLethreadofthemainbody・
lfthisfemaLethreadiscorroded，thepureiron（OrZinc）platecannolongerbesupporte
todrop，PrOmOtingcorrosionandmakingthereplacementdifficult・
㊧Silicon
Siliconistoensuretheair−tightnessoftheboltbead（Ornut）andthewashertoprevel
theseawaterpenetration．

はき KeyPointsforinsta”ation
（1）Check（Withatester）theelectricallinkbetweenpureiron（OrZinc）plateandmainbod
Beforeinsta＝ngthe plate，grindthecontactfaceofboltwith asand paper・etC・，
removewaterstain and rust．
（2）ltisrecommendedtomakethepureiron（OrZinc）platefreefromoilstains，andthengrir
thesurfacewithasandpaper．
Sh附畢岬津辱消転封￣きき軸再雨空拍珊−i 紺都塵

Usethefol10W■ngmethodwhenadedicatedbandisnotavailable・

AppLicablesituation：A10WerPreSSureline（1tol・5MPaorl0Werdependingontheextent
Ofbreakage）．
◎Pushplate：MakeahoIeinthecenterofthepushpIatewithadiameteralittle
Largerthanthatofabolt・Placeanutontheholeandweldthem・
⑳Facingplate：MakeashalLowdentinthecenterofaplatewithadri”・Setthetipofa
pushboltinthedenttopreventthefacLngPLatefromslidingwhenthe
boLtistightened・
⑳Pushbolt： Sharpenthetipbyagrindersothatitfitstothedentofthefacing
Plate．
⑳Packing： Bondthepackingandthefac−ngPlatetogetherwithanadhesiveagent
orbindthepackingonthedamagedpipeusIngtWine，etC・Useac10th
packingforasteamLineandarubberpackingforacoolingwaterline・

Thepushplateandthefacingplatesha”beroundedsothattheyfittothecurvatureofthe

P■PeWhenthepushboltistightened・

⑳lnsta”ation：PLacethem on the broken partin theorderasshownin thefigure

bel0W，tightenthemwithase■Z．ngWireandtwistthewiresothatitis

notloosened，andthentightenthepushbolt・
Weld anut

Pushplate

Makeasha”ow
dentbydri”．

Sharpenthetipofthebolt
SteamlineasbestoscLoth
Coolingwaterline：rubberpacking
」
．ト濁㍉
 湿翫症P属すk沌

Jngeneral，ironrepresentsana”oyofironandcarbon．ltcanhavevariouspeculiarfeatul

When other metaIs are added such as nickeland chrome．Thelatter a”oys areca”

”specialsteel”．

Pureiron（Carboncontent：0．006％orJess）
Hardsteel
Carbonsteel
Steel（Carboncontent：0．06％to2．0％） SpeciaIste
Mild steel

Ordinarycastiron
Castiron（Carboncontent：1．7％to6．67％）
Specialcastiron

凰諸Carbonsteel

Carbon steeliswidely used becauseits propertiescan easily bechanged bycarb

COntentOrheattreatment．

Deadsol＝tsteel Max．0．12 Max．38 Rivet，SPlitpin

Mild steel 0．12−0．2 38−44 Sectionsteel，SteelpIPe
Semi−mildsteel 0．20−0．5 44−50 Boltnut
Semi−hardsteel 0．35−0．5 Gearshaft
Hard steel 0．5−0．8 Shafthammer
Extrahard steel 0．8−1．0 70−100 Spring，tOOl

温血望SpecialSteel
Specialsteelis an al10yOfiron，Carbon and morethan oneothermetalssuch asnick
Chrome，tungSten，mOlybdenum，manganeSeandvanadium．
Specialsteelincludes：nickelsteel，Chrome steel，nickeJchrome steel，Chromiur
molybdenumsteelandinvar．
OtherspecjaJsteel：high−SPeedtooIsteel（fortooIssuch astapand die），Stainlessste
andsiliconmanganesesteel（forspring）．
雲量畳替ざ＿言草き至言‡縞

Relation between the NominalSizeof Hexagon Boltand Hexagon socket Head Boltand
theirWidthacrossFLats（SpannerSize），

⑳Unmarked nominalsizes are generally used：Parenthesized ones are forspecial

applications．
⑳Materialforhexagonsocketheadbolt：HeattreatedcarbonsteeI（S45C，S15C）ortype3
Chromium−mOlybdenumsteel（SCM3）．
Unit：mm
旋
耕・
、 餅
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が
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訳さ
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声
量
主張
M 3 5．
5 2．
4

M 4 7 3

M 5 8 4

M 6 10 5

M 8 13 12 6

M lO 17 14 8

M 12 19 17 10

M 14 22 19 12

M 16 24 22 14

M 18 27 24 14

M 20 30 27 14

M 22 32 30 17

M 24 36 32 17

M 27 41 36 19

M 30 46 41 19

M 33 50 46 21

M 36 55 50 21

M 39 60 55 26

M 42 63 26

M 45 67 26

M 48 71 32
 も￣辞表毒呈盲享呈軸

Threadpitchgauge：
⑳No．137（Whitworththread）
⑳No．156M，−158M，−159M（metricthread）
⑳UNF（unifiedfinethread）

Feature Metricscrew Unil＝iedfinethread Whitworththread

AngLeofthread
Unitfornominalsize No．orinch Jnch（COarSethread）
Unitforpitch No．ofcrestsperinch No．ofcrestsperinch
Sampleexpression
1／4−UNC
Coarsethread
Finethread M6×0．75 4−U28UNC

⑳NominaIsizemeanstheoutsidediameterforbothmetricandinchthreads．
⑳When ametriccoarsethread and ametricfinethread havethesame nominalsize，t
finethreadhasasma”erpitchthanthatofthecoarsethread．
Examp⊆e
M6（COarSethread）：Outsidediameter6mm；Pitchlmm
M6（0．75finethread）：Outsidediameter6mm；PitchO．75mm
⑳WhenaunifiedthreadandaWhitworth（COarSe）threadhavethesamenominalsize，t
Pitchisthesamebuttheangleofthreaddiffers．
Exam画e
l／4−20UNC（unifiedcoarsethread）：Outsidediameterl／4inch；Pitch20（No．ofcre！

Perinch）；angleofthread60deg．
Wl／4（Whitworthcoarsethread）：Outsidediameterl／4inch；Pitch20（No．ofcrestsF
inch）；angleofthread55deg．
⑳JIShasaboLishedWhitworththreadsince1968．
 屋号ざ弊害貸室￣■il態舘
㌫難 癖
M8（ OutSide
M etric thread C oarse thread
d iam eter8 m m ）
Fine thread M 8×1
U nified thread C oarse thread 3／ 8 16U N C
Fine thread NO8 36U N N C
W 34 （ O utSide
C oarse thread
W hitw o rth thread d iam eter3／ 4 inch）
Fine thread
Para”elthread （ P F），（P S）3／ 4
Pipe thread
Taperthread （P T）1／ 2

4凪凰MetaricThread

⑳AngIeofthread：60deg．
⑳Pitch：distancebetweencrests
⑳Unitfornominalsize：mm

4陶窯UnifiedThread

⑳Angleofthread：60deg，
⑳Unitfornominalsize：inchorNo．
⑪Unitforpitch：numberofcrestsperinch（25．4mm）

4遇WhitworthThread（JIShasabolishedthistypeofthreadsine1968）
⑳Angleofthread：55deg．
⑳Outsidediameter：inch
⑳Unitforpitch：numberofcrestsperinch（25．4mm）

舶ThreadTypes
⑳Metriccoarsethread：ExpressedbyTTM”，angLeofthreadis60deg・
⑳Metricfinethread：Hassmallpitch．Angleofthreadis60deg．
⑳Unifiedcoarsethread：ExpressedbylrUNCTl．lnchthread．Angleofthreadis60deg・
⑳Unifiedfinethread：Hassma”pitch．lnchthread．AngleoHhreadis60deg．
⑳whitworth coarsethread（aboIished byJIS）：Expressed by”WH・暮nch thread・AngLeof
threadis55deg．
⑪Whitworthfinethread：ExpressedbyTIW”．lnchthread．Angleofthreadis55deg・
⑳Pipethread：
Combination ofpara”elthread and taperthread（PT，PF，PS）hassma”pitch andthe

angleofthreadis55deg．
◎30deg．trapezoidalthread
⑳29deg．trapezoidalthread
p苛む攣還↑鳶と悪、竺竃

．と票SOO2uO亡きゝ一uO．S20PむN領空±uOL邑‖倉LO苫こぶpOS⊃空将SON領P中学示∈u⊃⑳
弄べユ
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さ立ぺ賑 r 1￣￣ ▼− ▼− N

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35 0 20 28 20

5／16 7．
9 38 18 24 18

3／
8 9．
5 25 16 24 16

7／
16 11．
1 12 14 20 14

1／2 12．
7 00 13 20 12

9／
16 14．
288 12 18 12

5／
8 15．
875 11 18 11

3／
4 19 ．
050 10 16 10

7／
8 22．
22 5 9 14 9

1 25 ．
40 0 8 12 8

1 1／
8 28 ．
5 75 7 12 7

11／
4 3 1．
7 50 7 12 7

13／
8 34 ．
9 25 6 12 6

11／2 38．
100 6 12 6

13／
4 44．
450 5 5

2 50．
800 4 1／2 4 1／
2

2 1／
4 57．
15 0 4 1／2 4

2 1／
2 63．
50 0 4 4

2 3／
4 69 ．
85 0 4 3 1／
2

3 76 ．
20 0 4 3 1／
2

3 1／
4 82 ．
55 0 4 3 1／
2

3 1／
2 88 ．
90 0 4 3 1／
2

33／
4 95 ．
2 50 4 3

4 1 0 1．
6 00 4 3

⑳Angleofthread（UNC）：60deg・
Angleofthread（W）：55deg・
⑳Pitchgauge：UNC（forUNCthread）；No・135（forW）
Pipethreadismainlyusedtoconnectgaspipes（Carbonsteelpipesforordinarypipin！

andhasasmallpitchandthethreadangleof55deg．Therearetwotypesofpipethread
Para”elthread（PF）andtaperthread（PT）．

⑳Expression
ExpressedbythenominalsizeininchofthefemaJethreadwhichfitsthematingmal
thread（Thesizeis notequaJtotheoutsidediameterofthemalethread butisalm05
equaltotheboreofthepipe）．

◎Combinationofpipethreads
Para”elpipethread：Tapermalethread（PT）andtaperfemalethread（PT）

Taper male thread（PT）and paraHelfemale thread（PS）（”PS”is used forthi

COmbination．）

ParalleHemaJe thread（PS）is usedin combination with taper malethread（PT）

SpecificationsarethesameforbothPSandPT．

辱Sampleexpression
PSl／4：Pitch19（No．ofcrestsperinch）；OutSidedimensionofthread＝13．157mm
 ■JOdt219L／Lt2S叫Pt2aJLll⊥d⑳
・6apSS：Pt2aJLJl10816uV◎
∠eL．ON：86ne6Lt91！d◎

∀0 0 6 9’
9 LC LL Oe Z ‘
9 LC Z LS d Z LS d

∀0 9 Z ウ‘
∠9 Z LL O e ウ■
99 Z O LS d O LS d

9 ■LウZ LL O eO ’
0 ウZ 6Sd 6Sd
∀9 Z Z

∀0 0 Z e■
9 LZ LL 089’
ウLZ 9Sd 9Sd

V S ∠L ∠■
06 L LL OCZ■
69 L ∠S d ∠S d

∀0 9 L Z’
99 L LL 08 9 ■
89 L 9S d 9S d

V gZ L e■
6C L LL 0帥 ’
9e L gS d gS d

∀0 0 L C’
ウL L LL O CO ‘
C LL ウS d ウS d

∀0 6 9 ’LO L LL O CC ■
00 L Z ／Le S d Z ／L C S d

∀0 9 L‘
69 LL ウ9 9 ●
∠9 CS d eS d

∀9 9 C’
9∠ LL ウ9 L‘
9∠ Z ／LZ S d Z ／LZ S d

∀0 9 9■
09 LL ウL9 ’
69 ZS d ZS d

∀0 ウ 9■
9ウ LL 60 9 ’
∠ウ Z ／L LS d Z ／L LS d

V Ze ∠■
Zウ LL O L6 ‘Lウ ウ／C LS d ウ／e LS d

V gZ 0‘
ウC LL 6 ウZ ’
cc LS d LS d

VOZ Z’
∠Z LL Lサケ●
9Z ウ／C S d ウ／C S d

∀9 L ∠■LZ ウL 996’
OZ Z ／LS d Z ／LS d

V O L e■
∠L ウL Z99’
9 L 9 ／C S d 9 ／e S d

∀9 9’
C L 6 L ∠S L’
e L ウ／LS d ウ／LS d

∀9 9■
O L eZ 9 Z ∠‘
6 9 ／LS d 9 ／LS d

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巨言上き準…準館主も棄
＿＿￣＝…享＋
登
l√l■t＿I十Illt・サリ｝：二叫
圭凰SGP（carbonsteelpipesforordinarypiping）
Workingpressure ：OtoIMPs
Workingtemperature：−15to350deg．C

lq慧STPG38，E（carbonsteelpipesforpressurepiping）

Workingpressure ：1．5tolOMPs
Workingtemperature：−15to350deg．C
Tensilestrength ：38kg／mm20rmOre
⑳SymboI
E ：ELectric−reSistance⊥Weldedpipe
S−C：ColdfinishedseamLesssteelpIPe
S−H：Hotfinishedseamlesssteelpipe
B ：WeLdedsteelpIPe

ln認STPT（carbonsteelpipesforhightemperaturepiping）

Workingpressure ：Oto20MPs
Workingtemperature：350to450deg．C

凰嬬4STS（Carbonsteelpipesforhighandlowtemperaturepiping）

ColdorhotfinishedseamlesssteelpLPe
Workingpressure ：10to20MPs
Workingtemperature：−15to350deg．C
2’トppM讐ld＿十、e封Illlr‥イf、1拙n鮮
慧＿凰WithFlatSurface

（1）whentightenedtoostrongly，theperipheryofmatingfacecomes
in contactwitheach other，makingitdifficulttofirmlytightenthe
gasket．
（2）lfinnerpressurebecomeshigh，thegasketmaycomeout．
（3）Beingusedforl0WPreSSureSteamOrWaterline．

監針WithProtrudedSurface
（1）Evenwhentightenedtoostrongly，the peripheryofmatingface
does not comein contactwith each other，makingit possible to
firmlytightenthegasket・
（2）Becauseagasketwithsmallwidthis used，itreceivesastrong
tightening pressure even when the flangeis not so strongly
tightened．

監護WithSpigotJoint
（1）Mainlyasoftgasketisused．Evenwheninnerpressurebecomes
high，thegasketdoesnotcomeout・
（2）Becauseagasketwithsma”widthis used，itreceivesastrong
tightening pressure even when the flangeis not so strongly
tightened．

望∬壌WithProtrusionandGroove
（1）suitableforhigherpressure（5MPsormore）thanspigotjointtype
flanges．
（2）Suitableforwater，gaS，Steamandammonialinesaswellashigh
PreSSUreWaterline．
（3）Copperorsteelgasketisusedbecauseasoftgasketmaycome
OutOfthegroove．

望遠WithWavySurface
（1）To ensure a high air−tightness，manyCOnCentric grooves are
CarVedontheflangesurface．
（2）Being usedforhigh pressurelinebecausethegrooves prevent
gasketfromcomlngOutaSWe”asensureahighair−tightness・
（3）Suitablefortheoiloracidliquidlineswhichrequirealeadgasket．
■
巨中本＿−叩隼fn亘叩毎再te岬r ＿＿＿‥一．−＿＿ 、

N o−
澗廊 胞 l 威 始 ・O u ts id e d ja rTle t T h ic k n e s s （
m rTl）

S c h e d u Ie
弼 宅
鞠 紳 轡 ′ ＄轡 ′
爽 十 巨 碗
諏 ′ 1・
00

2．
4 11
6A 1 ／8 10．
5 2．
0 1．
7

8A 1 ／4 13．
8 2．
3 2．
2 董
圭 3．
0 l
董

‡
1 0A 3 ／8 17 ．
3 2．
3 2．
3 3・
2 毒

1 5A 1 ／2 21．
7 2．
8 2．
8 3．
7 ≦

lj
2 0A 3 ／4 27．
2 2．
8 2．
9 3．
9 巨】
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董 4．
5 ll
註
要
2 5A 1 34．
0 3．
2 3．
4 Ⅰ
11
を ‡
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3 2A 1 1／4 42．
7 3．
5 3．
6 巨 4．
9 を i
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室 5．
1 至
4 0A 1 1 ／2 48．
6 3．
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7
i 5．
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50A 2 60 ．
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8 f妻 3．
9
‡ 1壬 7．
0
65A 2 1 ／2 76 ．
3 4．
2 5．
2
言
80A 3 89 ．
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l5 8．
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12 5A 5 1 39 ．
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6
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15 0A 6 16 5 ．
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1 ∃ 11．
0

5・
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う 五 一
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20 0A 8 2 16 ．
3 8．
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1
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8 ㌢ 】
25 0A 10 26 7 ．
4 弓 9．
3 j 15．
1 18 ．
2
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∃ 8．4 ⊇
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一
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・
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一2

⑩Thesizesencl0Sedbydoublelineareusedfrequently．
⑳Schedulepipesofcarbonsteelpipesforpressurepiping（STPG）andcarbonsteeppipes
forhightemperaturepiping（STPT）havethesamewallthickness・
穏Thevaluesfornominalsize（A）isdeterminedbyapproximatedinnerdiameter（mm）・
翁Nominalsize（B）isthedimensionininchwhichisalmostequaltotheinnerdiameterof
PIPeandnotequaLtotheoutsidediameterofpipe．
ニ爪革llt｝㌔鴻il用RWeldilltrrl叩††だ

Unit：

Ship一〇n Flange Nomin∈

Flange Pitchof Boreof No．of
Nominalsize hote OUtSide Sizeof
thickness boltholes boJtholes boltholes
diameter diameter bolt

80 MlO

85 MlO

95 MlO

115 M12

120 M12

130 M12

155 M12

180 M16

200 M16

235 M16

265 M16

320

385 12

430 12
「

鋭
血

濫
．‖嵐

IL
ド＿l＿ ＿t＿｝」やip・刷Hl￣ekliJll＿l了

S h ip −On 円軸璃醸∵ F ■ N Q m in a霊
ぬ一 喝 窃・ P itc h o f B o re o ・f N o ．0 †
N o m in a暮S ize hok O u t＄id e th ic kne ss b o l・ 威紹・ 0ず
t h o te s b o lt h o l＋
e S b o lt h o te s b o t＋
t
d ia m eter d ia m ete r

（
A） （
B） do D t C h

15 A 1／
2 22 ．
2 95 12 70 15 4 M 12

20 A 3／
4 22 ．
7 10 0 14 75 15 4 M 12

25 A 4 34 ．
5 12 5 14 90 19 4 M 16

32 A 1 1／
4

4 0A 1 1／
2 49．
1 1 40 16 10 5 19 4 M 16

5 0A 2 61．
1 1 55 16 1 20 19 4 M 16

6 5A 2 1／
2 77．
1 1 75 18 1 40 19 4 M 16

80A 3 90．
0 185 18 1 50 19 8 M 16

90A 3 1／
2

10 0 A 4 1 15 ．
4 21 0 18 175 19 8 M 16

12 5 A 5 14 1．
2 25 0 20 210 23 8 M 20

1 50 A 6 1 66 ．
6 28 0 22 24 0 23 8 M 20

2 00 A 8 2 1 8．
0 3 30 22 29 0 23 12 M 20

2 5 0A 10 269．
5 4 00 24 35 5 25 12 M 22

3 0 0A 12 32 1 ．
0 445 26 40 0 25 16 M 22
顎㌢欒攣欒

Unit：

（A） do D t C h

22．5 95 12 70 15 4

20A

25A 35．0 125 14 90 19 4 M16

32A

40A 49．5 140 16 105 19 4 M16

50A 61．5 155 16 120 19 8 M16

65A 77．5 175 18 140 19 8

80A 90．5 200 20 160 123 8 M20

90A

255 22 185 23 8 M20

270 22 225 25 8 M22

305 24 260 25 12 M22

350 26 395 25 12 M22

430 28 380 27 12

480 30 430 27 16
∈
1−二重⋮・鵬−≡㌻竺〓〓ざ﹁
〓asP¶︵paraニe一pipe壬﹁ead︶．
↓he⊃uthasP﹁︵paraニe一pipe一hread︶．
エasP↓︵taperp古ethread︶．
﹁OrWhich dia∃eter COPPe二ube tO uSe is defi⊃ed iコ﹂一S︵see speci土catiO⊃S fOrCOPP
tube︶．
Ma訂cOココeCtO﹁
三か山のの一FO≦
き
き
≡を

索 譜 −譲
…
≡

粧箋 ；
雄
≡
．

、
、

ヌ、
垂
ノ
・

響、
空

P↓tee
∪コ看．コCOココeCtO﹃
Uコぎコtee
こし＿ ま章；し車中七重モ≦辱云圭ト＿こし二・三＿ニー予 い・ニlJ・

（1）Distinguishtee，elbowornippte（WhetherPTthreadisusedornot）・
（2）checktheshapeofsleeve（Whichdifferswithmakersandapplications）・
（3）Outsidediameterofused pipe（metricorinchsize；Seethecoppertubespecification
table）．
（4）Measurethethreadpitchtodeterminethesize・

⑳Pipethread（inchthread）isusedforalL
場UseNo．147pitchgaugetomeasurethethreadpitch（Becarefulthatthepitchgaugefor
unifiedthread（UNF）hastheangleofthreadof60deg・）・Detemineonthepipethread
specificationtable，aCCOrdingtomeasuredpitchandthreadoutsidediameter・
⑩Forthesameoutsidediameterofpipe，2to3typesofpipefittingswithdifferentwall
thickness（threadoutsidediameterisdifferentalthoughpitchisthesame）areavailable・
SelectonewhichisbestsuitedtoyourappLication・
■11・岬

！享￣＿亨＿∵字：．∵㍉十∵∵＿∵ ∴∴−＿ ＿∴＿一二 一∴二三＿て＿

PT（taperthread）

重 叩
督
要
整
妻 琶
垂 喜

Shapeofsleeve PT

Sleeve

Usedforvlnylhose，etC．
 ∈∈‖lモ⊃
喝 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Tq

喝 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
華
甲
・主l芋■、芦川t・蓬二・︶皇子宣下−．圭・㌢、．こl

椴∴、 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
声 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

′
登、 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
、
、
攣

、嘲、 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
：
′
′く
す蝉
ン、 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

予感▼ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1、
∴
滞干、
∨
∴

ン恕㍉ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
∴
‥車上

二
野
■ ○ ○ ○ ○
中、∴ ○ ○ ○ ○

喝 ○ ○
草′‥

工OuⅧuⅧuO領Uの∈己
■ ■■
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、
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ま 、 ヽ、 ヽ 、 、
の 、 、
卜． ▼
− ▼ −
腰〆 ▼− 1ヽ
■■ くつ
の く
0 の ⊂〉 N 寸 Ln く
D の ⊂〉 N の の ⊂〉 ヽ■
− ■ の − ヽ
l■
ll■ ヽ
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l■
壬 ▼
■■ ▼− 1￣
￣ 1￣￣ ▼
− 1■
■ N N N N の l∫
） ヽ
− ⊂〉 の の N ⊂〉 ヽ −■
の N 卜＿ の ⊂〉 N 寸 の トー
くD ∽
の N の の N l
J）
肇 r ▼− ▼■
− N N ▼−
の
○

暫
＿＿＿＿＿憾窯
gl
『戦闘 十．
 十早耳ミ上し∴葺∴十・・㌧
The SIisfoundedonseven SIbase unltsforseven basequantitiesassumedtobemutual
independent，aSglVeninTablel．

Tablel．SIbaseunits

mkg SAE m。感

meter
maSS kilogram
也me second
electriccurrent amPere
kel＼dn

amountofsubstance mole

candela

FordetailedinformationontheSIbaseunits，SeeDe丘nidonsoftheSIbaseunitsandtheirHistoric
COnteXt．

里∴∴言．十∴・二・・
TheSIdefVedLmltsforthesederivedquantidesareobtainedfromtheseequationsandthesevenミ

baseunits．Otherquantities，Called deLivedquantities，arede重nedintermsofthesevenbaf
quant氾esviaasystemofquandb，equations．Table2isexamplesofsuchSIderivedunitswhere
Shouldbenotedthatthesymbollforquantitiesofdimensionlsuchasmass血・aCdonisgeneral
Omitted．

Table2．ExamplesofSIderivedunits

Squaremeter
cubicmeter

acceleration meterpersecondsquared
wavenumber lでCipl・l）ぐとIllTltJt汀

massdensity kilogrampercubicmeter

CllltLtPrl）Prl（il明ral11
Currentdensib， amperepersquaremeter

amountLOf−Substanceconcentration molepercubicmeter

massfraction kilogramperkilogram，Whichmaybe
22SIderivedunitshavebeenglVenSPeCialnamesandsymboIs，aSShowninTable3．

Table3．SIderivedumitswithspecialnamesandsymboIs

感が馳NPal
111とlllt・こIngle radian（a） 111・n1−1＝1（hl

SOlidangle Steradian（a） m2・m−2＝1（b）

∴言 い−
h・叫ut▲llCI▼ heI七乙 S−1

brce newton m・kg・S￣2

PreSSure，StreSS l）ilSCこll 肝玉・kg・＄蔓

energy，WOrk， joule m2・kg・S−2

quantib，Ofheat
WC

l）（Ⅲ・し、1・，ril（liとllltntl＼ Ⅵra仕 111−・1哺・S；

electriccharge， COulomb S・A
∵l一圭⋮m

quantib，Ofelectricib′
V

ビleCtrirl）（ltPllhl〔lirrPI・ぐ11rP． ＼▼いlt 111二・kg・トJ・Å一

electromotiveforce
FmS勒→H℃鱒k軸恥

CaPaCitance brad m￣2・kgl・S4・A2

electricresistance Ohm m2・kg・S‘3・Å2

electricconductance SlemenS m￣2・kgl・S3・A2

111il挿1PtiぐntlX weber 111一・kg・S一・▲＼1

magneticfluxdensity tesla kg・S￣2・Al

inductance llUnq・ lll一・1喝・S−ご・．・＼●

Celsiustemperature degreeCelsius K

luminousflux lullen cd・Sr（C） m2・m−2・Cd＝Cd

i11uminance lux lm／m2 m2・mA・Cd＝m−2・Cd

こICti＼it）▼（ofal・adiollu（：li（le） 1）くさ（・quel・tLl S−1

absorbeddose， gray J／kg m2・S−2

SPeCificenergy（imparted），
kema

（ltlSP（lqtli＼▼alHltい−l Sin1汀t S＼・ ．I／l哺 1112・S￣ご

Catalyticactivity katal kat S−1・mOl

（a）Theradianandsteradianmaybeusedadvantageouslyinexpressionsforderivedunitstodistinguishbetween
quan血iesofadiffbrentnaturebutofthesamedimension；SOmeeXamPlesareglVeninTable4．
（b）Inpracdce，thesymboIsradandsrareusedwhereappropriate，butthederivedunitH1−Tisgeneral1yomitted．
（C）Inphotometry，theunitnamesteradianandtheunitsymboIsrareusuallyretainedinexpressionsforderived
units．

（d）Otherquantitiesexpressedinsievertsareambientdoseequivalent，directionaldoseequivalent，PerSOnal
doseequivalent，andorganequivalentdose．
ThespecialnamesandsymboIsofthe22SIderivedunitswi肋specialnamesandsy汀ぬoIsglVen
Table3maythemselvesbeincludedinthenamesandsymboIsofotherSIderivedunits，aSShown
Table4，

Table4．ExamplesofSIderivedtmitswhosenamesandsymboIsincl甘deSI
derivedll軌itswi血specialnamesandsymboIs

momentofforce newtonmeter

angularvelocity radianpersecond

heatfluxdensity，irradiance WattPerSquaremeter

SPeCi丘cheatcapacity，SPeCi航centropy JOuleperkilogramkelvin J／（kg・喝

thermalconductivibT WattPermeterkelvin W／（m・K）

electriC丘eldstrength VOltpermeter

electriCfluxdensity COulombpersquaremeter

PermeabilibT henrypermeter

molarentropy，mOlarheatcapacibT ］Oulepermolekelvin J／（mol・K）

absorbeddoserate graypersecond

radiance wattpersquaremetersteradian W／（m2・Sr）