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CONCEPT OF ILLNESS.
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Presentation on theme: "CONCEPT OF

ILLNESS."— Presentation transcript:

1 CONCEPT OF ILLNESS

2 Sickness -is a state of social dysfunction

Sickness -is a state of social dysfunction. Likes to
remain away from social activities. Disease - is
maladjustment (Physiological/ Psychological) of the
human being to its environment -pathological change
in the structure or function of the body or mind

3 Illness
is a subjective state of person who feels aware of not
being well with evident sign and symptoms.
-abnormal process in which the persons level of
functioning is changed when compared to the previous
level
Illness is of two types
-acute
-chronic

4 Acute illness -generally has a rapid onset of

symptoms and last only a relatively short time -some
acute illness are life threatening, many don’t require
medical attention Stages of acute illness Stage 1-
experiencing symptoms -first indication of an illness
usually is recognizing one or more symptoms that are
incompatible with ones personal definition of health.
Eg.pain,fever
5 - the symptoms usually relieved by self care, if
not entered into next stage Stage 2- assuming the sick
role -the person now defines himself as being sick,
seeks validation of experience from others, give up
normal activities and assume a sick role -the person
may choose to do nothing, may seek out health care
provider for diagnosis and treatment -when help from
the health care provider is sought, the person become
a patient and enters the next stage
6 Stage 3-assuming a dependent role This stage is
characterized by the patients decisions to accept the
diagnosis and follow the prescribed treatment plan.
The person conforms to the opinion of others, often
requires assistance in carrying out activities of daily
living and need emotional support through acceptance,
approval and protection
7 Stage 4- achieving recovery and rehabilitation It
might begin in the hospital and conclude at home. In
this stage the person gives up the dependent role and
resumes normal activities and responsibilities. If health
education given, the individual may return to health at
a higher level of functioning than before the illness
8 Chronic illness -it is a permanent change -it
causes, or is caused by irreversible alteration in normal
anatomy and physiology -it require special patient
education for rehabilitation -it require a long period of
care and support
9 -Chronic illness usually have a slow onset and
many have periods of remission ( even though disease
is present, patient doesn’t experience symptoms) and
exacerbation ( the symptom of the disease reappear)
Eg. Heart problem, diabetes etc
10 Illness behaviour -people who are ill generally
adopt illness behaviour . These behaviour a!ect how
people monitor their bodies, define and interpret their
symptoms, take remedial actions and use the health
care systems ( mechanic, 1982) -if people perceive
themselves to be ill, illness behaviour act as coping
mechanism
11 Variables influencing illness bahaviour -external
-internal External variables -it include visibility of
symptoms, social group, cultural background,
economic variables, accessibility of health care and
social support
12 Internal variables -it include patients
perception of symptoms and the nature of illness -if
they perceive symptoms as descriptive, they seek
medical care -patient with acute illness, seek medical
care and adhere readily with therapy -patient with
chronic illness, not motivated to adhere with therapy
13 Impact of illness on patient and family -an
illness of a family member a!ect the function of the
entire family 1.Behavioral and emotional change -
individual’s behavioral and emotional reactions depend
on the nature of illness, the patients attitude towards
it, the reaction of others to it and the variables of
illness behaviour
14 -short term , non life threatening illnesses
evolve few behavioural changes in the functioning of
the patient and family Eg. A husband and father who
has a cold, lack the energy and patience to spend time
in the family activities and is irritable and prefers not to
interact with the family ( its a behavioural change, but
doesn’t last long) -severe illness have more emotional
and behavioural change
15 2. Impact on body image -body image is the
subjective concept of physical appearance. Some
illnesses result in the change in physical appearance.
The reaction is depend up on the type of change ( eg.
Loss of a limb), adaptive capacity of the person, rate at
which change take place, and the support services
available
16 -initially the change shocks the patient
-initially the change shocks the patient. As the patient
and family recognize the reality, they become anxious.
As the patient acknowledge the change, they accept
the loss. During rehabilitation, they learn how to adapt
the change

17 3. Impact on self concept -self concept is your

mental self image of all aspect of your personality -a
patient whose self concept changes, because of illness
is sometimes no longer able to meet family
expectations, leading to tension or conflict. As a result,
family member change their interaction with the
patient
18 4. Impact on family roles and family dynamics -
people may have many roles in life such as wage
earner, decision maker etc. when the illness occur, the
role change. Such a change is either short term or long
term -patient adjust more easily to short term change,
but guidance and counseling is required for long term
change
19 -family dynamics is the process by which the
family functions, make decisions, give support etc. -
because of the illness, family dynamics often change.
Another family member some times need to assume
the patients usual role and responsibilities. This often
create tension and anxiety . It may lead to conflicting
responsibilities
20 Health illness continuum -it is one way to
measure a persons level of health -this model views
health as a constantly changing state with high level
wellness and death being on opposite end of a
graduated scale or continuum -this continuum
illustrate the dynamic state of health, as a person
adapts to change in the internal and external
environment to maintain a state of well being
21 - A patient with a chronic illness may view
himself at di!erent points on the continuum at any
given time, depending on how well the patient believes
he or she is functioning with the illness
23 Causes and risk factor for developing diseases
DEFINITION OF RISK FACTOR -An attribute or exposure
that is significantly associated with the development of
disease -a determinant that can be modified by
intervention, thereby reducing the possibility of
occurrence of disease or other specified outcome
24 -Risk factors are often suggestive, ie, presence
of a risk factor does not imply that the disease will
occur, and in its absence diseases will not occur. -Risk
factors may be causative (eg, smoking for CA lung),
contributory (lack of physical exercise for CHD) or
predictive (eg, illiteracy for prenatal mortality).
25 Prominent risk factors Heart disease- smoking,
high BP, high cholesterol , diabetes, obesity Cancer-
smoking, alcohol, radiation, pollution, dietary factors
Stroke- smoking, high BP, high cholesterol Motor
vehicle accidents-alcohol, speed, non use of seat belt
Cirrhosis of liver-alcohol
26 Risk group / target group 1. Biological
situation -age group eg
Risk group / target group 1. Biological situation -age
group eg. Toddler more prone to accidents -sex eg.
Male more prone to Ca lung -physiological state eg.
Anemia is common in pregnant mother -genetic factors
eg. Family history of genetic disorder like mental
retardation, down syndrome, diabetes

27 -other health conditions eg. high blood

pressure lead to stroke 2
-other health conditions eg.high blood pressure lead to
stroke 2. Physical situations -rural (malnutrition), urban
(CAD) -living conditions, over crowding (asthma,
nutritional deficiency) -environment (cholera due to
impure water)

28 3.Socio cultural factors -social class (high class

more prone to CAD) -ethnic and cultural group -family
disruption (stress), education (infant mortality rate),
housing ( asthma) -customs ,habit, behaviour (
smoking, lack of exercise, over eating, drug addiction) -
access to health service (rural people) -lifestyle and
attitude(lack of exercise)

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