PHA 6146

Unit 1 -Part 3 DIMENSION OF HEALTH

HEALTH

• Is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity (WHO)
• Is the quality of life involving social, emotional, mental, and biological fitness on the part of the
individual, which results in adaptations from the environment
• Old English word for “heal” (hael)
• “WHOLE”

THE DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH

• PHYSICAL HEALTH
• MENTAL HEALTH
• EMOTIONAL HEALTH
• SOCIAL /ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
• SPIRITUAL HEALTH

HOLISTIC HEALTH
- is an approach that identifies components of health that function interdependently to influence
an individual’s health

WELLNESS
• Wellness is well-being. It involves engaging in attitude and behavior that enhance quality of life
and maximize personal potential
• Well-being is a subjective perceptive of balance, harmony and vitality
• Wellness is a choice as "the constant, conscious pursuit of living life to its fullest potential

Travis Wellness Mode

- helps you move to higher wellness levels
I. FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH

A. ILLNESS

• is a personal state in which the person feels unhealthy

• is a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience

Precursors of Illness

• HEREDITARY FACTORS – family history for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer

• BEHAVIORAL FACTORS – cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, high animal fat intake
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS – overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor supply of potable water

Schumann’s Stages of Illness

1. SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE
Examples:
• Transition stage
• The person believes something is wrong
• A sensation of physical limitation in functioning
• 3 aspects:
• Physical – fever, muscle aches, malaise, headache
• Cognitive – perception of “having Flu”
• Emotional (worry on consequences of illness)

2. ASSUMPTION OF SICK ROLE

Examples:
• Acceptance of the illness
• Seeks advice and support for decision to give up some activities

3. MEDICAL CARE
Examples:
• Seeks advice of health professionals for the following reasons
• Validation of real illness
• Explanation of symptoms
• Reassurance or prediction of outcome

4. DEPENDENT PATIENT ROLE

Examples:
• The person becomes a patient dependent on the health professional for help
• Accepts/rejects health professional’s suggestions
• Becomes more passive and accepting
• May regress to an earlier behavioral stage

5. RECOVERY/REHABILITATION
Example:
• Involve in an adjustment to prolong reduction in health and functioning.
• Gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and functions
B. DISEASE
an alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life
span

Common Causes of Disease

1. Biological agents – microorganisms
2. Inherited Genetic Diseases- ex. Achondroplasia
3. Developmental defects
4. Physical agents - hot and cold substances
5. Chemical agents - emissions from smoke-belching cars
6. Tissue response to irritation – inflammation
7. Metabolic process - inadequate iodine causing goiter, inadequate insulin in diabetes mellitus
8. Emotional/Physical - reaction to stress anxiety, fear

II. Risk Factors of A Disease

• Genetic and Physiological Factors
• Age
• Environmental
• Lifestyle

III. Classification of Disease

A. According to Etiologic Factors
• Hereditary – due to defect in the genes of one or other parent which transmitted to the
offspring
Examples: diabetes mellitus, hypertension
• Congenital – due to a defect in the development, hereditary factors, or prenatal infection;
present at birth
Examples: cleft lip, cleft palate
3. Metabolic – due to disturbance or abnormality in the intricate processes of metabolism
Examples: diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism
4. Deficiency – results from inadequate intake or absorption of essential dietary factors
Examples: osteomalacia, which is vitamin D deficiency in adults
5. Traumatic – due to injury
Examples: fractures
6. Allergic – due to abnormal response of the body to chemical or protein substances or to physical
stimuli
Examples: asthma, skin allergy
7. Neoplastic – due to abnormal or uncontrolled growth of cancer cells
8. Idiopathic – cause in unknown; self-originated; of spontaneous origin
Example: cancer
9. Degenerative – results from the degenerative changes that occur tissue and organs
Examples: osteoporosis, osteoarthritis
10. Iatrogenic – results from the treatment of a disease
Examples: hypothyroidism after thyroid surgery; alopecia (hair Loss) after chemotherapy
B. According to Duration or Onset
• Acute illness – usually has a short duration and is severe
Examples: appendicitis
• Chronic illness – usually longer than 6 months and can also affect functioning in any dimension
Examples: hypertension
Remission – period during which the disease is controlled and symptoms are not obvious
Exacerbation – The disease becomes more active again at a future time, with recurrence of
pronounced symptom
• Sub –acute - symptoms are pronounced but more prolonged than in acute disease
Example: sub-acute bacterial endocarditis

Others: Diseases may also described as:

1. Organic –any health condition in which there is an observable and measurable disease process,
Examples: inflammation or tissue damage
2. Functional – no anatomical changes are observed to
account for the symptoms present, may result from responses to stimuli
Examples: irritable bowel syndrome
3. Occupational – results from factors associated with the occupation engaged in by the patient
Examples: cancer among chemical factory workers
4. Familial – occurs in several individuals of the same family
Examples: hypertensive, cancer
5. Venereal – usually acquired through sexual relation
Examples: AIDS, gonorrhea
6. Epidemic – attacks a large number of individuals in a community at the same time
Examples: SARS
7. Endemic – present more or less continuously or recurs in a community
Examples: malaria in Palawan, goiter in Mountain Province
8. Pandemic – an epidemic disease which is extremely widespread involving an entire country/continent
Example: Covid 19
9. Sporadic – a disease in which only occasional cases occur
Example: Dengue during rainy season,
leptospirosis during floods

3. HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION

A. DISEASE PREVENTION
Leavell and Clark’s Agent (Host -Environment Model)
TERMS:
1. AGENT – any factor or stressor that can lead to illness or disease
2. HOST – persons who may or may not be affected by a disease
3. ENVIRONMENT – any factor external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to a
certain disease

Leavell and Clark’s Three Levels of Prevention

1. Primary Prevention
• Seeks to prevent a disease or condition at a prepathologic state.
To stop something from ever happening;
a. Health Promotion
b. health education
c. marriage counseling
c. genetic screening
d. good standard of nutrition adjusted to developmental phase of life

Specific Protection
a. use of specific immunization
b. attention to personal hygiene
c. use of environmental sanitation
d. protection against occupational hazards
e. protection from accidents
f. use of specific nutrients
g. protections from carcinogens
h. avoidance to allergens

2. Secondary Prevention
Also known as “Health Maintenance”. Seeks to identify specific illnesses or conditions at an early stage
with prompt intervention to prevent or limit disability; to prevent catastrophic effects that could occur if
proper attention and treatment are not provided

Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment

a. case finding measures
b. individual and mass screening survey
c. prevent spread of communicable disease
d. prevent complication and sequelae
e. shorten period of disability

3. Tertiary Prevention
Occurs after a disease or disability has occurred and the recovery process has begun;
Intent is to halt the disease or injury process and assist the person in obtaining an optimal health status.
To establish a high-level wellness. “To maximize use of remaining capacities’

Restoration and Rehabilitation

• Work therapy in hospital

B. HEALTH PROMOTION

Health Promotion Model

A. INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS
B. MODIFYING FACTORS
C. PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH

A. Individual Perception
1. Perceived susceptibility to an illness
Example: Family history to diabetes mellitus increases risk to develop the disease
2. Perceived seriousness of an illness
Example: diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease
3. Perceived threat of an illness
Example: Diabetes mellitus causes damage to the brain, heart, eyes, kidneys, blood vessels

B. Modifying Factors
1. Demographic variables
Examples: Age, Sex, Race
2. Structural variables
Example: knowledge about the disease
3. Sociopsychologic variables
Examples: social pressure or influence from peers
CUES ACTION
Examples: internal: fatigue, uncomfortable symptoms;
external: mass media, advice from others

C. Participation in Health

I. Health Style:
• the sum of personal health decisions that affect the individual and the community
• both very personal and very interpersonal

It is described as being influenced by

1. The information you have about your health
2. Your values
3. Your social support
4. Your health-related skills
5. Your health-related resources
6. The momentum developed by your health-related decisions

II. Indicators of Health Status

A. PERSONAL HEALTH STATUS
1. Satisfaction with life
2. Zest for life
3. Functional level of physical fitness
4. Minimum of illness
B. COMMUNITY HEALTH STATUS
1. MORBIDITY refers to the rate of illness in a group.
MORTALITY refers to the rate of death in a group.
2. LIFE EXPECTANCY refers to the number of years a person is expected to live

III. FACTORS that affect HEALTH Behavior and Status

1. Race- Caucasian American have longer life expectancy than African American
2. Sex -Women live longer than men
3. Income- Middle, high-income, more access than in low-income groups

IV. Activities to Promote Health and Prevent Illness

1. Have a regular physical examination (yearly)
2. Women
• Regular PAP test
• Monthly BSE (breast self-examination)
• IV. Activities to Promote Health and Prevent Illness
3. Men
• Regular testicular self examination
4. Annual dental examination
5. Regular eye examination
6. Exercise regularly (3x/wk for 30 mins.)
• IV. Activities to Promote Health and Prevent Illness
7. Do not smoke, avoid second hand smoke
8. Avoid alcohol, “recreational drugs”
9. Reduce fat and increase fiber in diet
10. Sleep regularly
11. Maintain ideal body weight