FOUNDATIONS

OF PUBLIC
HEALTH
MR. STEFAN PAOLO JESALVA
HISTORY OF PUBLIC
HEALTH
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ BABYLONIANS
▪ Understood the need for hygiene
▪ Developed medical skills
▪ EGYPTIANS
▪ Developed a variety of pharmaceutical preparations
▪ Constructed earth privies and public drainage systems
▪ Established rudimentary baths and toilets in dwelling places
▪ Developed surgical skills, even inventing devices which appeared to be
prototypes of modern day surgical instruments
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ INDIGENOUS & TRIBAL SOCIETIES

▪ Believed diseases were caused by malevolent spirits or bad luck; thus
were the presence of Shamans who were believed to able to
communicate with the spirit world and treat sickness caused by such
▪ HEBREWS (HEBREW MOSAIC LAW)
▪ Stressed prevention of disease through regulation of personal and
community hygiene, reproductive and maternal health, isolation of
lepers and other "unclean conditions", and family and personal sexual
conduct as part of religious practice
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ GREEKS
▪ Linked health to environment
▪ Wealthy people valued personal cleanliness, exercise, diet and
sanitation
▪ Came up with the concept of the “Four Humors”: phlegm, blood, yellow
bile and black bile
▪ Hippocrates contributed largely to the professionalism in medicine; he
established the Hippocratic School of Medicine, which was the first to
use terms we still used today such as: acute, chronic, endemic,
epidemic, paroxysms, and exacerbation
▪ Often referred to as the father of modern
medicine
▪ Noted the effect of food, occupation, and
especially climate in causing disease
▪ His book served as a guide for decisions
regarding the location of urban sites in
the Greco-Roman world, and may be
considered the first rational guide to the
establishment of a science-based public
health

HIPPOCRATES
A Greek physician of the Age of Pericles,
who is considered one of the most
outstanding figures in the history of
medicine
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ ROMANS
▪ In general were more focused on preventing diseases rather than
curing them
▪ Viewed medicine from a community health and social medicine
perspective
▪ Emphasized regulation of medical practice
▪ Galen – a Greek physician who migrated to Rome; his works became
the foundation for the study of Human Anatomy
▪ Had provision of pure H20
▪ Had establishment of sewers and aqueducts, many of which still exist
today
▪ Had supervision of public food preparation
▪ The period after the fall of Roman
Civilization
▪ Western Europe experienced a period of
social and political disintegration. Large
cities disappeared, replaced by small
villages surrounding the castles of
landlords (Feudalism)
▪ The only unifying force was Christianity; it
was in the monasteries that the learning MIDDLE AGES OR
and culture of the Greco-Roman world
was preserved
MEDIEVAL PERIOD

This period lasted from the 5th to the 15th

century
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ MIDDLE AGES OR MEDIEVAL PERIOD

▪ Poor sanitary conditions
▪ Increase in communicable diseases (cholera, bubonic plague, small
pox)
▪ The most notorious epidemic: the Black Plague also known as Bubonic
Plague
▪ Start of the movement of health education and personal hygiene
▪ Early Christians preserved Roman and Greek ideologies; the roman
catholic church especially influenced how people looked at health and
illness
▪ Religious convents and monasteries established hospices to shelter
travelers and sick persons
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ MIDDLE AGES OR MEDIEVAL PERIOD

▪ Leprosy was the most important disease of this period; exclusion of
lepers from the community at large
▪ Quarantine or Isolation – method of separating the lepers from those
unaffected by the disease which is still one of the public health
interventions being practiced until today
▪ Leper houses (leprosia) were established, and it is estimated that by
the end of the 12th century there were 19,000 such houses throughout
Europe
▪ Isolation of leprosy cases during these times represent the earliest
application of the public health practice still in use
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ MIDDLE AGES OR MEDIEVAL PERIOD

▪ As these events occurred, the responsibility for communal functions
was transferred from the feudal lords and church leaders to lay
councils presided over by a hierarchy of hereditary or appointed
officials
▪ Public health activities such as overseeing the water supply and
sewerage, street cleaning, and supervision of markets fell under the
jurisdiction of councils
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ SALERNO MEDICAL SCHOOL (Schola Medicana Salernitana)

▪ The world’s first medical school
▪ A lay organization independent of the church
▪ Welcomed students of any race or creed
▪ Where the Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum (The Salernitan
Rule of Health), the first health guide for the masses which
emphasized hygiene, diet, exercise, and temperance, is
believed to have originated from
▪ Faculty included women, who apparently dealt with obstetric
issues, and the renowned peripatetic scholar, Constatine the
African (1020-1087), who translated many important Arabic
works to Latin
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ PROMINENT ARABIC SCHOLARS AND PHYSICIANS:

▪ Al-Razi: known as the “Father of Pediatrics”; wrote the book: “The
Diseases of Children”
▪ Avicenna: the author of the “The Canon of Medicine”, which became a
major reference book for medical schools worldwide until the middle
of the 16th century
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ RENAISSANCE PERIOD
▪ The rise of scholars
▪ Girolamo Fracastoro – broadened the public’s understanding of how
epidemics or infections were spread
▪ Andreas Vesalius – wrote on the “Structure of the Human Body”
▪ William Harvey – did an intensive study of the human circulatory
system and properties of blood
▪ Anton van Leeweenhoek – initiated a new thinking on diseases and
how they can be caused by bacteria and microorganisms through a
crude microscope
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ COLONIAL PERIOD
▪ Period of exchanged of diseases between the colonizers and the
colonized (e.g. Spanish brought small pox to America)
▪ Explorers who came back from the New World brought with them
syphilis which baffled European physicians; people thought that water
was the carrier of the disease, thus baths were banned in most places
▪ European physicians who introduced remedies of diseases in European
society:
▪ Charles Louis Laveran – French surgeon, discovered parasites in the blood
of patients suffering from symptoms of malaria
▪ Ronald Ross – discovered malarial parasites could be transmitted by
mosquitoes and through mosquito bites
▪ Edward Janer – the Father of Immunology, pioneered vaccination or
immunization; discovered the vaccine against small pox
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
▪ Along with the Colonial Period was the rise of industries
▪ Advances in transportation, communication, and other forms of
technology
▪ Public health challenges: sanitation & overcrowding
▪ Religious women started to provide nursing care in institutions and
homes
▪ Edwin Chadwick – secretary of England’s Poor Law Commission;
studied the prevalence & causation of preventable diseases,
particularly the working poor in England
HISTORICAL ROOTS

▪ INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
▪ Dr. John Snow – the Father of epidemiology; he was able to elucidate
how cholera was transmitted by tracing its source which was actually a
water pump
▪ Robert Koch – developed the field of bacteriology
▪ Louis Pasteur – introduced the concept on fermentation, inoculation of
vaccine against rabies and killing the bacteria in milk known as
“pasteurization”
MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH

▪ 1601 – Elizabethan Poor Law written

▪ 1617 – Sisterhood of the Dames de Charite organized by St. Vincent de
Paul
▪ 1789 – Baltimore Health Department was established
▪ 1798 – Marine Hospital Service Department established in Dublin, where
nuns visited the poor
▪ 1813 – Ladies Benevolent Society of Charleston, South Carolina founded
▪ 1836 – Lutheran deaconess provided home visits in Germany
▪ 1855 – Beginning of tuberculosis campaign in the U.S.
▪ 1864 – Beginning of Red Cross
MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH

▪ 1948 – After World War II, WHO (World Health Organization) was established
▪ Centers for Disease control and Prevention (CDC) was established two years later
▪ John Salk & Albert Sabin discovered penicillin and developed a vaccine against
Polio
▪ 1976 - Peter Piot discovered Ebola virus in Zaire, Africa
▪ 1977 – Small pox was eventually eradicated
▪ 1982 – Selective Primary Health Care was established in Italy
▪ 1998 - Outbreak of Swine Flu H1N1 in the US
▪ 1997–2002 – New strains of Swine Flu such as H3N2 and H1N2
▪ 1997 – Another strain of Avian Flu virus A(H5N1) hit poultry workers in
Hongkong
MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH

▪ EARLY 20TH CENTURY

▪ Urgent health concern – infant mortality
▪ Maternal and child health programs were initiated with an emphasis
on nutrition, medical care, and eventually health inspection in schools
▪ High rates of occupational diseases and industrial injuries led to
programs for industrial hygiene and occupational health
▪ LATE 20TH CENTURY
▪ As infant and child mortality declined in the industrialized countries,
life expectancy and the proportions of the elderly in populations
increased
▪ After World War II, epidemiological research concentrated on
identifying risk factors for these and other chronic diseases; A
prominent role for behavioral factors was readily demonstrated
MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH

▪ 20th CENTURY
▪ The rise of many developments in Public Health most of which are
associated with social reforms
▪ Early part was predominated by infectious diseases such as Polio &
Yellow Fever
▪ Development of retroviral treatment have shown to reduce risk of
death and complications due to AIDS
▪ WHO 2003, outbreak of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
▪ 2014 – sudden outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa including U.S.A.
MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE
20TH CENTURY

▪ Vaccination to reduce epidemic diseases

▪ Improved motor vehicle safety
▪ Safer workplaces
▪ Control of infectious diseases
▪ Decline in death from cardiovascular disease
▪ Improvements in maternal and child health
▪ Family planning
▪ Fluoridation of drinking water
▪ Reductions in prevalence of tobacco use
CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH

1880 – 1920

Disease Control Phase

1920 – 1960

Health Promotion Phase

1960 – 1980

Social Engineering Phase

1980 Onwards

Health for All Phase

THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

▪ Today it addresses a wide range of issues:

▪ All infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS)
▪ All chronic diseases
▪ Violence
▪ Injury prevention
▪ Birth defects
▪ Bioterrorism
▪ Public health continues to evolve as it responds to the dynamic
changes in society, both at the local and global levels
DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH

▪ The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and

promoting physical health and efficiency through organized
community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the
control of community infections, the education of the individual in
principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and
nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventative treatment
of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will
ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living
adequate for the maintenance of health – Winslow, 1920
THE HEALTH FIELD
CONCEPT
HEALTH FIELD CONCEPT

▪ 4 PRINCIPAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

1. HUMAN BIOLOGY
2. ENVIRONMENT
3. LIFESTYLE
4. HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATION
▪ Consists of the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature, and relationships
of people and resources in the provision of health care
HEALTH FIELD CONCEPT

▪ CHARACTERISTICS
▪ To raise human biology, environment and lifestyle to a level of
categorical importance equal to that of health care organization
▪ It is comprehensive; any health problem can be traced to one, or a
combination of the four elements
▪ Permits a system of analysis by which any question can be examined
under the four elements in order to assess their relative significance
and interaction
▪ Permits a further sub-division of factors
▪ Provides a new perspective on health, a perspective which frees
creative minds for the recognition and exploration of hitherto neglected
fields
PUBLIC HEALTH

▪ Primary goal: Prevention of disease and disability

▪ It is a community-oriented and population-focused specialty area
▪ Its overall mission is to organize community efforts that will use
scientific and technical knowledge to prevent disease
▪ Has three core functions:
▪ Assessment
▪ Policy development
▪ Assurance
PUBLIC HEALTH

1. ASSESSMENT:
▪ Systematic data collection on the population monitoring the
population’s health status and making information available about
health of a community
▪ The following are factors cited from WHO Community Health Needs
Assessment (2001) published by the WHO Regional Office for Europe:
▪ Physical environment in which people live, such as the quality of the air they
breathe and the water they drink
▪ The social environment - the level of social and emotional support people
received from friends and/or family
▪ Poverty – which shortens and reduces enjoyment of life
▪ Behaviour and lifestyle (e.g. smoking causes lung cancer and coronary
heart disease)
▪ Family genetics and individual biology – if you come from a healthy family
you have a better chance of staying well
PUBLIC HEALTH

2. POLICY DEVELOPMENT:
▪ Refers to the efforts to develop policies that support the health of the
population including using of scientific knowledge and basis to make
policy decision
3. ASSURANCE:
▪ Making sure that essential community oriented health services are
available
SCOPE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

1. Activities that must be conducted on a Community basis:

▪ Supervision of community food, water, and milk supplies as well as
medications, household products, toys, and recreational activities
▪ Insect, rodent, and other vector control
▪ Environmental pollution control including atmospheric, soil, and
aquatic pollution, prevention of radiation hazards, and noise
abatement
2. Activities designed for prevention of illness, disability, or
premature death:
▪ Communicable disease including parasitic infections
▪ Dietary deficiencies or excess
▪ Behavioral disorders including alcoholism, drug habituation, narcotic
addiction, certain aspects of delinquency, and suicide
SCOPE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

▪ Mental illness including mental retardation

▪ Allergic manifestations and their community sources
▪ Neoplastic diseases
▪ Acute and chronic non-communicable respiratory diseases
▪ Metabolic diseases
▪ Certain hereditary or genetic conditions
▪ Occupational diseases
▪ Home, vehicular, and industrial accidents
▪ Dental disorders including dental caries and periodontal disease
▪ Certain risks of maternity, growth, and development
SCOPE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

3. Activities related to Comprehensive Health Care:

▪ Promotion of development, availability, and quality of health personnel,
facilities, and services in the broadest sense
▪ Operation of programs for early detection of disease
▪ Promotion and sometimes operation of emergency medical service systems
▪ Promotion and sometimes operation of treatment centers
▪ Facilitation of and participation of continuing education
4. Activities concerned with collection, preservation, analysis, and use of
vital records
5. Public education and motivation in Personal and Community Health
6. Comprehensive Health Planning and Evolution
7. Research – Scientific, Technical, and Administrative
LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE

1. HEALTH PROMOTION
▪ Activities to improve or maintain health status
▪ Ensuring adequate rest for toddlers
▪ Designing the personality development of an adolescent
▪ Retention of natural teeth
▪ Physical fitness and exercise
▪ E.g.:
▪ Family – parenting education
▪ Community – family planning services, basic nutrition
LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE

2. DISEASE PREVENTION
▪ Specific measures to prevent the disease or disability categorized
as:
▪ a. Clinical – immunization and screening, and diagnosis and treatment
of risk factors
▪ b. Behavioral – focus on lifestyle changes
▪ Preventive health addresses areas such as immunizations, family
planning, hypertension control, and treatments of STD’s
▪ Environmental changes – societal efforts to create a healthful
environment
▪ E.g.:
▪ Family - providing support groups for parents with teenagers
▪ Community - fluoridation of water supply
LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE

3. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

▪ The restoration level of Health Care; emphasizes on the early diagnosis
and prompt treatment of adolescents for STD
▪ E.g.:
▪ Family - providing counseling for marital problems
▪ Community - treatment and control of hypertension

4. REHABILITATION
▪ Limits incapacitation caused by health problems and to prevent
recurrences
▪ E.g.:
▪ Physical therapy of post stroke patient
LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE

▪ Family - may be assisted with the chronic debilitation of the family’s

breadwinner
▪ Community - providing services to children of teenage parents

▪ INTENT of THE 1st and 2nd LEVELS: to promote health and

preventive disease
▪ INTENT of THE LAST TWO LEVELS: to prevent serious
consequences arising from health problems
FOCUS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE

1. PRIMARY LEVEL PREVENTION

▪ Measures designed to promote general optimum health or the specific
protection of man against disease agents
▪ These are actions taken to prevent the occurrence of health problems
▪ Includes reducing the risk factors and preventing environmental
exposures
▪ E.g. eating nutritious food, routine immunizations, etc.
2. SECONDARY PREVENTION
▪ Focuses on the early identification and treatment of existing health
problems and after the occurrence of health problems
▪ Encompasses those activities in the third level of health diagnosis and
treatment
▪ E.g. screening of glaucoma, diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma
FOCUS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE

3. TERTIARY PREVENTION
▪ Aimed at returning the client to the highest level of functioning
possible following treatment of a health problem
▪ Correlates with the 4th or the rehabilitative level of health care
▪ E.g. placing the client on maintenance diet after the loss of weight due
to illness
CONCEPT OF
COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY

▪ VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF “COMMUNITY”

▪ “A group of people who reside in a specific locality and exercise some degree
of local autonomy in organizing their social life in such a way that they can
base and satisfy the full range of their daily needs” - Edward & Jone, 1976
▪ “A social group determined by geographic boundaries and/or common values
and interests; its members know and interact with one another; it functions
within a particular social structure and exhibits and creates norms, values,
and social institutions” - WHO
▪ “It is a collection of people who share some important features of their lives”
(e.g. LGBT community, Filipino expat community)
▪ Common in these definitions:
1. Network of interpersonal relationships that provide friendship and support
to members
2. Residence in common locality
3. Solidarity, sentiments, and activities
COMMUNITY

▪ COMMON ATTRIBUTES
▪ Critical attributes that define a group of people as a community
1. Group Orientation
▪ Through group membership an individual gains access to skills, services,
necessities, and amenities of life that one cannot provide on one’s own
▪ For the community to continue to provide these services it must safeguard its
survival
▪ This is the reason why communities adopt GROUP ORIENTATION in which the
group’s goals takes over the individual goals
2. Bonds between individuals
▪ In many forms such as lifestyle, shared ethnicity, culture, living in a specific
geographic location, similar interests, goals, or occupation. The type of bond
between members determines the type of community
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMMUNITY

1. Urban
▪ High density community
▪ Socially heterogenous population
▪ Complex structure, non-agricultural occupation
▪ Characterized by complex interpersonal social relations
2. Rural
▪ Usually small
▪ Occupation of population is usually farming, fishing, and food
gathering
▪ Characterized by primary group relations; well–knit and having a high
degree of group feeling
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMMUNITY

3. Suburban
▪ An outlying part of a city or town
▪ A smaller place adjacent to or sometimes within commuting distance
of a city
▪ Characterized by the blending of urban and rural
▪ OTHER TYPES
▪ Communities with territorial bonds
▪ Have specifically defined territories and boundaries that may be spatial
(space), temporal, or both
▪ This reflects the “where and when” dimension of the definition of
community
▪ E.g. Velez college graduates from 1990 to 2000 form an association
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMMUNITY

▪ OTHER TYPES
▪ Communities with relational bonds
▪ Includes groups in which the bonds between individuals is a common
relationship rather than specific boundaries

▪ None of the communities discussed are exclusive, any group may

represent more than one type of community
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY

▪ The CORE
▪ Represents the people that make up the community
▪ Included are the demographics of the population as well as the values,
beliefs, and history of the people
▪ Eight SUBSYSTEMS
1. Housing
▪ Shelter, lodging, and dwellings provided for number of people or for a
community
▪ Adequacy and availability of the housing facilities to the whole population
▪ Housing laws/regulations governing the people
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY

2. Education
▪ Laws, regulations, facilities, and activities affecting education
▪ Ratio of education to learners
▪ Distribution of education facilities
▪ Recipients of education
▪ Informal education facilities and activities existing in the community
3. Fire and Safety
▪ Fire protection facilities and fire prevention activities and their distribution in the
community
▪ Police protection
4. Politics and Government
▪ Political structures present in the community
▪ Decision making process/pattern of leadership style observed
▪ E.g. democratic , republic, decentralized
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY

5. Health
▪ Health facilities and activities in the community
▪ Distribution of health facilities
▪ Utilization of health services
6. Communication Systems
▪ Types of Communication existing in the community
▪ E.g. telephones, mail, telegrams, internet, etc.
▪ Forms of Communication (verbal, written, nonverbal)
▪ Formal and informal communication
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY

7. Economics
▪ General occupation of the population
▪ Types of economic activities such as production, distribution, marketing,
and buying of goods
▪ Income
8. Recreation
▪ Recreational activities/facilities present
▪ Consumers of these recreations and their appropriateness
COMMUNITY HEALTH

▪ The attainment of the greatest possible biological, psychological,

and social well being of the community as an entity and its
individual members and is not just the sum of the health status of
all community members
▪ Focuses on the health status of a group of people as collective
entity rather than as individuals
QUALITY OF HEALTH:
COMMUNITY ACTION &
INNOVATION
“PARTICIPATION IS ESSENTIAL TO SUSTAIN HEALTH PROMOTION
ACTION”
HEALTH PROMOTION IN PUBLIC HEALTH

▪ The process of enabling people to increase control over their

health and improve it
▪ It represents a comprehensive, social, and political process; it not
only embraces actions directed at strengthening the skills and
capabilities of individuals, but is also action directed towards
changing social, environmental, and economic conditions so as to
alleviate public and individual health (Ottawa, 1986)
▪ Focused on behavioural changes such as smoking cessation, diet,
and exercise
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

▪ The process by which community groups are helped to identify

common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and in other ways
develop and implement strategies for reaching the goals they
collectively have set (Minkler and Wallerstein, 1997)
GENERAL STEPS IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

“Communities should play a lead role in order to achieve real

empowerment and not just community betterment” - Himmelman,
1992
1. Problem identification
2. Interface with Community
3. People Organization
4. Community Profile and Assessment
5. Goal Setting and Formulation of Strategies
GENERAL STEPS IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

▪ This process of following the 5 steps in community organizing is

necessary in:
▪ Maintaining community health
▪ Understanding population
▪ Community health data
▪ Gathering and analysing these types of health data are part of the
epidemiological study that can be conducted in the community
CENTRALIZED HEALTH CARE SERVICES

▪ In this diagram showing a centralized healthcare system, we can

infer that non-specialty care or primary care is integrated in the
center of the model of modern healthcare, reason being that
physicians who specialize in primary care are grounded in just
about every field of medicine that there is; so whatever you might
be experiencing, your first step would be to consult a primary care
physician
DECENTRALIZED HEALTH CARE SERVICES
DECENTRALIZED HEALTH CARE SERVICES

▪ A decentralized healthcare system poses several pros and cons in our

society. Medical services are not as accessible compared to urban
communities which allow and prompt LGU’s and other private sectors to
launch new ways of providing healthcare services such as televisits,
home video visits, and other e-healthcare services to the citizens in rural
areas. However, even with the emergence of electronic health care
services, this will still not be in par with actual office visits where doctors
can physically assess their patient’s conditions
▪ Another concrete example of a decentralized healthcare system would
be the diagnostic centers here in Cebu. Different testing centers provide
varying normal reference ranges to lab results, but with a centralized
system, every diagnostic center would have a uniform and standardized
normal reference range for every type of lab test
▪ A major disadvantage of a decentralized approach is that flexibility is
hard to attain especially with regards to resources. A centralized
approach can easily shift its resources to where and when they are
needed
EFFECTS OF HEALTH TO THE COMMUNITY

▪ The quality and quantity of human resources depend on the level

of health of the people

▪ A healthy community produces a healthy citizenry

▪ A healthy community is an economically developed community

▪ Less illness, disease, and disability imply a higher quality of life

TAKEAWAY POINTS

▪ HEALTH FIELD CONCEPT

1. HUMAN BIOLOGY
2. ENVIRONMENT
3. LIFESTYLE
4. HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATION

▪ PUBLIC HEALTH
1. Assessment
2. Policy development
3. Assurance
TAKEAWAY POINTS

▪ SCOPE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

1. Activities that must be conducted on a Community basis
2. Activities designed for prevention of illness, disability, or premature death
3. Activities related to Comprehensive Health Care
4. Activities concerned with collection, preservation, analysis, and use of
vital records
5. Public education and motivation in Personal and Community Health
6. Comprehensive Health Planning and Evolution
7. Research
TAKEAWAY POINTS

▪ LEVELS OF HEALTHCARE
1. Health Promotion
2. Disease Prevention
3. Diagnosis and Treatment
4. Rehabilitation

▪ FOCUS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE

1. Primary Level Prevention
2. Secondary Prevention
3. Tertiary Prevention
TAKEAWAY POINTS

▪ QUALITY OF HEALTH: COMMUNITY ACTION & INNOVATION

▪ HEALTH PROMOTION IN PUBLIC HEALTH
▪ COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
▪ GENERAL STEPS IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
1. Problem identification
2. Interface with Community
3. People Organization
4. Community Profile and Assessment
5. Goal Setting and Formulation of Strategies
▪ CENTRALIZED VS. DECENTRALIZED HEALTH CARE SERVICES
▪ EFFECTS OF HEALTH TO THE COMMUNITY