DKPY - BSN 1D 

TFN 2F - CONCEPTS OF HEALTH   Illness  Behavior  -  ​involves  the  manner  in 

Define terms:  which  individuals  monitor  their  bodys, 
Health  -  “​state  of  complete  physical,  define  and  interpret  their  symptoms,  take 
mental,  social  well  being,  not  merely  the  remedial  actions  and  utilize  sources  of 
absence of disease or infirmity.  help  as  well  as the more formal health care 
- Ability to maintain role  system 
- Maintain optimal state of health  - How  people  react,  manage  and 
Health  Behavior  -  ​refers  to  a  person’s  perceives to being free from illness 
beliefs  and  actions  regarding  on  their  Wellness  - ​state of well-being, maximizing 
health and well-being  your potential in order to function 
- People’s  health  behaviors  jive  well  - Active  process  of  becoming  aware 
with  promoting  and  maintaining  a  of  and  making  choices  toward  a 
healthy lifestyle.   healthy  and  fulfilling  life;  change; 
- Person’s  ideas,  convictions,  and  growth 
attitudes about health and illness  Immunity  -  specific resistance of the body 
● Positive Health Behaviors  to infection 
- Maintaining,  attaining  good  health  STAGE OF ILLNESS 
or  regaining  good  health  in  (in  relation  to  its  individual  symptoms 
preventing  illness.  (I.e.  ​Exercising,  experience) 
Balanced diet, good sleeping pattern)  1. Symptom Experience 
● Negative Health Behaviors   - At  this  stage,  the  person  comes  to 
- Activities  related  to  actually  or  believe  something  is  wrong,  either 
potentially  harming  health  (i.e.  someone  significantly  mentions 
smoking abuse)  that  the  person  looks  unwell  or  the 
Illness  -  a  disease  or  period  of  sickness  person experiences some symptoms 
affecting the body or mind   such as pain, rash, cough, fever.  
- Process  which  functioning  of  a  - Person  comes  to  believe  something 
person is diminished or impaired in  is wrong 
one  or  more  dimensions  when  2. Assumption of the Sick Role 
compared  with  person’s  previous  - The individual now accepts the sick 
conditions  role  and  seeks  confirmation  from 
- State  of  physical,  emotional,  the  family  and  friends.  Often 
developmental,  social  functioning  people  continue  with 
is impaired  self-treatment  and  delay  contact 
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with the healthcare professionals as  Impact of Illness pm Client and Family 

long as possible  Client/Patient  -  ​one  who  is suffering from 
3. Medical Care Contact  disease,  injury,  an  abnormal  state  or  a 
- Sick  people  seek  the  advice  of  a  mental  disorder,  and  is  engaged  in  related 
healthcare  professional  either  on  treatment.  
their  own  initiative or at the urging  a. Physical health of the Client 
of  significant  others.  When  people  - The  patient’s  body  condition  will 
seek  professional  advice  they  are  be  affected,  and  so  with  how  the 
really  asking  for  3  types  of  body system work and how he cares 
information.   for his body once he’s sick 
- validate/confirm  with  a  health  b. Mental and Emotional Health 
professional   - Affection  of  the  condition  of  mind, 
4. Dependent Client Role  expression  of  feelings,  and  the 
- After  accepting  the  illness  and  ability  to  manage  stress  or  the 
seeking  treatment,  the  client  ability  to  cope  on  the  demands  of 
becomes  dependent  on  the  illness.  
professional for help.   c. Family and Social Health  
- Depends  on  care  and  support  of  - Patient’s  relationship to others may 
others  change,  on  how  they  will get along, 
5. Recovery/Rehabilitation  how they care, their responsibilities 
- During  this  stage,  the  client  is  as  a  family  member  and as a friend, 
expected  to  relinquish  the  also  the  way  they  show  their 
dependent  role  and  resume  former  respect  for  others  is  included  in 
roles and responsibilities  this aspect.  
Stages of Illness  IMPACT ON THE FAMILY  
Symptoms Experience  FAMILY  -  ​when  serious  illness  or 
↓  disability  strikes  a  person,  the  family  as  a 
Assumption Sick Role  whole  is  affected  by  the  disease  process 
↓  and by the entire health care experience. 
Medical Care Contact   - Illness  of  a  family  member  will 
↓  disrupt the whole family  
Dependent Client Role   
↓   
Recovery/Rehabilitation    
   
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6 CHAIN OF DEVELOPING AN   

INFECTION  3 LEVELS OF PREVENTION  
  1. Primary Prevention 
  - Directed  toward  promoting  health 
  and  preventing  the  development  of 
  disease process  
  - Decrease risk exposure 
  I.e.  
  - Immunization of communicable 
  diseases  
  - Public health education about goud 
  nutrition, exercises, stress 
Infectious  Agent  -  ​refers  to  any  disease  management and so on 
causing  agents  like  virus,  bacteria,  and  - Filtration public water supply 
other microorganisms  - Environmental sanitation and 
Reservoir  -  ​refers  to  the  place where those  provision 
disease  causing  agents  can  stay  and  2. Secondary Prevention  
function  their  process  (ex.  Humans,  - Focuses on early detection and 
animals, insects)  prompt treatment of disease 
Portal of Entry - ​are the parts in which the  - Physical check-ups 
infectious  agents  enter  into  the  reservoir  I.e 
like  the  nose,  mouth,  mucous  membrane,  - Screening surveys 
specimen collection  - Mammography -> breast cancer 
Mode  of  Transmission  -  ​is  the  process  of  - Occult blood test -> colorectal 
those  infectious  agent  that  transfers  from  cancer 
one medium off to another through droplet  3. Tertiary Prevention  
of  blood,  saliva,  airborne,  contact,  and  - Focuses on rehabilitation and 
vehicle  restoration  
Portal  of  Exit  -  ​refers  to  process  of  those  I.e.  
infectious  agents  move  out  from  the  - Teaching clients with diabetes to 
reservoirs  through  nose,  mouth,  mucous  identify and prevent complications 
membrane, skin and unsterile equipment   
Host  -  ​refers  to  the  human  and  animals  2 TYPES OF IMMUNITY  
which  are  possibly  infected  by  the  Antibody - fight against disease 
infections.  Active Immunity  
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- Results when exposure to a disease  Artificial - v​ accines and immune system 

organism triggers the immune  Health Models 
system to produce antibodies to  A. Halbert Dunn’s Health Models 
that disease  Dunn’s high level of wellness and Grid 
- Exposure to the disease organism  models 
can occur through infection with   
the actual disease   
- Long-lasting, sometimes life-long   
Types​:   
Natural​ - antibodies are formed in   
presence of active infection in the body   
(life-long)   
Artificial - a​ rtificially made antigens   
- Antigens are administered to   
stimulate antibody production   
(many years)   
   
  B. Health-Illness Continuum (Travis) 
  Illness-wellness Continuum 
   
Passive Immunity    
- Is provided when a person is given   
antibodies to a disease rather than   
producing them through his or her   
own immune system   
- Can get passive immunity through  - Diabetes  - Awareness 
antibody - containing blood  - Symptoms - Education 
products such as immune globulin  - Signs  - Growth  
- Advantage -> protection is  No detectable illness/wellness 
immediate  - Illustrates this process of change in 
- Lasts only for a few weeks   which individuals experience 
Types​:  various states of health and illness 
Natural - a​ ntibodies are transferred  that fluctuate throughout his life 
naturally.   
   
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Halbert Dunn’s Model  E. Holistic Health Model 

- Recognizes health as an ongoing  - Represents the interaction of the 
process toward a person’s highest  mind, body and spirit 
potential   Interventions 
- Involves the person, family, and  1. Music therapy 2. Relaxation 
community  therapy 
- “The experience of a person alive  3. Reminisce  4. Therapeutic 
with the glow of good health, alive  therapy 
to the tips of their fingers with  F. Clinical Health Model (Judith Smith) 
energy bum”  - Smith model of health is to ensure 
- Lifestyle focused approach with the  the equitable delivery of health 
purpose of pursuing the highest  care, absence of signs and 
level of health within your  symptoms 
capability  1. Goals to be achieved 
C. Health Belief Model (Rosenstock)  2. Sufficient extent of 
- Based on the premise that for a  improvement  
behavioral change to succeed,   - “State of not being sick” 
individuals must have the incentive  - Becomes an illness if a 
to change, feel threatened by their  person shows signs and 
current behavior and feel that a  symptoms of a disease 
change will be beneficial   G. Adaptive Health Model (Smith) 
- Explain and predict preventive  Good Adaptation Behavior -> HEALTH 
health behavior  Poor Adaptation Behavior - ILLNESS 
- Addresses the relationship between  - Ability to adapt to social, mental 
a personal belief  and physiological change is 
D. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of  indicative of health  
Needs  - Illness occurs when the person fails 
  to adapt.  
  H. Role Performance: MODEL 
  - Ability to perform social roles 
  - Rate performance includes work, 
  family and social roles with 
  performance based on societal 
  expectations. 
 
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a. Ability to do function in society  - Influences beliefs, values, and 

despite having symptoms  customs influences approach, do 
HEALTH - individuals ability to fulfill  healthcare system personal health 
societal roles, and do perform work  practices and nurses client 
b. People who can fulfill their roles  relationships 
are healthy even if they appear ill.   Heredity 
I. Leavell and Clark’s Ecological Model  - Major physical risk factors 
- The three steps to preventing   
infection    
c. Agent - host - Environment   
- Is a dynamic process    
- Must be balanced, if not, health not  Environment 
maintained.  - Where we live and condition 
Host   determines how we live, when we 
- Age, sex, race, genetic profile,  eat, disease agents, to which we are 
previous disease, immune status,  exposed.  
religion, customs occupation,  Socioeconomic 
marital status, family background   - Person generally seeks approval 
Agent   and support social networks and 
- Biological (bacteria, virus)  this desire affects health beliefs 
- Chemical (poison, alcohol, smoke)  and practices 
- Physical (Trauma, relation, fire)   
Environment   MULTIFUNCTIONAL PHENOMENON 
- Temperature, humidity, attitude,  A. Politics  
crowding, having neighborhood,  Affects​: 
food, milk, polidisc  - Safety condition of being free from 
  norm 
  - Oppression unjust or cruel exercise 
  of power 
FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH AS  - Political will best interests majority  
MULTIFUNCTIONAL PHENOMENA  - Empowerment using facilities and 
Political   abilities at maximum level for a 
- Politics greatly influence the social  common pursuit 
climate in which people live.   B. Cultural  
Cultural    
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Affects:   
- practices/behaviors - action usually   
used to promote health, to   
understand their health, health   
behaviors and influences  What is the role of the nurse? 
Beliefs - a group of people place  - Holistic caring care  
trust into something or a person  - To help patients identify and reach 
C. Heredity and Biological  health goals; must discover fuse 
Affects:  information about their concepts of 
  health  
  - Assist clients in achieving optimal 
  levels of health 
- Influences biological  - Understand the challenges of 
characteristics innate  today’s health care system  
temperament, activity level, and  - Use wellness (immunization, good 
intellectual potential   hygiene) activities to promote 
D. Socio - Economic  health and wellness and prevent 
Affects:   illness 
- Social support  What is Health? 
- Standard of living   - Is state of complete physical, 
- Hygiene, diet and prosperity to  mental, and social well-being and 
seek help  not merely the absence of disease 
- Overcrowding  or infirmity (WHO, 1948) 
- Occupation roles  - Ability to maintain normal roles 
- Social interaction  (Parsons 1951) 
E. Environment  - In 1980, ANA defined health as a 
Affects:  dynamic state of being in which the 
- Geographical location determines  developmental and behavioral 
climate and can affect health  potential of an individual is 
- Pollution   realized to the fullest extent 
- Cigarette smoke  possible.  
- Radiation  - Pender and others (2006) suggest 
- Chemicals  that for many people, conditions of 
  life rather than pathological states 
  are what defines health. 
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  “The state of not being sick” - becomes an 

Application of health:  illness if a person has signs and symptoms 
1. Physical status  of disease  
2. Emotional well-being  - Can be restored if the illness is 
3. Social relationship  treated 
4. Intellectual functioning  2. Adaptive Model  
5. Spiritual condition   - Ability to adapt positively to social, 
  mental, and physiological change is 
  indicative of health  
   
What is belief?   
- Are a person’s ideas, convictions,   
and attitudes about health and  - Illness occurs when the person fails 
illness.   to adapt or becomes maladaptive 
- May be based on factual  toward these changes 
information or misinformation  ● To combat disease - you 
- And because health beliefs usually  should have a good 
  adaptive/coping skills 
  ● Good adaptation behavior 
  -> HEALTH 
  ● Bad adaptation behavior -> 
  ILLNESS 
  3. Role performance Model  
  - Health is defined in terms of the 
  individual's ability to fulfil social 
  roles, that is to perform work 
MODELS OF HEALTH   - People who can fulfil their roles are 
- Health models allows nurses to  healthy even when they are 
understand and predict clients  clinically ill 
health behavior  4. Agent-Host-Environment Model  
1. Clinical Model  - Health depends on the interaction 
- Health is absence of illness  of host, agent and environment 
- Not sick  - Balance among these elements 
results in health  
- More on predicting disease 
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- Illness occurs when there is an  - A health axis which range from 
imbalance of the elements   peak wellness to death/illness 
- Age  7. Health Belief Model 
- Sex  - Addresses the relationship between 
- Race  a person’s beliefs and behaviors 
- Immune status  (theoretical propositions of the 
- Religion  health belief model 
- Customs  - Perceived susceptibility of disease x 
- Occupation  - Perceived seriousness of disease x 
   
   
   
  Modifying factors 
  - Demographic variables (age, sex) 
  - Sociopsychological (personality, 
  social class) 
5. ​Travis’ Illness-Wellness  8. Basic Human Weeds Model  
Continuum  - Are elements that are necessary for 
- Composed of two arrows pointing  humans survival and health  
in opposite directions.  9. Holistic Health Model  
  - Holistic view of health  
   
   
   
  1. Music therapy 
  2. Reminisce 
  3. Relaxation therapy 
High Level Wellness is:  Examples of holistic approach to healing: 
- Giving good care to your physical  - Use reminisce in the geriatic 
self  population to help relieve anxiety 
- Using your mind constructively  for clients dealing with memory 
- Expressing emotions effectively  loss 
6. Dunn’s High Wellness Model  - Music therapy in the operating 
- Composed of two axis that form  room 
four quadrants  - Breathing exercises 
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Illness  - If a parent in the family becomes 

- Inability of an individual's adaptive  ill, family activities and decision 
responses to maintain physical and  making often come to a halt 
Disease  Immunity 
- Medical term in pathologic state  - May be natural 
Illness  - Resistance 
- Response of the person to a disease   
Acute Illness   
- Severe symptoms of relatively   
short period of time; appear   
abruptly and subsides quickly   
Chronic Illness   
- gradual , that lasts a long time   
usually 6 months or longer, usually   
irreversible   
- Ex. cancer, diabetes   
Illness behavior   
- A coping mechanism    
- How people react, manage and   
perceives to being   
Impact of Illness on the client and family   
● Behavioral and Emotional   
Changes   
- Short term evoke few behavioral   
changes    
- Severe illness can lead to anxiety,   
shock, anger etc.   
● Body Image   
- When a change in body image   
occurs, the client adjusts   
● Family Roles   
- Role reversal is common that could   
lead to stress   
● Family Dynamics    
 
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