Concept of Man and His Basic Human Needs

Man- a Biopsychosocial and spiritual being who is in constant contact with the environment (Roy)

Dimensions or Aspect of Human Person

1. Physiological/ Physical/ Biological
 Genetic make up, age, developmental level, race, sex
 Strongly influence health status and health practice
2. Psychological dimension
 Feelings, affect and person’s ability to express
 Beliefs in one’s worth
 It makes a man unique from others
3. Social
 Concerns the sense of having support available for family and friends, practices, values
beliefs that determine health
 Culture, age groups, social status, educational status
4. Spiritual
 Refers to the recognition and ability to practice moral or religious principles
5. Sexual dimension
 Acceptance and ability to achieve satisfactorily expression of one’s sexuality
6. Intellectual Dimension
 Cognitive abilities, educational background, past experiences, sense of purpose

Man According to Martha Rogers

 Man is a unified whole composed of parts which are interdependent and interrelated
with each other
 It is composed of parts which are greater than and different from the sum of all its parts

Man’s Basic Human Needs

A. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Self
-
act
uali
zati
Self Esteem
on
Love and Belongingness- the need to
love and be loved, need to establish
relationships
Safety and Security- Physical safety, psychological safety, need
for shelter and freedom from harm and danger

Physiologic- oxygen, fluids, nutrition, body temperature,

elimination, rest and sleep, sex
 B. Virginia Henderson 14 Basic Needs
1. Breath 8. Keep clean
2. Eat and drink 9. Avoid danger
3. Eliminate 10. Communicate
4. Move and maintain posture 11. Worship
5. Sleep and rest 12. work
6. Dress and undress 13. play
7. Maintain body temperature 14. Learn

Health and Illness

Health- a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity (WHO)
Wellness- an integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of
which the individual is capable
Well-being- subjective feeling of vitality and feeling well
Illness- absence of health, subjective, feeling of being ill
Disease- alteration of body functioning resulting in a reduction of capacities/ shortening of lifespan
Health status- state of health at a given time
Health behavior- health actions people take

Models of Health and Illness

1. The Health and Illness Continuum (Dunn)

 Describes the interaction of the environment with wellbeing and illness
 ENVIRONMENT

Protected poor health in High Level Wellness in

favorable environment. favorable environment

ILLNESS Health

GOOD HEALTH High Level Wellness

Precursor of illness
High Level

Poor health in favorable Emergent high level of wellness in

environment. unfavorable environment

2. Health Belief Model (Becker, 1975)

 Describes the relationship between a person’s belief and behavior.
 Individual’s perception and modifying factors may influence health beliefs and
preventive health behavior
 Individual Perceptions
o Perceived susceptibility to an illness
o Perceived seriousness of an innless
o Perceive threat to an illness
3. Smith’s Model of Health
 Health is a state of being free of signs and symptoms of disease and illness.
 Health is the absence of illness
1. Clinical Model- views people as physiologic system with related functions and identifies
health as the absence of signs and symptoms of disease and injury
2. Role performance Model- Defines health in terms of individual’s ability to fulfill societal
roles such as performing work
3. Adaptive model- Focuses on adaptation. Views health as creative process; and disease as a
failure in adaptation of mal-adaptation.
4. Eudemonistic Model- conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization
of person’s potential. This model avers that the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment
and complete development-actualization.

4. Leavell and Clark’s Agent-Host-environment Model ( Ecologic Model)

 Three interactive factors that affect health and illness

 1. Agent- any factor or stressor that can lead to illness or disease
2. Host- Person who may or may not be affected by disease
3. Environment- any factor external to the host that may or may not predispose the
person to a certain disease
 Three Levels of Prevention
1. Primary Prevention- to encourage optimal health and to increase the person’s
resistance to illness. Seeks to prevent a disase or condition a a prepathologic state;
stops something from ever happening.
a. Health promotion
b. Specific protection
 Quit smoking, avoid/ limit alcohol intake, exercise regularly, eat
balance diet, maintain ideal body weight
 Information dissemination, health appraisal and wellness program,
lifestyle and behavior change program
2. Secondary Prevention- focuses on early detection and prompt treatment of
diseases
 Goal- to reverse or reduce the severity of the disease or to provide a cure
 Annual physical exam
 Regular pap smear
 Monthly BSE for women
 Sputum exam for TB
3. Tertiary Prevention- begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated to reduce
disability and to help rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning
 Self monitoring of blood sugar
 Attending self-management education for diabetes

Stages of Illness

1. Symptom experience
 Transition stage
 The person believes something is wrong
 Experience some symptoms
o Physical (fever, muscle aches, malaise, headache)
o Cognitive (perception of having flu)
o Emotional (wory on consequences of illness)
2. Assumption of sick role
 Acceptance of illness
 Seek advice support for decision to give up some activities
3. Medical Care Contact
 Seeks advice of health professional for the following reasons
o Validation of real illness
o Explanation of symptoms
o Reassurance of prediction of outcome
4. Dependent Patient Role
 The person becomes a client depended on health professionals for help
 Accept’reject health professionals suggestions
 Becomes more passive and accepting
5. Recovery/ Rehabilitation
 Gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and function