Circulatory System

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
John Marie Famoso

University of San Agustin
Iloilo
OUTLINE
• Blood
• Heart structure
• Circulatory Pathway
• Vessels
• Heart sound, Pulse
and BP
12/6/2022 JOHN MARIE FAMOSO 2

INTRODUCTION
• Cardiovascular system contributes

to the homeostasis of other
body systems by transporting and
distributing blood throughout the
body to deliver materials (such as
oxygen, nutrients, and hormones)
and carry away wastes.
INTRODUCTION
• Cardiovascular system contributes

to the homeostasis of other
body systems by transporting and
distributing blood throughout the
body to deliver materials (such as
oxygen, nutrients, and hormones)
and carry away wastes.
Blood
BLOOD
Is a connective tissue composed of a liquid matrix called plasma.
FUNCTIONS
- Transportation of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) or internal
respiration, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste between cells.
- Regulates pH, body temp., water content in cells.
- Protection from blood loss (clotting) and diseases (white blood
cells and antibodies).
- Turn bright red when oxygen is present.

COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
55%
45%
Cell type Illustration Description Cells/mm3of blood Function

“
12/6/2022 JOHN MARIE FAMOSO
Ric hard Branson
” 9
DIFFERENTIAL BLOOD
CELL COUNT
• A complete blood count
(CBC) with DIFF is often run in
the lab on a machine that
counts with an algorithm to
match cells. However, many
clinicians request a manual
count from a trained lab tech's
perspective when highly
accurate counts are necessary
or if cells are expected to be
irregular, such as in leukemias.
DIFFERENTIAL BLOOD
CELL COUNT
• Normal DIFF counts are
approximately as follows*:
• Neutrophils 40-70%
• Lymphocytes 20-40%
• Monocytes 2-8%
• Eosinophils 1-4%
• Basophils 0-1%

TERMS
• Antigen- any substance that is capable of
causing an immune reaction. There are
usually proteins, glycoproteins, or
glycolipids.
• Antibody- an immune system protein that is
found in most body fluids, especially blood
plasma. Antibodies bind to antigens to aid
the immune response.
• Agglutination- the clumping of cell bound
antigens, as occurs when antibodies attach
to ABO and D(Rh) antigens.
• Agglutinogen- The substance being
clumped in an agglutination reaction.
Antigens in blood typing are agglutinogens..
TERMS
• Agglutinin- The substance
causing clumping in an
agglutination process. Antibodies
in blood typing are agglutinins.
• Positive- Does NOT mean
“good.” In testing, positive means
what you are testing for is
present.
• Negative- Does NOT mean
“bad.” In testing, negative means
what you are testing for is absent.
BLOOD TYPES
• Types distinguished by
ANTIGEN and ANTIBODIES.
• Agglutination
- Clumping of red blood cells
- Antigens on the surface of
RBCs bind to Antibodies in the
plasma.

Major blood type: ABO blood group

BLOOD TYPE TEST
• The test to determine

your blood group is
called ABO typing. Your
blood sample is mixed
with antibodies against
type A and B blood.
• Determines blood type and
compatibility
Antibodies
PRIMARY GOALS
Annual revenue growth
Blood type
(presence of
antigen)
AB PRIMARY GOALS
B
A
PRIMARY GOALS
Blood types (Rh blood group)
• Rh (Rhesus) antigen are • Rh+ blood is donated to

proteins in the red Rh- person, antibodies
blood cells. form.
• Rh+ blood is donated
again to Rh- person,
Rh Rh antibodies will bind to the
+ - Rh+ blood and cause
agglutination.
ANTIGEN ANTIGEN
PRESENT ABSENT

PRIMARY GOALS
PRIMARY GOALS
Mother
O O
A AA AA
Father
O OO OO
Average distribution of the blood types in
the United States.
PRIMARY GOALS
The most common blood type is
A n n u https://doh.gov.ph/node/1447
al revenue growth
Blood Group O followed by A, then B
and AB. More than 99% of Filipinos
are Rh positive while less than 1%
has Rh negative blood (DOH).
https://www.sandiegobloodbank.org/what-most-common-blood-type
https://doh.gov.ph/node/1447
HEMATOCRIT TEST
• the percentage by volume of

red cells in your blood. Blood
is made up of red blood cells,
white blood cells and
platelets (45%), suspended in
plasma (55%).
• Test for suspected anemic.
• Packed cell volume (PCV) is a
measurement of the proportion
of blood that is made up of cells
per 100 ml.
https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/dlp/hematocrit.html
PRIMARY GOALS
Steps
1 3 5
Clean thumb Seal one end of Calculate
with alcohol- the capillary tube
soaked cotton with sealing clay
and puncture
it.
Allow blood to
enter the Spin the tube in
capillary tube via a microcentrifuge
capillary action for 5 mins
(fill the tube at (1000rpm)
80%)
2 4

PRIMARY GOALS
Adult males: 42–52% Adult females: 37–47%

HEMOGLOBIN TEST
• Red blood cells (RBCs) are

about one-third hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is the main protein
that carries oxygen and some
carbon dioxide in the blood.
• Healthy hemoglobin content in
the blood varies with age, sex,
and other factors. Generally,
the values below are
considered the normal range.
Male: 14–18 g Hb/100 mL
Female: 12–16 g Hb/100 mL
HEMOGLOBIN TEST
• The hemoglobin content of

blood is one measure of the
oxygen-carrying capacity of
the blood.
• An abnormally elevated
hemoglobin content will occur if
someone is "blood doping."
• Blood doping refers to any of
several methods used to
increase the blood oxygen-
carrying capacity.
Heart
BASE
HEART
- cone-shaped organ approximately the size of a fist, located
within the mediastinum of the thorax.
- Flanked laterally by the lungs, posteriorly by the vertebral
column, and anteriorly by the sternum.
- The more pointed apex extends slightly to the left and
rests on the diaphragm and its broader base, from which the APEX
great vessels emerge, lies beneath the second rib and points
toward the right shoulder.

HEART FUNCTIONS
1.Routing blood
2.Ensuring one-way blood flow
3.Regulating blood supply
4.Generating blood pressure
APEX
At rest, pumps approximately 5 L of blood per minute .

PRIMARY GOALS
HEART WALLS (3
LAYERS) Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium – a double-layered sac that

anchors it within the mediastinum and Endocardium
protects heart; forms the pericardial cavity
(space around heart); consists of two layers:
Fibrous Pericardium – a tough connective

tissue in outer layer
Serous Pericardium – inner layer; consists
of flat epithelial cells with a thin layer of
Pericardium
connective tissue:
• Parietal Pericardium : a part of serous that
lines the fibrous pericardium
• Visceral Pericardium / Epicardium : part that
covering the heart surface

HEART WALLS (3
LAYERS) Myocardium
Epicardium
Epicardium – outer layer which is also

the visceral pericardium Endocardium
Myocardium – the middle layer and

thickest layer which is composed mainly
of cardiac muscle.
Endocardium – the inner lining of the
heart, which covers the heart valves Pericardium
and is continuous with the inner lining of
the great vessels.
P e ric a rd ia l F lu id – p ro d u ced b y the serous peri c ardi um
wi thi n peri cardi al cavi t y t h a t hel ps reduce f ri cti on as the
he a rt m o ve s wi th i n th e p e ri cardi um
4 HEART CHAMBERS
• Coronary Sulcus – extends around

the heart, separating the atria from
the ventricles
• Anterior Interventricular Sulcus –
extends inferiorly from coronary
sulcus on anterior surface of heart
• Posterior Interventricular Sulcus
– extends inferiorly from coronary
sulcus on posterior surface of heart

4 HEART CHAMBERS
Atrial
septum
• 2 superior atria and 2 inferior
ventricle. Mitral
valve
• Interatrial and interventricular Ventricula
septum
septum – divides the heart
longitudinally.
• Ventricles form the bulk of the
heart and are the discharging Tricuspid
valve
chambers that force blood out of
the heart into the large arteries
that emerge from its base.
4 HEART CHAMBERS
Atrial
septum
• Atria – located at the base of heart;
functions primarily as reservoir, Mitral
where blood returning from veins valve
collects; its contraction forces blood Ventricula

septum
into ventricles to complete
ventricular filling (primer pump)
• Ventricles – extend from the base
toward the apex; major pumping Tricuspid
chambers as they eject blood into valve
the arteries and force it to flow
through circulatory system (power
pump
4 HEART CHAMBERS
Atrial
septum
• The left ventricle is the most
muscular among all chambers Mitral
valve
since it is responsible for pumping Ventricula
blood to the body (Systemic septum
circulation). The right ventricle
responsible for pumping blood to
the pulmonary trunk (Pulmonary
Tricuspid
circulation). valve

4 Heart valves
2 ATRIOVENTRICULAR
(AV) VALVES
• Located between the atrium and Aortic SL
valve
the ventricle on the left and right Pulmonary SL
valve
side of the heart.
• Tricuspid valve– has three flaplike
cusps anchored to the papillary Mitral AV
valve
muscles of the ventricular wall by Tricuspid
tiny, white collagenic cords called AV valve
chordae tendinae (heart strings).
• Mitral (bicuspid) valve – has two
flaplike cusps anchored to the
papillary muscles by chordae
tendinae.
2 SEMILUNAR (SL)
VALVES
• are located between a Aortic SL
valve
Pulmonary
ventricle and a great vessel. SL valve
• Pulmonary valve – has three

pocketlike cusps located between Mitral
the right ventricle and the AV valve
pulmonary trunk. Tricuspid
AV valve
• Aortic valve – has three pocketlike
cusps located between the left
ventricle and the aorta.

1)
Capillaries of the lungs
6)
2)
7)
3)
PRIMARY GOALS
4) Annual revenue growth 8)
Right Left
5) 9)
Capillaries of the body
10)
PRIMARY GOALS
Pulmonary,
Systemic, and
Coronary Circuits
PULMONARY CIRCUIT Pulmonary
Pulmonary
vein
artery
• the flow of blood is from the

right side of the heart to the
lungs and back to the left side
of the heart.
• Carries carbon dioxide-rich Vena cava Right Left Aorta
blood to the lungs to unload
and then pick up oxygen and
back to the lungs.
• Its function is to provide gas
exchange.
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT Pulmonary
Pulmonary
vein
artery
• system of vessels that carries

blood from the left ventricle of
the heart to the tissues of the
body and back to the right
atrium.
Vena cava Aorta
Right Left
• Oxygenated blood entering the
heart from the pulmonary veins
passes through the left atrium
into the left ventricle. The left
ventricle pumps blood into the
aorta. Blood flows from the
aorta to all parts of the body
Pulmonar y circuit
RV-PV-PA-Lungs-PV-LA-
MV-LV
PRIMARY GOALS
Systemic circuit
LV-AV-A-BODY-VC-RA-
TV-RV
CORONARY CIRCUIT
- supply oxygenated blood to the wall of

heart; originate from the base of the
aorta, just above the aortic SL valves
Coronary Circulation is greatest while

the ventricles are relaxed. When the
heart contracts, the blood vessels of
coronary circulation are compressed,
reducing blood flow through them.

CORONARY CIRCUIT
1. Left Coronary Artery - originates

on left side of aorta; supply blood to
anterior wall of the heart & most
of the left ventricles; has three
major branches:
• Anterior Interventricular Artery: lies
in anterior interventricular sulcus
• Circumflex Artery: extends around
coronary sulcus, posterior surface of
the heart
• Left Marginal Artery: extends
inferiorly along lateral wall of left
ventricle from circumflex artery
CORONARY CIRCUIT
2. Right Coronary Artery –

originates on right side of aorta;
extends around coronary sulcus;
supply most of the wall of right
ventricle
• Posterior Interventricular
Artery: lies in posterior
interventricular sulcus
• Right Marginal Artery: extends
inferiorly along lateral wall of
right ventricle
ACTION POTENTIALS
• Pacemaker Potential – action

potentials produced by changes in
membrane channels’
permeability . Action potentials in
cardiac muscle take approximately
200 to 500 ms to complete

ACTION POTENTIALS
• Depolarization phase – Na + and

Ca 2+ channels open
• Plateau phase – period of slow
repolarization; prolongs action
potential by keeping Ca 2+ channels
open; Na + channels close & some
K + channels open

ACTION POTENTIALS
• Repolarization phase – K +
channels open & Ca 2+ channels
close
• Refractory Period – exhibit by
action potentials that lasts about as
long as plateau phase; allow the
cardiac muscle to contract and relax
almost completely before another
action potential can be produced

ACTION POTENTIALS
• Repolarization phase – K +
channels open & Ca 2+ channels
close
• Refractory Period – exhibit by
action potentials that lasts about as
long as plateau phase; allow the
cardiac muscle to contract and relax
almost completely before another
action potential can be produced

CONDUCTION SYSTEM
• Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) – heart’s

pacemaker located in superior wall of
right atrium; initiates the contraction
of heart & where action potential
initiated at a faster rate; has larger
number of Ca 2+ channels
• Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) –
located in lower portion of right atrium;
receives the action potential from SA
node, slowing the rate to allow the
atria in completing the contraction
before being delivered to ventricles

CONDUCTION SYSTEM
• Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle –

projects through fibrous connective
tissue plate that separates atria from
ventricle; divided into left and right
bundle branches
• Purkinje Fibers – pass to apex of
heart & extend to cardiac muscles of
ventricle walls

CONDUCTION SYSTEM
• Ectopic Beat – results when action

potentials originate in a different
area of heart other than the SA
node
• Fibrillation – a condition where
ectopic beats cause very small
portions of heart to contract
rapidly & independently in other
areas; reduces the output of heart
to only a few mL of blood per minute
when it occurs in ventricles
•
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
(EKG/EKG)
• a record of electrical events
within the heart
• can be used to detect
abnormal heart rates or
rhythms, abnormal conduction
pathways, hypertrophy or
atrophy of heart, and
approximate location of
damaged cardiac muscles

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
(EKG/EKG)
• P wave – results from
depolarization of atrial
myocardium; its beginning
precedes the onset of atrial
contraction
PQ interval / PR interval: time
between the beginning of P wave
& beginning of QRS complex; the
atria contract & begin to relax; at
the end, the ventricles begin to
depolarize
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
(EKG/EKG)
• QRS complex – results from
depolarization of ventricles
(systole); its beginning precedes
ventricular contraction
• QT interval: from beginning of QRS
complex to end of T wave; represents
the length of time required for
ventricular depolarization and
repolarization
• T wave – represents repolarization
of ventricles; its beginning precedes
ventricular relaxation
CARDIAC CYCLE
CARDIAC CYCLE
• Repetitive pumping process that begins with
the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and
ends with the beginning of the next
contraction.
• Each pump consists of a “primer pump” (the
atrium) and a “power pump” (the ventricle)
• Both pumps complete the filling of the
ventricles with blood, and both ventricular
power pumps produce the major force that
causes blood to flow
CARDIAC CYCLE
• *Systole – to contract (squeeze).
• *Diastole – to dilate (relax).
• Atrial systole – contraction of the
atrial myocardium, atrial diastole is
relaxation of the atrial myocardium.
• Ventricular systole – contraction of
the ventricular myocardium, and
ventricular diastole is relaxation of
the ventricular myocardium
PRIMARY GOALS
PRIMARY GOALS
PRIMARY GOALS
PRIMARY GOALS
HEART SOUND AND
PULSE
HEART SOUND
• Result from turbulent blood flow.
• Two distinct sounds can be heard
during each cardiac cycle.
• The heart sounds are “lub” and
“dup” and the sequence is
designated lub-dup, pause, lub-
dup, pause, and so on.

HEART SOUND (LUB)
• The first sound (lub) Mitral AV
is referred to as S1 valve
Tricuspid AV
and is associated valve
with closure of the

AV valves at the
beginning of
ventricular systole.
HEART SOUND (DUP) Aortic SL
valve
• The second heart Pulmonary SL valve
sound (dup), called

S2, occurs as the
semilunar valves
close and
corresponds with
the end of systole.
HEART SOUND
• Incompetent Valve – a heart
valve that does not close
completely; results in leakage of
blood
• Murmur – abnormal heart
sounds caused by faulty valves
• Stenosed Valve – opening of the
valve is narrowed causing a
swishing sound preceding its
closure
CARDIAC OUTPUT
• the volume of blood pumped by a
ventricle in each minute (resting CO
= 5 L/min) ( Formula: CO = SV x HR)
• Stroke Volume (SV) – volume of
blood pumped per ventricle per
contraction (70 mL/beat in resting
condition)
• Heart Rate (HR) – number of times
the heart contracts in each minute
(72 beats/min in resting condition)
CARDIAC OUTPUT
1.Preload – degree to which the
ventricular walls are stretched at end
of diastole
2.Venous Return – amount of blood
that returns to the heart
3.Afterload – refers to the pressure
against which the ventricles must
pump blood

STERLING LAW
the force or tension
developed in a muscle fiber
depends on the extent to which
the fiber is stretched.
venous return increases > heart fills to greater volume 🡪
preload increases > cardiac muscle fibers contract with
greater force > increased volume of blood to be ejected
from heart > increased SV 🡪 increased cardiac output

EXTRINSIC
REGULATION
1.Nervous Regulation: Baroreceptor
Reflex – a mechanism of nervous
system which regulates heart
function.
2.Chemical
Regulation: Chemoreceptor Reflex
– located within medulla oblongata
that are sensitive to changes in pH
and CO 2 levels, emotions and body
temperature.

PULSE
• Pulse refers to the alternating surges of
pressure in an artery that occur with each
contraction and relaxation of the left
ventricle.
• Pulse pressure is the difference between
systolic and diastolic pressure
• Normally the pulse rate equals the heart
rate, and the pulse averages 70 to 76
beats per minute in the resting state.

PULSE
• A pulse is felt as the expansion of the
arteries during ventricular systole
(contraction).
• Pulse rate is the number of heart beats
per minute and is one way heart rate
(HR) is measured. As a result, pulse rate
equals heart rate.
• A pulse can be detected in several
superficial arteries in the body.
• Pulse rate can be influenced by body
position, activity, and emotions.
PULSE
• A pulse is felt as the expansion of the
arteries during ventricular systole
(contraction).
• Pulse rate is the number of heart beats
per minute and is one way heart rate
(HR) is measured. As a result, pulse rate
equals heart rate.
• A pulse can be detected in several
superficial arteries in the body.
• Pulse rate can be influenced by body
position, activity, and emotions.
PRIMARY GOALS
BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE
• Blood pressure (BP) is defined
as the pressure the blood
exerts against any unit area
of the blood vessel walls, and
it is generally measured in
the arteries.

BLOOD PRESSURE
• Two blood pressure reading
➢ Systolic pressure the
pressure in the arteries at
the peak of ventricular
contraction.
➢ Diastolic pressure reflects the
minimum pressure during
ventricular relaxation.
BLOOD PRESSURE
• Blood pressure are reported in
millimeters of mercury (mm hg)
with the systolic first; 120/80
translates to 120 over 80 or a
systolic pressure of 120 and
diastolic pressure of 80.

BLOOD PRESSURE
• Blood pressure is manually determined
using a sphygmomanometer (blood
pressure cuff) along with a stethoscope.
• The sphygmomanometer is placed
around an artery (typically the brachial
artery of the arm), and the stethoscope
is placed distal to the cuff.
• The cuff is oriented such that the tubing
is facing anterior and exits the cuff
distally.

BLOOD PRESSURE
• Inflation of the cuff blocks blood flow
distally in the artery.
• Slow deflation of the cuff allows blood
to slowly flood back into the artery. The
practitioner can determine systolic and
diastolic pressure by listening to the
blood pressure (Korotkoff) sounds.
• Korotkoff sounds are heard from an
artery as pressure is applied by a
sphygmomanometer below systolic
pressure.

BLOOD PRESSURE
• Blood pressure is recorded using two
numbers, one on top of the other. The top
number is the systolic pressure, and the
bottom number is the diastolic pressure.
• Normal adult blood pressure for those
between the ages of 20-40 is 115/70. Blood
pressure is lower as an adolescent, and
higher as we age.
• Chronically elevated blood pressure over
140/90 is called hypertension.
• Chronically low blood pressure less than
90/60 is called hypotension.

BLOOD VESSSELS
BLOOD VESSELS
• 5 Functions:
▪ Carries blood.
▪ Exchanges gasses, waste and nutrients
with tissues.
▪ Transports substances (hormones, immune
cells, etc.).
▪ Blood pressure regulation.
▪ Directs blood flow to tissues.
▪ Arteries, veins, capilliaries
BLOOD VESSELS
• Arteries – carry blood away from the heart
• Elastic Arteries: largest diameter & have thickest walls;

composed of greater portion of elastic tissue & smaller
portion of smooth muscle
• Muscular Arteries: medium-sized (distributing arteries),
•Vasoconstriction – contraction of smooth muscle, decreases blood vessel
diameter & blood flow
•Vasodilation – relaxation of smooth muscles, increases blood vessel
diameter & blood flow
• Arterioles: transport blood from small arteries to
capillaries; smallest arteries adapted for vasodilation &
vasoconstriction

BLOOD VESSELS
• Veins – drain the tissues and return blood (Valik) to
the heart uses valves to prevent back flow.
• Venules: diameter slightly larger than capillaries;
composed of endothelium resting on a delicate connective
tissue layer; all tunics are present
• Medium-sized Veins: predominant layer is the tunica
adventitia that consists of dense collagen fibers which
determines the degree to which they can distend
• Large-sized Veins: diameter greater than 2mm; contain
valves which ensure the flow of blood towards the heart and
not to the opposite direction
Valves – similar in shape to semilunar valves consisting of folds in tunica intima,
forming two flaps; many valves also in medium-sized veins & lower limb

BLOOD VESSELS
• Capillaries – blood flow here from arterioles;
where the diffusion or exchange of gases,
substances, and other waste products of
occurs between the blood & tissue fluid
Precapillary Sphincters: smooth muscles cells
located at the origin of capillary branches that
regulate the amount of blood flow through
various sections of the network

BV TISSUE LAYERS
• Except for the capillaries and the smallest veins, called venules, the blood vessel
walls consist of three relatively distinct tissue layers
• Tunica intima (tunica interna), is the most internal layer of a blood vessel wall. This
tunic consists of four layers: ( 1) endothelium, (2) a basement membrane, (3)
lamina propria, and (4) internal elastic membrane.
• Tunica media, or middle layer, consists of smooth muscle cells arranged circularly
around the blood vessel. Regulates blood flow.
- Vasoconstriction – contraction of smooth muscle, reducing bv diameter,
decreasing blood flow.
- Vasodilation – relaxation of smooth muscle, increasing bv diameter, increasing blood flow.
• Tunica adventitia (tunica externa), is composed of connective tissue, which varies
from dense connective tissue near the tunica media to loose connective tissue that
merges with the connective tissue surrounding the blood vessels.

PRIMARY GOALS
3 FACTORS AFFECTING
CIRCULATION
1. Resistance. Resistance to flow must be overcome to push blood through
the circulatory system. If resistance increases, either pressure must
increase to maintain flow, or flow rate must reduce to maintain pressure.
Numerous factors can alter resistance, but the three most important are
vessel length, vessel radius, and blood viscosity. With increasing length,
increasing viscosity, and decreasing radius, resistance is increased.
2. Blood Pressure - Blood pressure is the pressure that blood exerts on the
wall of the blood vessels. The pressure originates in the contraction of the
heart, which forces blood out of the heart and into the blood vessels. If flow
is impaired through increased resistance then blood pressure must increase,
so blood pressure is often used as a test for circulatory health.
3. Blood Flow - Flow is the movement of the blood around the circulatory
system. A relatively constant flow is required by the body’s tissues, so
pressure and resistance are altered to maintain this consistency. A too -high
flow can damage blood vessels and tissue, while flow that’s too low means
tissues served by the blood vessel may not receive sufficient oxygen to
function.
COMMON DISEASES
Heart attack
• Myocardial infarction (MI) is the technical term for a heart attack.
• A heart attack can occur when the blood supply is cut off from the
heart, often by a blood clot. Some heart attacks are minor, but others
can be life-threatening.
Heart failure
• Heart failure means that the heart is not pumping blood around the
body as efficiently as it should. It can lead to fatigue, shortness of
breath, and coughing. Some people with heart failure find it difficult to
do things such as walking, climbing stairs, or carrying groceries.
Stroke
• A stroke can happen when one of the vessels that lead to the brain
either becomes blocked by a blood clot or bursts. This stops blood flow
and prevents oxygen fromJOHN
12/6/2022
getting
MARIE FAMOSO
to the brain. 102
COMMON DISEASES
Cardiac Ischemia
• The heart muscle is not getting enough oxygen to function properly.
A person with cardiac ischemia will usually experience angina-like
pain and may feel as though they are having a heart attack.
High blood pressure (hypertension)
• High blood pressure or hypertension means the force or pressure of
the blood flowing through the vessels is consistently too high.
• High blood pressure can lead to stroke, loss of vision, heart failure,
heart attack, kidney disease, and reduced sexual function.

BV TISSUE LAYERS
• 1. Arteries Vessels with narrow lumens
• 2. Arteries Vessels with thick muscular and elastic walls
• 3. Arteries Vessels that carry only oxygenated blood (except for
pulmonary circulation)
• 4. Veins Vessels with wide lumens
• 5. Veins vessels with thin but multiple cell layer thick walls
• 6. Veins Vessels that contain valves
• 7. Veins Vessels that collect blood from venules
• 8. Capillaries Vessels with walls that are one cell thick
• 9. Capillaries Vessels that allow gas exchange
• 10. Capillaries Vessels that receive blood from arterioles

THANK YOU
John Marie Famoso

END PRIMARY GOALS

Circulatory System

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Circulatory System

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

John Marie Famoso

12/6/2022 JOHN MARIE FAMOSO 2

• Cardiovascular system contributes

• Cardiovascular system contributes

- Turn bright red when oxygen is present.

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• The test to determine

• Rh (Rhesus) antigen are • Rh+ blood is donated to

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• the percentage by volume of

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Annual revenue growth

• Red blood cells (RBCs) are

• The hemoglobin content of

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Pericardium – a double-layered sac that

Fibrous Pericardium – a tough connective

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Epicardium – outer layer which is also

Myocardium – the middle layer and

• Coronary Sulcus – extends around

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collects; its contraction forces blood Ventricula

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• Pulmonary valve – has three

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• the flow of blood is from the

• system of vessels that carries

- supply oxygenated blood to the wall of

Coronary Circulation is greatest while

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1. Left Coronary Artery - originates

2. Right Coronary Artery –

• Pacemaker Potential – action

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• Depolarization phase – Na + and

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• Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) – heart’s

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• Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle –

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• Ectopic Beat – results when action

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with closure of the

• The second heart Pulmonary SL valve

sound (dup), called

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