INDUSTRIES

1. **Definition of Secondary Activities: * Secondary activities involve the transformation of raw materials into higher-value
products for people.

2. **Industry Definition: * Industry encompasses economic activities related to the production of goods, extraction of
minerals, or provision of services.

3. **Raw Materials in Industries: * Industries can be agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based, or forest-based, depending on
the raw materials used.

4. **Size Classification of Industries: ** Industries are classified by size, distinguishing between small-scale and large-scale
based on capital, employment, and production volume.

5. **Ownership Categories: ** Industries can be private, public, joint, or cooperative sectors based on ownership.

6. **Factors Affecting Industry Location: ** Location is influenced by the availability of raw materials, land, water, labour,
power, capital, transport, and market access.

7. **Industrial System Components: ** An industrial system comprises inputs (raw materials, labor, etc.), processes (activities
converting raw materials to finished products), and outputs (final products and income).

8. **Industrial Regions: ** These emerge when multiple industries cluster together, often near seaports and coal fields. Major
global industrial regions include eastern North America, western/Central Europe, eastern Europe, and eastern Asia. In India,
regions like Mumbai-Pune, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu, Hugli, and Ahmedabad-Baroda are industrial hubs.

9. **Distribution of Major Industries: ** Iron and steel, textiles, and information technology are major global industries, with
specific locations like Germany, USA, China, Japan, and Russia for iron and steel; India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, and
Taiwan for textiles; and Silicon Valley in California and Bengaluru in India for information technology.

10. **Iron and Steel Industry: ** Describes the inputs, processes, and outputs of the iron and steel industry, emphasizing its
significance in modern industry. India has major steel-producing centers like Bhilai, Durgapur, Bokaro, etc.

11. **Information Technology (IT) Industry: ** Focuses on the storage, processing, and distribution of information. Locations
are influenced by resource availability, cost, and infrastructure, with Bengaluru known as the 'Silicon Plateau' in India.

Accidents and disasters in industries are typically caused by technical failures or irresponsible handling of hazardous
materials. The Bhopal disaster on December 3, 1984, was one of the worst industrial incidents, involving the release of
highly poisonous Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas from a Union Carbide pesticide factory. The official death toll was 3,598,
and survivors continue to suffer from ailments like blindness, impaired immune systems, and gastrointestinal disorders.

Another incident occurred on December 23, 2005, in Gao Qiao, Chongqing, China, where a gas well blowout resulted in
243 deaths, 9,000 injuries, and the evacuation of 64,000 people. Risk reduction measures include separating densely
populated residential areas from industrial zones, raising awareness among residents about the storage and effects of
hazardous substances, improving fire warning and fighting systems, limiting the storage capacity of toxic substances, and
enhancing pollution dispersion qualities in industries.

The iron and steel industry, like other industries, involves various inputs, processes, and outputs, serving as a feeder
industry for other sectors. Raw materials such as iron ore, coal, and limestone, along with labor, capital, and
infrastructure, constitute the inputs. The conversion process includes smelting in a blast furnace, followed by refining,
resulting in steel as the output.

Steel, known for its toughness and versatility, can be shaped, cut, or turned into wire. Special alloys enhance steel's
properties, making it harder, more durable, or rust-resistant. Often termed the backbone of modern industry, steel is
widely used in manufacturing ships, trains, automobiles, safety pins, needles, and machinery for drilling oil wells and
mining minerals.

Historically, before 1800 A.D., the iron and steel industry was situated where raw materials, power, and water were
easily accessible. Later, the industry shifted to locations near coal fields, canals, and railways. Post-1950, large, sea-port
adjacent areas became ideal due to the industry's expansion and increased reliance on imported iron ore.

In India, the iron and steel industry strategically developed in regions benefiting from raw materials, affordable labor,
transportation, and market access. Key steel-producing centers like Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, and
Bokaro are situated across West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh. Other significant steel centers, utilizing
local resources, include Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, and Salem in Tamil
Nadu.