Photosynthesis notes – Biology.

- Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light
energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules.

- It is a crucial biological process as it is the primary way that energy enters ecosystems, serving
as the foundation of the food chain.

- The process takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves two main stages: the
light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

- During the light-dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted
into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is also released as a byproduct.

- In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to
convert carbon dioxide into glucose through a series of enzymatic reactions.

- Photosynthesis plays a crucial role in maintaining the Earth's oxygen levels by absorbing
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

- Apart from glucose production, photosynthesis also helps in synthesizing other organic
compounds essential for plant growth and development.

- Factors such as sunlight intensity, temperature, water availability, and carbon dioxide
concentration can influence the rate of photosynthesis.

- Understanding photosynthesis is essential for addressing global challenges such as climate

change and food security, as it forms the basis of plant growth and productivity.