Name: Khaila Jernel V.

Valencia

1. How do you assess a patient with a cast?

Assessing a patient with a cast involves evaluating both the cast itself and the patient's overall condition.
Here are the general steps to assess a patient with a cast:
1. Visual Inspection:
• Inspect the cast for any cracks, breaks, or soft spots. Ensure that the cast is intact and
properly applied.
2. Skin Assessment:
• Check the skin around the cast for signs of redness, swelling, or irritation. If there are any
issues, it may indicate pressure points or an allergic reaction to the casting material.
3. Circulation Check:
• Assess the circulation by checking for color, warmth, and capillary refill in the fingers or
toes beyond the cast. Poor circulation can lead to complications like compartment
syndrome.
4. Sensory Assessment:
• Evaluate sensory function by asking the patient about any numbness, tingling, or changes
in sensation. This can help identify nerve compression or other issues.
5. Range of Motion:
• Ask the patient if they can move their fingers or toes and if they are experiencing any
pain or discomfort during movement. Limited range of motion could indicate
complications.
6. Swelling Assessment:
• Check for signs of increased swelling above or below the cast. Swelling can lead to
increased pressure within the cast, potentially causing problems.

What to avoid while wearing a cast?

1. Getting it Wet:
• Avoid getting the cast wet, as moisture weakens the material and can lead to skin issues.
2. Inserting Objects:
• Do not insert objects inside the cast, as this can cause skin damage or interfere with the
healing process.
3. Removing or Modifying the Cast:
 • Only a healthcare professional should remove or modify a cast. Self-removal or
modification can lead to complications.
4. Putting Pressure on the Cast:
• Avoid putting excessive pressure on the cast, as it may cause discomfort or compromise
the structure.
5. Ignoring Warning Signs:
• Pay attention to any signs of increased pain, swelling, or changes in sensation and seek
medical attention if any issues arise.

What are the 6 P's of assessment orthopedic trauma?

The 6 P's of Assessment in Orthopedic Trauma: The 6 P's help assess and monitor the status of a limb
after an orthopedic injury:
1. Pain:
• Assess the level and location of pain. Sudden or severe pain may indicate a new or
worsening injury.
2. Pulse:
• Check for the presence and strength of the pulse distal to the injury site. A weak or absent
pulse could indicate vascular compromise.
3. Pallor:
• Assess skin color. Pallor, or paleness, may suggest compromised blood flow.
4. Paralysis:
• Evaluate for any loss of motor function or paralysis. It could indicate nerve damage or
severe injury.
5. Paraesthesia:
• Check for sensations like tingling or numbness. Changes in sensation may suggest nerve
involvement.
6. Pressure:
• Assess for any signs of swelling or increased pressure within the affected area.
Compartment syndrome, characterized by increased pressure, is a serious concern.

2. What is compartment syndrome caused by?

Compartment syndrome is a medical condition characterized by increased pressure within enclosed
muscle spaces in the body, often resulting from bleeding or swelling after an injury. This elevated
pressure hinders blood flow, oxygen, and nutrient exchange, potentially leading to permanent injury and
necessitating surgical intervention.
There are two main types of compartment syndrome:
1. Acute Compartment Syndrome:
• Commonly caused by a broken leg or arm.
• Develops rapidly over hours or days and is the most severe type.
• Can lead to loss of function or amputation if untreated.
2. Chronic Compartment Syndrome:
• Also known as exertional compartment syndrome.
• Develops gradually over days or weeks, often associated with vigorous exercise.
• Generally less severe than acute compartment syndrome, with symptoms that flare up
during exercise and subside afterward.
Causes of Compartment Syndrome:
• Trauma (e.g., crush injuries, burns, tight bandaging)
• Prolonged compression during unconsciousness
• Surgery to blood vessels
• Blood clot in a vessel
• Severe muscle sprain or bruise
• Broken bones
• Anabolic steroid use
How can you prevent compartment syndrome?
To prevent compartment syndrome:
1. Gradual Exercise: Gradually increase exercise intensity to allow muscles to adapt.
2. Proper Conditioning: Engage in regular stretching and conditioning exercises for muscle
health.
3. Warm-Up/Cool Down: Always warm up before exercise and cool down afterward to reduce
stress on muscles.
4. Footwear and Equipment: Use proper footwear and equipment for support and cushioning.
5. Regular Breaks: Take breaks during prolonged activities to allow muscle recovery.
6. Avoid Tight Bandaging: Ensure bandages or casts are not excessively tight after injury or
surgery.
 7. Hydration: Stay hydrated to prevent muscle cramping.
8. Listen to Your Body: Pay attention to discomfort or pain during and after activity.
9. Avoid Anabolic Steroids: Steer clear of substances associated with increased risk.
10. Timely Injury Treatment: Seek prompt medical attention for injuries to prevent
complications leading to compartment syndrome.

3. Give necessary precaution in transferring of patient to prevent injury in part of the the patient
and the part of caregiver.
For the Patient:
1. Communication:
• Clearly communicate the transfer process to the patient, explaining each step to
alleviate anxiety and encourage cooperation.
2. Assessment of Patient's Condition:
• Assess the patient's physical condition and ability to participate in the transfer.
Consider any medical devices or conditions that may impact the transfer.
3. Use of Assistive Devices:
• Utilize assistive devices such as transfer belts, sliding boards, or hoists to facilitate
safe and controlled transfers.
4. Proper Positioning:
• Ensure the patient is in a stable and comfortable position before initiating the
transfer. Proper positioning helps prevent discomfort or injury.
5. Provide Support:
• Offer physical support as needed, such as holding onto the patient's arm or
providing stability during the transfer.
6. Encourage Patient Participation:
• Encourage the patient to participate to the best of their ability in the transfer
process to maintain independence and prevent complications.
For the Caregiver:
1. Proper Body Mechanics:
• Maintain proper body mechanics by bending the knees, keeping the back straight,
and using the legs rather than the back when lifting or assisting the patient.
2. Use of Assistive Equipment:
• Whenever possible, use mechanical lifts, transfer belts, or other assistive devices to
reduce the physical strain on the caregiver.
 3. Team Approach:
• If the patient requires significant assistance, involve additional caregivers to ensure
a team approach and reduce the risk of injury.
4. Training and Education:
• Caregivers should receive proper training on transfer techniques, body mechanics,
and the use of assistive devices to enhance their skills and reduce the risk of injury.
5. Assessment of the Environment:
• Evaluate the environment for potential obstacles or hazards that may impede the
transfer process. Clear pathways and secure any loose objects.
6. Communication with the Patient:
• Maintain open communication with the patient throughout the transfer. Check for
any signs of discomfort or distress and adjust the transfer approach accordingly.
7. Know the Patient's Limits:
• Be aware of the patient's physical limitations and adjust the transfer technique
accordingly. If the patient is unable to participate actively, use equipment that
ensures a safe transfer.
8. Prioritize Safety:
• Safety should always be the top priority. If a transfer seems too risky or challenging,
seek assistance or use alternative methods to avoid injury.
4. List down procedure in transferring immobile patient from bed to wheelchair.
Preparation:
1. Assessment:
• Assess the patient's physical condition, mobility level, and any specific needs or
challenges they may have during the transfer.
2. Gather Equipment:
• Ensure that the necessary equipment, such as a wheelchair, transfer belt, and any
other assistive devices, is readily available.
3. Ensure a Clear Path:
• Clear the path from the bed to the wheelchair, removing any obstacles or potential
hazards.
Patient Positioning:
1. Explain the Process:
• Communicate with the patient, explaining each step of the transfer process. Ensure
the patient is comfortable and understands what will happen.
 2. Sit the Patient Up:
• Help the patient sit up at the edge of the bed, with their feet flat on the floor if
possible.
3. Place the Wheelchair:
• Position the wheelchair at a slight angle to the bed, ensuring it's secure and the
brakes are engaged.
Using a Transfer Belt:
1. Apply the Transfer Belt:
• If applicable, place a transfer belt around the patient's waist. Ensure it's snug but
not too tight.
2. Secure Footwear:
• Make sure the patient is wearing appropriate footwear with good traction.
Assisting the Transfer:
1. Brace Yourself:
• Stand facing the patient, with your knees bent and back straight, ready to assist
with the transfer.
2. Assist the Patient to Stand:
• Encourage the patient to stand using their strength or assist them as needed. If using
a transfer belt, hold onto the belt for support.
3. Pivot to the Wheelchair:
• Assist the patient in pivoting toward the wheelchair, ensuring they maintain
stability.
4. Guide the Descent:
• Assist the patient as they slowly lower themselves into the wheelchair, guiding their
descent to ensure a controlled transfer.
5. Adjust Seating Position:
• Once in the wheelchair, ensure the patient is positioned comfortably with their back
against the backrest and feet resting on the footrests.
6. Remove Transfer Belt:
• If a transfer belt was used, remove it once the patient is safely seated.
Final Checks:
1. Lock Wheelchair Brakes:
• Engage the wheelchair brakes to ensure stability.
2. Adjust Clothing and Comfort:
• Adjust the patient's clothing and ensure they are comfortable in the wheelchair.
3. Reassure and Communicate:
• Reassure the patient, ask about their comfort, and address any concerns they may
have.