Determine df for One

Statistical Setting of the Scientific Statistical Statistical sample or population

analysis Problem Purpose research hypotheses hypotheses Variables test t-test
To determine if
there is a
significant
difference in test
scores before and Students' test
Effectiveness of after scores increase 𝐻 : µ = µ One continuous
0 0
(a) One sample or a new teaching implementing the Classroom after the variable (test
population t-test method new method setting intervention 𝐻1
: µ ≠ µ 0 scores) t-test df=n−1
Gender To compare the Male students Two continuous
(b) Two differences in mean math scores outperform 𝐻 : µ = µ2 variables (math
independent math of male and School or female students 0 1 scores of males
sample test performance female students national level in math 𝐻1 : µ1 ≠ µ2 and females) t-test df=n1​+n2​−2
To assess whether
there is a
significant change
in students'
reading fluency Students'
Effectiveness of scores after Classroom or reading fluency 𝐻 : µ = µ𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 One continuous
0 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
(c) Dependent an intervention participating in the intervention improves after variable (reading
sample t-test program program setting the intervention 𝐻1 : µ𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ≠ µ𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 fluency scores) t-test df=n−1
To determine if
the proportion of A higher
students passing a proportion of
(d) One proportion Effectiveness of standardized test students pass 𝐻 : 𝑃 = 𝑃0 One categorical
or population a teaching exceeds a certain School or the test with the 0 variable
proportion strategy threshold district level new strategy 𝐻1 : 𝑃 ≠ 𝑃0 (pass/fail) Z-test NA
To compare the Two categorical
(e) Two proportions of One teaching 𝐻0 : 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 variables
independence Comparison of students passing a Classroom or method results (pass/fail for two
proportions success rates final exam school level in a higher pass 𝐻1 : 𝑃1 ≠ 𝑃2 groups) Z-test NA
 Determine df for One
Statistical Setting of the Scientific Statistical Statistical sample or population
analysis Problem Purpose research hypotheses hypotheses Variables test t-test
between two rate than the
different teaching other
methods
The variance in
To assess if the test scores is not
variance in test significantly Two continuous
2 2
(f) Two scores differs different 𝐻0 : σ1 = σ2 variables (test
independent Variability in between two School or between the two 2 2 scores for two
variance test scores groups of students district level groups 𝐻1 : σ1 ≠ σ2 groups) F-test df1​=n1​−1,df2​=n2​−1
To examine the
strength and Longer study
direction of the time is
Relationship linear relationship positively Two continuous
between study between study correlated with 𝐻 : ρ = 0 variables (study
0
(g) One correlation time and exam time and exam Individual higher exam time and exam Correlation
value performance scores student level scores 𝐻1
:ρ ≠ 0 scores) coefficient df=n−2
To compare the
strength and
direction of the The correlation
linear between study
relationships time and exam Four continuous
between study scores is variables (study
(h) Two time and exam stronger in 𝐻 : ρ = ρ2 time and exam
independent Comparison of scores for two Classroom or Group A than in 0 1 scores for two Correlation
correlations correlations different groups school level Group B 𝐻1: ρ1 ≠ ρ2 groups) coefficient df=n1​+n2​−4