Experiment 4: Student Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE2210: Analog Electronics Laboratory

Title: Study of Mathematical Operational Circuits using Operational Amplifier IC.

Abstract:
This experiment deals with various mathematical operations using operational amplifier IC. Mathematical operational
circuits are implemented, and data are observed and recorded.

The objectives of this experiment are to

1. Familiarize with mathematical operational circuits using op-amp.
2. Construct various mathematical operational circuits on the breadboard.
3. Measure practical outputs of the mathematical operational circuits using op-amp for different input voltages.
4. Verify theoretical values with the measured output values by determining the percentage of errors.

Introduction:
(A) Study of pin configuration of an op-amp IC (741):

+V Offset Null 1 8 N. C.
- Inverting input - +V
2 7
741 741
Non-inverting input 3 6
+ + 1. O
-V 4 5 Offset Null
-V
Fig. 01 Circuit Symbol for the general-
purpose op-amp IC Fig. 02 Pin configuration of 741 op-amp IC

One of the most versatile and widely used electronic devices in linear applications is the operational amplifier, most often
referred to as the op-amp. Op-amps are popular because they are low cost, easy to use, and fun to work with. Fairchild
brought out the 702, 709 and 741 integrated circuit op-amps between 1964 and 1968, while National Semiconductor
introduced the 101/301. These integrated circuit op-amps revolutionized certain areas of electronics because of their small
size and low cost. In this laboratory class, we will mainly study the different aspects of 741 op-amp.

Op-amp 741 is a complex, third-generation design made of 1 capacitor, 11 resistors and 27 transistors (npn and pnp type).
It is fabricated on a tiny chip and packaged in a suitable case. Fine-gage wires connect the chip to external leads extending
from a metal, plastic, or ceramic package. It is an 8-pin dual-in-line package (DIPs). Either plastic or ceramic cases are
available. As viewed from the top, a notch or dot identifies pin # 1 and terminals are numbers counterclockwise. The
designation of each pin is given in Fig. 2. The circuit symbol is given in Fig. 1.

Identifying 741:
Each type of op-amp has a letter-number identification code. This code is used to identify an op-amp. Not all manufacturers
use precisely the same code. But most use an identification code that consists of four parts written in the following order:
(1) letter prefix, (2) circuit designator, (3) letter suffix and (4) military specification code.

A 741 general-purpose op-amp would be completely identified in the following way:

Prefix Designator Suffix
A 741C P (8-pin)
Fairchild General purpose op-amp,
Commercial temperature range

Letter prefix: The letter prefix code usually consists of two or three letters that identify the manufacturer. The following
examples list some of the codes:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

 Experiment 4: Student Lab Manual

Letter prefix Manufacturer

AD Analog Devices
CA RCA
LM National Semiconductor Corporation
MC Motorola
NE/SE Signetics
OP Precision Monolithics
RC/RM Raytheon
SG Silicon General
TL Texas Instruments
UA/A Fairchild

Circuit designation: The circuit designator consists of three to seven numbers and letters. They identify the type of op-
amp and its temperature range. The three temperature-range codes are as follows:
1. C: commercial, 0 to 700C
2. I: industrial, -25 to 850C
3. M: military, -55 to 1250C

Letter suffix: A one- or two-letter suffix identifies the package style that houses the op-amp chip. You need the package
style to get the correct pin connection from the data sheet. Three of the most common package suffix codes are:

Package code Description

D Plastic dual-in-line for surface mounting on a pc board
J Ceramic dual-in-line
N, P Plastic dual-in-line for insertion into sockets

Military specification code: The military specification code is used only when the part is for high-reliability applications.

Power supply for op-amp:

Power supplies for general-purpose op-amps are bipolar. For 741, we usually apply +15V at 7-no pin and –15V at 4-no pin.
The common point between the +15V and –15V supply is called the power supply common or ground as in Fig. 3. It is
shown with a ground symbol for two reasons:
i) All voltage measurements are made with respect to this point.
ii) Power supply common is usually wired to the third wire of the line cord that extends ground to the chassis
containing the supply.
The schematic drawing of a portable supply is shown in Fig. 3. This type of power supply can be obtained in the laboratory
in two different ways-
i) From the trainer board, or
ii) Using two DC power supplies.
+V
8. + 7. +

2. +
Power supply common

4. -
5. +
3. -
–V
6. -
Fig. 03: Schematic of a commercial bipolar power supply
Features of op-amp:
1. Op-amp has five basic terminals: two for power supply, two for input signals, and one for output.
2. Ideal op-amp has infinite gain and infinite frequency response.
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2
 Experiment 4: Student Lab Manual

3. The input terminals draw no signal or bias currents and exhibit infinite input resistance.
4. Output impedance is zero ohms.
5. It should be provided with bipolar or split power supply and has typical value of +15V. The maximum supply voltage
that can be applied between +V and –V is typically +36V or + 18V.
6. The upper limit of output voltage Vo is called the positive saturation voltage, +Vsat, and the lower limit is called the
negative saturation voltage, –Vsat. With a supply voltage of +15V, +Vsat = +14V and –Vsat = –13V.Therefore, Vo is
restricted to a symmetrical peak-to-peak swing of + 13V.
7. Most op-amps, like 741, have internal circuitry that automatically limits current drawn from the output terminal. Even
with a short circuit for RL, output is limited to about 25 mA. This feature prevents destruction of the op-amp in the
event of a short circuit.
8. Both current and voltage limits place a minimum value on the load resistance RL of 2 k.

Theory and Methodology:

An inverting amplifier using op-amp is a type of an inverting amplifier where the output waveform is phase opposite to the
input waveform. The input waveform is amplified by the factor AV (voltage gain of the amplifier) in magnitude and its phase
is inverted. In the inverting amplifier circuit, the signal to be amplified is applied to the inverting input of the op-amp
through the input resistance Rin. A feedback resistor, Rf is connected between the inverting and output terminals as shown
in Fig. 1. Rf and Rin together determine the gain of the amplifier. Inverting operational amplifier gain can be expressed using
the equation (1). Negative sign implies that the output signal is negated.
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉 (1)
𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
The circuit diagram of a basic inverting amplifier using op-amp is depicted in Fig. 1. In this circuit, if we can make both Rf
and Rin equal, that is, if Rf = Rin = R then it is possible to get an inverted (negated) output by this circuit. Thus, we can use
an analog inverter as an inverting buffer constructed with an operational amplifier that changes the direction of the signal
without amplifying it, so the gain (AV) of the circuit is –1 as per equation (2). The output voltage is given by equation (3).
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑓 𝑅
𝐴𝑉 = =− = − = −1 (2)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑅
𝑅
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = −𝑉𝑖𝑛 (3)
𝑅

Rf = R

Rin = R
+V
-
Vout
Vin +
-V

Fig. 1 Inverter circuit that negates its input signal.

If more inputs are added together with the inverter circuit as shown in Fig. 2, then all the input voltages will be added
together and thus we can get an inverting adder circuit as per equation (4). The output voltage is given by equation (5). If
we want to get non-inverted output, then we can add an inverter with the output terminal of the adder as shown in Fig. 3.
The final output is given by equation (6).
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉 (4)
𝑅𝑖𝑛1 𝑅𝑖𝑛2 𝑖𝑛2
𝑅 𝑅
⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
𝑅 𝑅
⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −(𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 ) (5)
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝 = −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 (6)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

 Experiment 4: Student Lab Manual

Rf = R
Rin1 = R

+V
Vin1 Rin2 = R -
Vout

+
Vin2 -V

Fig. 2 Inverting adder circuit.

Rf = R
Rin1 = R Rf = R

+V
Vin1 Rin2 = R - Rin = R
Vout +V
-
Voutp
+
Vin2 -V
+
-V

Fig. 3 Non-inverting adder circuit.

If more inputs are added with some inputs inverted together with the inverter circuit as shown in Fig. 4, then the inverted
input voltages will be subtracted from the other voltages and thus we can get an inverting subtractor circuit as per equations
(7) and (8). The output voltage is obtained by modifying equation (4). If we want to get non-inverted output, then we can
add an inverter with the output terminal of the adder as shown in Fig. 5. The final output is given by equation (9).
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − (−𝑉𝑖𝑛2 ) (7)
𝑅𝑖𝑛1 𝑅𝑖𝑛2
𝑅 𝑅
⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
𝑅 𝑅
⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −(𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 ) (8)
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝 = −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 (9)

Rf = R
Rin1 = R

+V
Vin1 Rin2 = R -
Vout

+
Vin2 -V

Fig. 4 Inverting subtractor circuit.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

 Experiment 4: Student Lab Manual

Rf = R
Rin1 = R Rf = R

+V
Vin1 Rin2 = R - Rin = R
Vout +V
-
Voutp
+
Vin2 -V
+
-V

Fig. 5 Non-inverting subtractor circuit.

However, we can get a non-inverting subtractor circuit in a simple way. We can use both inverting and non-inverting
terminals of op-amp. All resistances of the circuit must be equal as shown in Fig. 6. The necessary calculations are shown
in equations (10) and (11).

𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑖𝑛3
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + (1 + )( 𝑉 ) (10)
𝑅𝑖𝑛1 𝑅𝑖𝑛2 𝑅𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑅𝑖𝑛3 𝑖𝑛2
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + (1 + ) ( 𝑉 )
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 + 𝑅 𝑖𝑛2
𝑅+𝑅 𝑅
⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + ( ) ( 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 )
𝑅 2𝑅
2𝑅 1
⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + ( ) ( 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 )
𝑅 2
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 (11)

Rf = R

Rin1 = R
+V
-
Vout
Rin2 = R
+
-V
Vin1 Vin2 Rin3 = R

Fig. 6 Non-inverting subtractor circuit.

If inputs are added with input resistances some multiples of the feedback resistance as shown in Fig. 7, then the input
voltages will be averaged to produce an inverted average or mean output voltage of all inputs as per equations (12) and
(13). The output voltage is obtained by modifying equation (4). In this circuit, if we can make Rf equals n times of Rin, that
is, if Rf = R and Rin = nR then it is possible to get an inverted (negated) output averaged over the given applied voltages by
this circuit. Here, n is the number of inputs applied at the inverting input pin through the input resistances. For 2 input
signals, n = 2. If we want to get non-inverted output, then we can add an inverter with the output terminal of the adder as
shown in Figs. 3-5.
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉 − 𝑉 (12)
𝑅𝑖𝑛1 𝑖𝑛1 𝑅𝑖𝑛2 𝑖𝑛2
𝑅 𝑅
⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉
2𝑅 2𝑅 𝑖𝑛2
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − ( ) (13)
2
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5
 Experiment 4: Student Lab Manual

Rf = R
Rin1 = 2R

+V
Vin1 Rin2 = 2R -
Vout

+
Vin2 -V

Fig. 7 Inverting averaging circuit.

If feedback resistance is replaced by a diode in the inverter circuit as shown in Fig. 8, then the logarithm of the input voltage
is obtained as per equation (14). This requires application of KCL, KVL, and diode forward current equations.
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝐷 and 𝐼𝑓 =
𝑅𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝐷
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼0 (𝑒 𝑉𝑇 − 1)
𝑉𝐷
⇒ 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼0 (𝑒 𝑉𝑇 − 1)
𝑉𝐷
Since VD >> VT, 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼0 𝑒 𝑉𝑇
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑛
∴ 𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝐼0 𝐼0 𝑅𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑖𝑛
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝐷 = −𝑉𝑇 𝑙𝑛 ( ) (14)
𝐼0 𝑅𝑖𝑛

If

Rin = R
+V
-
Vout

+
Vin -V

Fig. 8 Inverting Logarithmic circuit.

Pre-Lab Homework:
Read about different types of active filters from “Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits” by Robert F.
Coughlin and use PSPICE/MultiSIM to generate the output of the circuits provided in this lab sheet. Compare the graphs
given in the textbook with your results. Save the simulation results and bring it to the lab. Simulate all the circuits given
in this manual using PSPICE/MultiSIM and attach it with the lab report to justify the experimental outcomes.

Apparatus:
1. IC-741 (quantity: 1)
2. Resistor 10k (quantity: 5), 20k (quantity: 3)
3. Diode (quantity: 1)
4. Bread Broad (quantity: 1)
5. DC power supply ± 30 V (quantity: 2)
6. Connecting wires (quantity: 15)
7. Multimeter (quantity: 1)
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6
 Experiment 4: Student Lab Manual

Precautions:
Biasing of the op-amps should be done carefully, and oscilloscopes should be properly calibrated using the information
provided at the calibration port before obtaining the wave shapes using the experimental set up. Please keep in mind that
input voltage values should be selected in such a way that they don’t drive output voltage into saturation levels.

Experimental Procedures:

(A) Study of inverter circuit using op-amp IC:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.

2. Apply the input signal.
3. Measure the output voltage.
4. Calculate the ratio of the output to input voltage and see whether there is any gain of the amplifier.
5. Calculate theoretical output voltage using equation (1).
6. Complete Table 1 by finding the percentage of errors.

Table 1 Study of an inverter circuit

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝒇 Percentage of
No of observations Vin Vout Gain (𝑨𝑪𝑳 = − ) 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = − 𝑽
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒊 𝒊 errors, 
1
2

(B) Study of inverting adder circuit using op-amp IC:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.

2. Apply the input signal.
3. Measure the output voltage.
4. Calculate the ratio of the output to input voltage and see whether there is any gain of the amplifier.
5. Calculate theoretical output voltage using equation (4).
6. Complete Table 2 by finding the percentage of errors.
7. If time permits, do the same thing for Fig. 3.

Table 2 Study of an inverting adder circuit

No of 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 Percentage
Vin2 Vin2 Vout Gain (𝑨𝑪𝑳 = − ) 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 − 𝑽
observations 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟏 𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝟐 of errors, 
1
2

(C) Study of inverting subtractor circuit using op-amp IC:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 4.

2. Apply the input signal.
3. Measure the output voltage.
4. Calculate the ratio of the output to input voltage and see whether there is any gain of the amplifier.
5. Calculate theoretical output voltage using equation (7).
6. Complete Table 3 by finding the percentage of errors.
7. If time permits, do the same thing for Figs. 5 and 6. In the case of Fig. 6, equations must be changed to (10).

Table 3 Study of an inverting subtractor circuit

No of 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 Percentage
Vin2 Vin2 Vout Gain (𝑨𝑪𝑳 = − ) 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = − 𝑽𝒊𝒏𝟏 + 𝑽
observations 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟏 𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝟐 of errors, 
1
2

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 7

 Experiment 4: Student Lab Manual

(D) Study of inverting averaging circuit using op-amp IC:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 7.

2. Apply the input signal.
3. Measure the output voltage.
4. Calculate the ratio of the output to input voltage and see whether there is any gain of the amplifier.
5. Calculate theoretical output voltage using equation (12).
6. Complete Table 4 by finding the percentage of errors.

Table 4 Study of an inverting averaging circuit

No of 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 Percentage
Vin2 Vin2 Vout Gain (𝑨𝑪𝑳 = − ) 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = − 𝑽 − 𝑽
observations 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝟏 𝑹𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝟐 of errors, 
1
2

(E) Study of inverting logarithmic circuit using op-amp IC:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 8.

2. Apply the input signal.
3. Measure the output voltage.
4. Calculate the ratio of the output to input voltage and see whether there is any gain of the amplifier.
5. Calculate theoretical output voltage using equation (14).
6. Complete Table 5 by finding the percentage of errors.

Table 5 Study of an inverting logarithmic circuit

𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒊𝒏 Percentage
No of observations Vin Vout Gain (𝑨𝑪𝑳 = − ) 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = −𝑽𝑻 𝒍𝒏 ( )
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝟎 𝑹𝒊𝒏 of errors, 
1
2
𝑪𝑽−𝑴𝑽
Note: Percentage of error should be calculated using the formula 𝜺 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% to measure the deviation. Here, CV and MV mean
𝑪𝑽
calculated (obtained by formula) and measured (obtained by multimeter) values, respectively.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Interpret the data/findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful in complying with the goal
that was initially set. Discuss any mistakes you might have made while conducting the investigation and describe ways
the study could have been improved. Discuss what you have learned about designing mathematical circuits using op-amp.

Discuss the critical steps where most of the errors were associated with the experimental data you have obtained in Tables
1-5. If you have obtained any unexpected output describe the most plausible reasons. Suggest any approaches which you
find more suitable to accomplish the objective of this experiment.

Reports:
1. Compare the theoretical gain of each active filter circuit with the measured gain and comment.
2. Show all necessary calculations. Draw the graphs on the graph paper and find different parameters of Fig. 5.
3. From the frequency response curve, comment on the behavior of each active filter circuit.

References:
1. Single supply op-amp circuit collection, http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb440/datasheets/SingleSupply.pdf
2. Op-amps for everyone, http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slod006b/slod006b.pdf
3. Wayne Storr., (1999-2013). Electronics Tutorial Summary of Operational Amplifiers. Available: http://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/filter/filter_2.html. Last accessed 25th Sep 2013.
4. Op-amp comparator, http://www.circuitstoday.com/op-amp-comparator.
5. Robert F. Coughlin, Frederick F. Driscoll, “Operational amplifiers and linear integrated circuits”, Prentice-Hall, 1982, 2 nd Edition, The
University of Michigan, 10 Dec 2007, ISBN: 0136377858, 9780136377856.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 8