English For Electrical Engineering Lecture Note

ENGLISH FOR ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
Department of Electric Power System
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
24-Sep-21 Lecturer: Nguyen Xuan Tung

tung.nguyenxuan@hust.edu.vn
Course Outlines
2
 General Introduction
 Chapter 01: How to make an effective technical presentation
 Chapter 02: Electrical Power System – An introduction
 Chapter 03: Generation
 Chapter 04: Transmission Lines
 Chapter 05: Substations
 Chapter 06: Distributions
 Chapter 07: Consumptions
 Chapter 08: Interconnected Power Systems
 Chapter 09: System Protection & Control
 Chapter 10: Other topics (if applicable)
3
Getting started
General Introduction
 Course requirements
 References
 Math Expressions
References
4
 Electrical Engineering Dictionary (Ed. Phillip & A. Laplante)
 Electric Power System Basic for the Nonelectrical Professional

(Steven W. Blume)
 Cambridge English for Engineering (Mark Ibbotson)
 Free Dictionary: “Lingoes”

Downloadable from: http://www.lingoes.net/
Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Math Expressions
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Chapter 01: How to make an effective technical presentation Chapter 06: Distributions
Chapter 02: Electrical Power System – An introduction Chapter 07: Consumptions
21 Chapter 03: Generation Chapter 08: Interconnected Power Systems

Chapter 04: Transmission Lines Chapter 09: System Protection & Control
Chapter 05: Substations Chapter 10: Other topics (if applicable)
Chương 2
Electrical Power System
An introduction
 History of electricity
 Basic overview of electric power system
History of Electricity
22
 Benjamin Franklin: first person to know electricity

 In 1752 - kite experiment:
A pointed metal piece on the top of the kite
A metal key at the base end of the kite string
Flew the kite in a thunderstorm.
 Touch the key with his knuckle and received a small electrical
shock.
23
 From 1750 to 1850: discoveries in the principles of electricity

and magnetism
Electric current produces a magnetic field
A moving magnetic field produces electricity in a wire.
 Results:
Battery (1800), Generator (1831), Electric motor (1831), telegraph
(1837), and telephone (1876)...
24
 In 1882 - Thomas Edison: placed into operation the Pearl Street

steam – electric plant and the first direct current (dc)
distribution system (New York City)
 By the end of the 1880s: centralized electrical power

distribution (limited to a service range of a few blocks)
 Disadvantages: voltage could not be increased or decreased
 Demands to transport power over a longer distances

25
 Solution: George Westinghouse developed a device called the

“transformer” - allowed electrical energy to be transported over
long distances efficiently.
 Required: alternating current (ac)
 In 1896: the Niagara Falls hydroelectric power plant -
demonstrated the superiority of ac system over long distance
transmission.
 Since 1900s: ac power systems began appearing throughout the
United States.
 Power systems became interconnected  today power system.
Overview of Electric Power System
26
Power systems: real-time energy delivery systems

Generators produce the energy as the demand asks for it
Overview: Generation System
27
Hydro Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant
Electricity
Thermal Power Plant Renewable Energy

Generation System
28
 Two types of energy sources:

Conventional (Non-Renewable) energy sources
Non-conventional (Renewable) energy sources
 Conventional energy sources:

The energy sources, which have been using from long time and in
danger of exhausting
They are not renewed by nature and are going to get exhausted one
day.
Example: coal, petroleum products, nuclear fuels etc.

Generation System
29
 Two types of energy sources:

Conventional (Non-Renewable) energy sources
Non-conventional (Renewable) energy sources
 Renewable energy sources:

Utilization technology is not yet fully developed.
 These sources can be recovered and reused. i. e. they can be used
again and again to generate energy because of the renewal of their
energy
Example: wind, solar energy...

30
Hydropower Plant
Hydro Power Plant
31
 Principle: kinetic energy of falling water  converted into

electric energy (using turbines).
 Suitable where the water with suitable head are available
 The capacity to produce energy: depend on both flow & height.
 Building up behind a high dam, water accumulates potential
energy. Water rushes down and strikes the rotary blades of
turbine.
 The turbine's rotation spins electromagnets which generate
current in stationary coils of wire.
 Finally, the current is put through a transformer where the
voltage is increased for long distance transmission over power
lines.
Hydro Power Plant
32
 Amount of generated electricity depends on:

Vertical distance through which the water falls, called the "head”
Flow rate, measured as volume per unit time.
 Equation - roughly determine obtainable amount of electricity:
POWER (kW) = 5.9 x FLOW x HEAD
FLOW is in cubic meters per second (m3/s) and HEAD is in meters (m)
 Hydroelectric power plants: categorized depending on head.
Ultra low head: below3 meters
Low head: less than 30 meters
Medium head: between 30 to 75 meters
High head: above 75 meters
Hydro Power Plant – Basic Components
33
 Amount of generated electricity depends on:

Vertical distance through which the water falls, called the "head”
Flow rate, measured as volume per unit time.
 Equation - roughly determine obtainable amount of electricity:
POWER (kW) = 5.9 x FLOW x HEAD
FLOW is in cubic meters per second (m3/s) and HEAD is in meters (m)
 Hydroelectric power plants: categorized depending on head.
Ultra low head: below3 meters
Low head: less than 30 meters
Medium head: between 30 to 75 meters
High head: above 75 meters
Hydro Power Plant – Categories
34
 Other categories of hydroelectric power plants:

Storage
Run-of-river
Pumped-storage
35
Storage type
 Use a dam to capture water in a reservoir
 Stored water is released from the reservoir through turbines at

the suitable rate:
To meet changing electricity needs
To meet other needs: flood control, irrigation, navigation, and
recreation
36
Storage type
37
Run-of-river type
 Use only the natural flow of the river to operate the turbine.
 If the conditions are right: can be constructed without a dam

38
Pumped-storage type
 Have specially designed turbines
 Turbines: generate electricity the conventional way when water is
delivered through the turbines from a reservoir.
 Can also be reversed and used as pumps: to lift water from the
powerhouse back up into the reservoir where the water is stored for
later use.
39
Pumped-storage type
 Daytime: when electricity demand suddenly increases: stored water
is released from the reservoir to generate and quickly deliver
electricity.
 At night: when electricity demand is lowest & there is excess

electricity available from coal or nuclear electricity generating
facilities the turbines are reversed and pump water back into the
reservoir.
 Pumped-storage facility improves the operating efficiency of all power

plants within an electric system.
Hydro Power Plant – Basic components
40
41
Dam
 Structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a
reservoir.
 Water is diverted to turbines in power stations.
 Dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus
allowing for a steady flow through the turbines throughout the
year.
 Also used for controlling floods and irrigation.
 Should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the

pressure of water on it.
 Height of water in the dam is called head race
42
43
Intake or control gates

 Gates built on the inside of the dam.
 Water from reservoir is released and controlled through these

gates.
 When the control gates are opened the water flows due to
gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines.
Penstock
 Penstocks: pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the
turbines inside power station.
 They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate
systems.
44
Spillway
 Can be called as a way for
spilling of water from
dams.
 Used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam

 Prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or
failure of dams.
45
46
Powerhouse
 Contains a turbine coupled to a generator.
 Water rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and

rotation of turbine shaft.
 This rotational torque is transferred to the generator and is
converted into electricity.
 Used water is released through the tail race.
 Difference between head race and tail race is called gross head
and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head
available to the turbine for generation of electricity.
47
Thermal Power Plant

(Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station)
Thermal Power Plant – Basic components
48
1.Cooling tower 8.Surface condenser

2.Cooling water pump 9.Intermediate pressure steam turbine
3.Transmission line(3-phase) 10.Steam control valve
4.Step-up transformer(3-phase) 11.High pressure steam turbine
5.Generator(3-phase) 12.Deaerator
6.Low pressure steam turbine 13.Feedwater heater
7.Condensate pump
14.Coal conveyor 21.Reheater

15.Coal hopper 22.Combustion air intake
16.Coal pulverizer 23.Economiser
17.Boiler steam drum 24.Air pre-heater
18.Bottom ash hopper 25.Precipitator
19.Superheater 26.Induced draught (draft) fan
20.Forced draught(draft) fan 27.Flue gas stack
49
50
51
Cooling tower
 Used to cool the condenser cooling water
 Re-using the cooling water, making power plants economical and

more environmentally friendly.
 Two types:
Natural draft-cooling tower with a large hyperbolic tower, which pulls in

air due to the stack effect.
Capital costs are high, operating costs are less. This is because there is no
fan to create the air flow.
Most commonly used: forced cooling tower.
A fan forces or sucks air through the cooling tower where the water falls
through a packed heat transfer media.
Operating costs are high , but they are simple and quick for construction.
52
Surface condenser
 A water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the
exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations
 These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from
its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below atmospheric
pressure.
 Where cooling water is in short supply, an air-cooled condenser is
often used.
53
Deaerator
 Used for the removal of air and other dissolved gases from the
feedwater to steam-generating boilers.
 In particular, dissolved oxygen in boiler feedwaters will cause
serious corrosion damage in steam systems by attaching to the
walls of metal piping and other metallic equipment and forming
oxides (rust).
 Water also combines with any dissolved carbon dioxide to form
carbonic acid that causes further corrosion
54
Feedwater
 Boiler feedwater is water used to supply ("feed") a boiler to
generate steam or hot water.
 At thermal power stations the feedwater is usually stored, pre-
heated and conditioned in a feedwater tank and forwarded into
the boiler by a boiler feedwater pump.
55
Superheater
 A device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into dry
steam used for power generation or processes.
Flue gas stack

 A type of chimney - a vertical pipe, channel or similar structure
through which combustion product gases called flue gases are
exhausted to the outside air.
56
Feedwater
 Boiler feedwater is water used to supply ("feed") a boiler to
generate steam or hot water.
 At thermal power stations the feedwater is usually stored, pre-
heated and conditioned in a feedwater tank and forwarded into
the boiler by a boiler feedwater pump.
57
Economizer
 Economizers (US), or economisers (UK/international)
 Mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or to

perform another useful function like preheating a fluid.
 In simple terms, an economizer is a heat exchanger.
58
Precipitator
 Electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner
 A particulate collection device that removes particles from a

flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic
charge.
 Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that
can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke
from the air stream.
 In contrast to wet scrubbers which apply energy directly to the
flowing fluid medium, an ESP applies energy only to the
particulate matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in
its consumption of energy
59
Electrical Generator
(Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator)
Generator overview
60
Introduction
 An electric generator is a device: converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy
 Reverse conversion: done by a motor
 Motors and generators have many similarities
 The source of mechanical energy:
A piston engine or turbine steam engine

Water falling through a turbine or waterwheel
An internal combustion engine
A wind turbine; a hand crank; compressed air or any others
Generator overview
61
Modern Steam Turbine Generator (Thermal Power Plant)

Generator overview
62
 Generator Installation for Son La Hydro Power Plant

Generator overview
63
 Generator Cutaway (for Hydro Power Plant)

Generator overview
64
Terminology
 The two main parts of a generator or motor can be described in
either mechanical or electrical terms:[3]
 Mechanical:
Rotor: The rotating part of an electrical machine

Stator: The stationary part of an electrical machine
 A three-phase ac generator has three single-phase windings
 These three windings are mounted on the stator
 Windings are physically spaced so that the changing magnetic field
present on each winding is 120° out of phase with the other
winding
Generator overview
65
Terminology
 The two main parts of a generator or motor can be described in
either mechanical or electrical terms:[3]
 Mechanical:
Rotor: The rotating part of an electrical machine

Stator: The stationary part of an electrical machine
 Rotor, when turned, moves the magnetic field.
 A rotor could have a permanent magnet or an electromagnet
 Large power plant generators: use electromagnets  magnetic
field can be varied.
 Varying the magnetic field strength: to adjust the output voltage
Generator overview
66
Terminology
 Electrical:
Armature: In a generator (alternator) the armature windings generate

the electric current.
The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator.
Field: The magnetic field component of an electrical machine.
The magnetic field can be provided by either electromagnets or
permanent magnets mounted on either the rotor or the stator.
Generator overview
67
Cutaway
view
Generator overview
68
Terminology
 Because power transferred into the field circuit is much less than
in the armature circuit  AC generators nearly always have:
Field winding on the rotor
Armature winding on the stator as the.
 Only a small amount of field current must be transferred to the
moving rotor, using slip rings.
Generator overview
69
Introduction
 Larger electric generator: uses field coils
 Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited
Field coils are powered by the current produced by the generator itself.
Field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding.
When the generator first starts to turn, the small amount of remanent
magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it
started, generating a small current in the armature.
This flows through the field coils, creating a larger magnetic field which
generates a larger armature current.
This "bootstrap" process continues until the magnetic field in the core
levels off due to saturation and the generator reaches a steady state
power output.
Generator overview
70
Generator overview
71
Type of rotor
Non-salient pole type Salient pole type
Generator overview
72
Type of rotor
Generator overview
73
Generator Connection
Delta configuration Wye configuration
• All three windings connected in • One lead from each winding to
series form a common point: neutral.
• Figure 2-7: phase leads are •Other three phase leads are for
connected to the three common external system connections.
points where windings are joined.
Overview: Transformer - Boost or Decrease voltage
74
Overview: Transmission Line
75
 Transfer electrical energy from one point to another
 Connects power plants to multiple substations near a populated area

 Usually transmission lines use three phase alternating current (AC)
 Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 kV or above) to reduce
the energy lost in transmission
Overview: Distribution System
76
 Distribute power drawn from high-voltage transmission systems

to end-use customers.
 Voltage level is normally less than 69 kV
Overview: Distribution System
77
Distribution network may include:

Overhead line construction: utility poles and wires
Underground construction with cables and indoor or cabinet
substations
Conclusions
78
 Power system is very complex
 A vital industry in any country
 Renewable energy has been considered for environment

protection purpose
 Question: Why distribution and transmission?
 Why is high voltage used (utilized)?


Chapter 4
Transmission Lines
 Overview
 Basic terminology
Why is high voltage utilized for transmission system
80
 500kV transmission line in Vietnam

Why is high voltage utilized for transmission system
81
 Active power loss:

P  I2 R
 Higher voltage  lower current:
Lower power loss
Reduce conductor size
Bundled conductors
500kV transmission line in Vietnam

Transmission Line - Major components
82
 Consist of 03 major components:

1. Conductors: electricity-carrying wires
2. Support structures: towers – holding the wire
3. Insulators: hand the wires from the towers
Major component – Support Structure
83
 Support structures: tower designed with cross arms to support

the conductors at a safe distance above the ground.
 Made of galvanized steel - bolted together to form different
configurations needed to meet the requirements
Major component – Conductor
84
 Carrying the electric current

 Usually constructed from steel-reinforced aluminum.
Steel (core): take the strain and weight
Aluminum (conductor): carry the load current – more economical than
using copper.
 Aluminum Core Steel (ACSR) conductors:
Always stranded
Have no insulation around them  bare conductors.
A stranded conductor is a conductor

composed of a group of wires or of
any combination of groups of wires.
The wires in a stranded conductor
are usually twisted together and not
insulated from each other
Major component – Bundled Conductor
85
 Example of bundled conductors
Spacer
Several conductors connected by non-conducting spacers

86
 Used for voltages over 200 kV to reduce corona losses

For 220 kV lines: two-conductor bundles
For 380 kV lines: 3 or 4 conductor bundles
Spacers must resist the forces due to wind, and magnetic forces
during a short-circuit.
 Used to increase the amount of carrying current
Due to the skin effect, ampacity of conductors is not proportional to
cross section, for the larger sizes.
Therefore, bundle conductors may carry more current for a given
weight.
87
 Bundle conductors: result in lower reactance, compared to a

single conductor.
 It reduces corona discharge loss at EHV (extra high voltage)
 Disadvantage: bundle conductors have higher wind loading.

Major component – Insulator
88
 To support and anchor the conductors

 To insulate them from contact with earth
 Must be of a very high resistance to prevent the flow of current
(leakage current).
 To increase the distance that current would have to flow
(leakage current), the insulators are moulded with a wave like
shape.
 Must be strong enough to withstand the mechanical stresses

due to the weight of conductors and other forces (wind, snow,
ice...)
89
 Usually used 6  33 individual insulators (depending on the

level of voltage being transmitted) joined together to make up a
full insulator string.
Seven for 110kV & Fourteen for 220kV.
 The insulators are usually made of:
Glass (clear or light green)
or Porcelain (brown or light grey).
90
 Some modern insulators:

Made from fiber-glass or special rubber
 Insulators must support the conductors & withstand both the

normal operating voltage and surges due to switching and
lightning.
91
 Insulators for very high voltages (exceeding 200 kV) may have
grading rings installed at their terminals.
 To improve the electric field distribution around the insulator
and makes it more resistant to flash-over during voltage surges.
92
 Example
Major component – Types of Insulators
93
Two types of Insulators

 Suspension Insulators
For voltages above 70kV

They are joined together by a cap and pin
Number of insulators depends on the voltage level.
Advantages:
 Can build insulator strings with different breakdown voltages, for
use with different line voltages
 Constructed by using different numbers of the basic units.
 If one of the insulator units in the string breaks, it can be replaced
without discarding the entire string.
 Invention of suspension-type insulators made high-voltage power
transmission possible
94
Number of insulators depending on the voltage level.

Line voltage
Disks
(kV)
34.5 3
46 4
69 5
92 7
115 8
138 9
161 11
196 13
230 15
287 19
345 22
360 23
95

 Suspension Insulators
96

 Pin Insulators
Used at voltage level not greater than 60kV

Having several porcelain skirts (folds)
Conductor is fixed at the top. A steel pin screws into the insulator so
that it can be bolted to a support.
97
Arcing-Horn
 Used to protect insulators
from damage during flashover
 Arcing horns form a spark gap across the insulator with a lower breakdown voltage
than the air path along the insulator surface
 Overvoltage will cause the air to break down and the arc to form between the arcing
horns, diverting it away from the surface of the insulator.
Accessories
98
Ground wires (shield wire or overhead earth wire)

 Equipped for overhead power lines
 A conductor that is usually grounded (earthed) at the top of the

supporting structure to minimise the likelihood of direct
lightning strikes to the phase conductors.
 By protecting the line from lightning, the design of apparatus in
substations is simplified due to lower stress on insulation.
 Shield wires on transmission lines may include optical fibers
(OPGW), used for communication and control of the power
system.
Accessories
99

Accessories
100
Line Surge Arrester

 Lightning arrester: used on electrical power systems to protect
the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of
lightning.
 Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been used
 Having a high voltage terminal and a
ground terminal.
 When a lightning surge or switching surge
travels down the power system to the

arrester, the current from the surge is
diverted around the protected insulation
to earth.
Accessories
101


Chapter 5
Substations
 Overview
 Basic terminology
Major equipments in a substation
103
 Transformers
 Circuit breakers
 Air disconnect switches
 Lightning arresters
 Electrical buses
 Capacitor banks
 Reactors
 Static VAR compensators
 Control building
Transformer: Boost or Decrease voltage
104
Transformer - Details
105
2. Magnetic Core
7. Radiator
8. Windings
10. Load Tap Changer (LTC)
On-load Tap Changer (OLTC)

Transformer Cooling Methods
106
 Air Cooling For Dry Type Transformers:

Air natural Type (A.N.)
Air Forced type (A.F.)
 Cooling For Oil Immersed Transformers:
Oil Natural Air Natural Type (O.N.A.N.)
Oil Natural Air Forced Type (O.N.A.F.)
Oil Forced Air Natural Type (O.F.A.N.)
Oil Forced Air Forced Type (O.F.A.F.)
 Oil immersed Water Cooling:
Oil Natural Water Forced (O.N.W.F.)
Oil Forced Water Forced (O.F.W.F.)
107
 Air Cooling For Dry Type Transformers:

Air natural Type (A.N.): transformer is cooled by nature surrounding
air.
Air Forced type (A.F.): air is forced on to the tank surface to increase
the rate of heat dissipation.
Apply for dry type transformer
A dry type transformer is one which does not employ a liquid as a

cooling or insulating medium.
108
Tap Changing System
109
 Insulation requirements: tap points is placed at the low voltage

end of the winding:
Near the star point in a star connected winding.
 In delta connected windings: the tapings are usually at the center of
the winding.
Tap Changing System
110
On-load Tap Changer Mechanism

Tap Changing System
111
 Switching sequence
Tap Changer - Fitted
112
Tap
changer
External
control box
Other type of transformer: Autotransformer
113
 In an autotransformer:
A portions of the same winding act as both
the primary and secondary: common
winding.
 An autotransformer:
Smaller size
Lighter & cheaper
 However: does not provide electrical
isolation.
Transformer - Bushings
114
 Bushings are used on transformers, circuit breakers... as

connection points
 Bushings connect outside conductors to conductors inside
equipments
Transformer – Bushings CTs Location
115
Bushing CT
Circuit Breaker
116
 Switchgear: combination of electrical disconnects, fuses and/or

circuit breakers used to isolate electrical equipment.
 Switchgear: used both to:
De-energize equipment to allow work to be done
To clear faults downstream.
Type of Circuit Breaker – Based on Interrupting Media
117
 Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers (BOCBs)

 Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers (MOCBs)
 Air Circuit Breakers (ACBs)
 Air Blast Circuit Breakers (ABCBs)
 SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers
 Vacuum Circuit Breakers (VCBs)
118
 Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers (BOCBs)

Contacts is immersed in oil
Oil as insulation: live part & earthed metal tank
119
 Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers (MOCBs) (low oil)

Use oil as interrupting media
Interrupting unit in insulating chamber at live potential  reduce
requirement of oil
120
 Air Circuit Breakers (ACBs)

Contacts open & close in air at atmospheric pressure
Normally, apply for low voltage system only
121

122

123

 Contacts open & close in Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)
124
Advantages over oil and air circuit Disadvantages:

breakers:  SF6 breakers are costly due
 Due to property of SF6 : very short to high cost of SF6
arcing time
 Dielectric strength of SF6 gas is 2 to 3
times that of air  can interrupt much
larger currents.
 Noiseless operation due to its closed
gas circuit
 No risk of fire as SF6 is non
inflammable
 Low maintenance cost, light
foundation requirements and
minimum auxiliary equipment
125

126

127

Arc interruption takes place in vacuum
128

129

Air Disconnect Switches - Isolator
130
 Isolate or de-energize equipment for maintenance purposes

(isolator)
 Transfer load from one source to another in planned or
emergency conditions
 Provide visual openings for maintenance personnel
 Being normally gang operated (or group operated)
 Have low current interrupting ratings compared to circuit

breaker
Air Disconnect Switches - Types
131
 Vertical break type

132
 Horizontal break type

133
 Operating Mechanism
Lightning Arrester
134
 Designed to limit the L-G voltage in the event of lightning or

other excessive transient voltages
For substation
Lightning Arrester
135
 Designed to limit the L-G voltage in the event of lightning or

other excessive transient voltages
For lines

Chapter 6
Distributions
 Concepts of overhead & underground
distribution systems
 Main components
Distribution System
137
 Definition:
Responsible for delivering electricity from distribution substation to
load located at residential, commercial, industrial facilities
 Distribution voltage level:
Low voltage system:
 220V for single phase load
 380V for three-phase load
Medium voltage system:
 6,3kV
 10,5kV
 15,75kV (Southern Area)
 23kV  widely spreading
 35kV
Distribution System
138
 Common distribution voltage in other countries

Type of Distribution System
139
 Primary distribution
Carries the load at higher voltage from the substation to the point
where the voltage is stepped down
Primary distribution systems include three basic types:
 Radial systems
 Loop systems
 Secondary distribution
Includes that part of the system operating at lower voltage , up to the
meter at the consumer’s premises.
 Can be overhead line system or cable system or mixed
Type of Distribution System
140
Network Configuration – Primary system
141
 Normally designed in ring configuration

 Operated in radial configuration manner
Distribution Network Configuration
142
 Normally designed in ring configuration

 Operated in radial configuration manner
Network Configuration – Primary System
143
 For critical customers
 In the event of a fault on the

primary circuit, the service is
switched to the backup circuit.
 The switching can be done manually
or automatically
Distribution Substations – Primary System
144
 Utilities normally use a split bus:

Lower fault current: the main reason that bus ties are open.
Circulating current: with a split bus, current cannot circulate through
both transformers.
Bus regulation: Bus voltage regulation is also simpler with a split bus.
 With the tie closed, control of paralleled tap changers is more difficult.
Distribution Substations – Secondary System
145
 Normally protected by fuses

Equipments in Distribution System
146
 Disconnect Switch
 Fuse
 Ring Main Unit
 Load Break
 Auto Recloser
 Transformer Kiosk
147
 Disconnect Switch
Change operation configuration
148
 Fuse
149
 Fuse
Interrupt short-circuit current
Create visual opening once it operates – Fuse Cutout
Protect equipment from damage of overload conditions
 When blown, fuse cutout

falls open and provides a
visible break in the circuit.
150
 Ring Main Unit

 Normally used for cable system
151
 Ring Main Unit

 Normally used for cable system
152
 Load Break Switch

Having capability of interrupting the load current
153

Having capability of interrupting
the load current
154

Having capability of interrupting the load current due to equipped
with arc quenching chamber
155
 Auto Recloser
156
 Auto Recloser
Is a circuit breaker equipped with a mechanism that can automatically
close the breaker after it has been opened due to a fault
Can be made in single-phase and three-phase versions
157
 Transformer Kiosk – Compact or package kiosk-type outdoor

transformer substations
158
159
160
161
Chapter 02: Electrical Power System – An introduction Chapter 07: Power System Protection

Chapter 04: Transmission Lines Chapter 09: Power System Control
Chapter 7
Power System Protection
 Concept of protective relay
 Main components & Terminology
Protective Relaying System
163
 Definition:
Used to protect electrical power systems from faults through the
isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network
Must leave as much of the network as possible still in operation
 Example of protection scheme
Components
164
 Protection systems usually comprise five components:

Current & voltage transformers:
 Step down the high voltages & currents to convenient levels
Protective relays:
 Sense the fault and initiate a trip
Circuit breakers:
 To open/close the system based on relay and autorecloser commands;
Batteries: provide power in case of main power disconnection.
Communication channels:
 Allow analysis of current and voltage at remote terminals of a line
 Allow remote tripping of equipment.
In a distribution system:
 Fuses are capable of both sensing and disconnecting faults.
Types of Electrical Faults
165
Shunt Fault
Series Fault
OPEN CIRCUIT
Requirement of Protection System
166
 Speedy
Protection system must operate as fast as possible - to reduce damage
 Selectivity
Isolate only faulty part but leave healthy part untouched
 Sensitivity
Ability to detect the any fault, even with minimize fault quantities
(current, voltage, frequency bias...)
 Reliability
Must operate when it is asked for
 Simplicity
Easy to implement
Major component of protection system
167
 Current and voltage transformers:

 to step down the high voltages and currents to convenient levels for
the relays to deal with
 Protective relays
to sense the fault and initiate a trip or disconnection, alarm
 Circuit breakers
to open/close the circuit based on relay commands;
 Batteries
to provide power in case of power disconnection in the system.
 Communication channels
to allow the communication between relays at terminals.
Major component of protection system
168
TRIP
COIL-1
TRIPPING
MECHANISM
TRIP
COIL-2
TRIP DC SUPPLY
CT CIRCUIT
PROTECTION
RELAY-1
DC
CT TRIPING SUPPLY
MATRIX
PROTECTION
RELAY-2
VT
Protection Scheme of a Transmission Line
Current Transformer
169
 A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric

currents.
 Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT)
(or potential transformers - PT): known as instrument
transformers
 Design
A current transformer has a primary winding
A magnetic core
A secondary winding
Alternating current flowing in the primary produces a magnetic field in
the core, which then induces a current in the secondary winding
circuit
Current Transformer
170
 The most common design of CT:

The CT's primary circuit consists of a single 'turn' of conductor, with a
secondary of many hundreds of turns
 Ratio: the rated secondary current is commonly standardized at
1A or 5A
For example: 400/5
110kV Current Transformer

Types of Current Transformers
171
Window type Bar Type Bushing Type

Voltage Transformer or Potential Transformer
172
 Used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits.

 Have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down high voltages
so that metering and protective relay equipment can be operated
at a lower potential.
 Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 100 V
110V or 120 V at rated primary voltage.
Single-phase VT
Three-phase VT
Capacitance Coupled Voltage Transformer (CCVT)
173
 Or Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)

 Used for high or extra high voltage systems
 Principle
Two capacitors split the transmission line voltage
An inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency
A transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for the
instrumentation or protective relay.
174
 Example of Capacitor Voltage Transformer

175
 Nameplate
Protective Relay
176
 Principle
Protective Relay
177
 Inputs:
A relay needs information from the system to make a decision.
These inputs can be collected from output of instrument transformers
or other devices: tension couplers, RTDs (Resistance Temperature
Detector - or Thermo-box).
 Settings
Can be adjustable
The relay compares the inputs to these settings and responds
accordingly (make decision).
Protective Relay
178
 Inputs:
A relay needs information from the system to make a decision.
These inputs can be collected from output of instrument transformers
or other devices: tension couplers, RTDs (Resistance Temperature
Detector - or Thermo-box).
 Settings
Can be adjustable
The relay compares the inputs to these settings and responds
accordingly (make decision).
Development of Protective Relays
179
 Evolution of Relays
If we zoom into a relay, we can see three different types of
realization:
Electromechanical Relays.
Solid State Relays.
Numerical Relays.
180
181
182
 Solid State Relay: GEC Alsthom KCGG1400 Overvoltage Relay

Module
183
184
 Numerical Relays:
 Its advantages are
 Maximum ﬂexibility.
 Provides multiple functionality.
 Self checking and communication facility.
 It can be made adaptive.
Relay Functions
185
Relay Functions
186
187
 Relay Panel Borads

188
 Relay panel boards

Basic Protection Principle
189
 Control Room in substation or power generation plan

Buchholz Relays
190
 First developed by Max Buchholz in 1921

 Location
Buchholz Relays
191
 Buchholz relay is a gas-actuated relay installed in oil immersed

transformers for protection against all kinds of faults
 Protection Range:
There is practically no operational fault in transformers or other oil immersed
apparatus to which the Buchholz relay does not respond.
Flashover between live conductors
Flashover between conductor and iron core
Earth leakage
Insulation breakdown between turns
Interruption of a phase or lead connection
Excessive heating of the iron core
Leakage in the oil container or oil pipes
For more information: http://elecinfo2all.blogspot.com/2011/02/buchholz-relay.html

Buchholz Relays
192
 May maloperate in one or more of the following conditions :

External shocks to a transformer resulting in vibration.
Turbulence of oil due to starting of pump in forced cooled transformer.
Variation in angle of mounting of the Relay.
Earthquake of minor intensity.
Buchholz Relays
193
 Construction
Buchholz Relays
194
 Standard Wiring Diagram

Battery
195
 To provide power in case of power disconnection in the system

 Substation batteries are used to supply power to:
Protective relaying devices
Control devices
Emergency lightings
Circuit breaker operation...
Communication channels
196
 To exchange information for control, protective relaying,

communication
 Main communication links
Optical
ground wire
(cable
containing
optical fiber)
197
 Main communication links

Wired cables
Microwave links
Optical fibers
Power line communication or power line carrier (PLC)  quite special
 Systems for carrying data on a conductor also used for electric power
transmission
198
Power line communication or power line carrier (PLC)  quite special

Extra Infor
199
Chapter 02: Electrical Power System – An introduction Chapter 07: Power System Protection

Chapter 04: Transmission Lines Chapter 09: Power System Control
Chapter 8
System Control Centers &
Telecommunications
Power System Control Center
201
 Operate 24 hours a day, 7 days per week

 Making sure the electric power system is operating properly
 Responsible for the real-time coordinated operation and
supervision of the generation and transmission facilities that
make up the electricity system
 Main functions of control center:
Short, Medium and Long-term Load Forecasting
System Planning
Unit Commitment & Maintenance Scheduling
Security Monitoring
State Estimation
Economic Dispatch
Load Frequency Control
Structure of Load Dispatching System in Viet Nam
202
Power plans
National Dispatching
Center 500kV transmission lines
A0 Load frequency control
Voltage at key node
Northern regional Central Region Load Southern Region Load Small power plans
Load Dispatch Center Dispatching Center Dispatch Centre 220 & 110 & 66 kV
A1 A3 A2 transmission lines
Reactive power
Provincial Load Provincial Load Provincial Load Distribution Systems

Dispatching Center Dispatching Center Dispatching Center from 35kV downward
Bxx Bxx Bxx
National Load Dispatching Center in Viet Nam (A0)
203
System Control
Operators
Early Power System Control (in 1919)
204
Modern Power System Control Center
205
Modern Power System Control Center
206
Equipments in a control center
207
 Human Machine Interface - equipped with CRT (or LCD)

presentations
 Keyboards - change parameters
 Special function keyboards- alter transformer taps, switch line

capacitors etc.,
 Light-Pen cursor - open or close circuit breakers
 Alarm lights, alarms, dedicated telephone communications with

generating stations and transmission substations, neighboring
power utilities
Role of System Control Operator
208
 System control operators have many tools at their disposal.

 These tools help them look ahead to see if:
Something is going to happen
Analyze “what if” scenarios based on real-time loads and line flows
 They have direct communication lines to people in other
strategic locations.
 Main tool of System Control Operator:
Supervisory Control and Data acquisition (SCADA) system
SCADA system allows control operators to:
 Monitor
 Control
 Dispatch generation
 Obtain written reports of all parameters about power system
What is SCADA
209
 SCADA stands for “supervisory control and data acquisition”
 It generally refers to a control system: a computer system

monitoring and controlling a process
 Supervisory control means monitoring & controlling the

parameters of equipment
 Type of SCADA controlling process:

 Industrial process
 Infrastructure process
 Facility process
Multipoint SCADA
210
 The multipoint SCADA system is one in which several remote

stations are controlled & supervised from one central control
Centre
RTU RTU
(1) (2)
Control
Centre
RTU
RTU
(3)
(n)
Sub System of a SCADA System
211
 A HMI human machine interface
 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
 Programmable Logic Controller (PLCs)
 Communication infrastructure
Component Description
212
 A Human Machine Interface (HMI)

is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator,
and through this, the human operator monitors and controls the
process
 HMI can also be linked to a database, which can use data
gathered from PLC's or RTU's to provide graphs on trends
Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
213
 RTU connects to physical equipment.
 Typically, an RTU converts the electrical signals from the

equipment to digital values such as:
The open/closed status from a switch
Voltage or Current or Power.
 By converting and sending these electrical signals out to

equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening or
closing a switch or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) & Communication
Infrastructures
214
 PLC is used as field devices because they are more economical,

versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose RTUs
 Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory

system to the Remote Terminal Units.
Complete SCADA Process
215
Feature of SCADA
216
Real Time & Historical Trend

 If your plant trips, you can simply go to historical trend data &
do the analysis. You can have better look on the parameters
through the trend.
Alarm
 Alarms have a very critical role in automation. Generally we
have alarm states for each inputs/outputs
Security
 You can allocate certain facilities or features to the operator,
process people, engineering dept. & maintenance dept
Advantages
217
 Continuous Operation
 Reliable
 Improves maintenance, operation, customer service
 Few operators control large no. of individual assets
 Provide rapid response to emergencies
Translation Practice
218
 The HMI system usually presents the information to the operating

personnel graphically, in the form of a mimic diagram. This means that
the operator can see a schematic representation of the plant being
controlled.
For example, a picture of a pump connected to a pipe can show
the operator that the pump is running and how much fluid it is
pumping through the pipe at the moment. The operator can
then switch the pump off.
 Mimic diagrams may consist of line graphics and schematic symbols to
represent process elements, or may consist of digital photographs of
the process equipment overlain with animated symbols.
 The HMI package for the SCADA system typically includes a drawing
program that the operators or system maintenance personnel use to
change the way these points are represented in the interface.

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ENGLISH FOR ELECTRICAL

24-Sep-21 Lecturer: Nguyen Xuan Tung

 Electrical Engineering Dictionary (Ed. Phillip & A. Laplante)

 Electric Power System Basic for the Nonelectrical Professional

 Cambridge English for Engineering (Mark Ibbotson)

 Free Dictionary: “Lingoes”

21 Chapter 03: Generation Chapter 08: Interconnected Power Systems

 Benjamin Franklin: first person to know electricity

 From 1750 to 1850: discoveries in the principles of electricity

 In 1882 - Thomas Edison: placed into operation the Pearl Street

 By the end of the 1880s: centralized electrical power

 Disadvantages: voltage could not be increased or decreased

 Demands to transport power over a longer distances

 Solution: George Westinghouse developed a device called the

Power systems: real-time energy delivery systems

Hydro Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant

Thermal Power Plant Renewable Energy

 Two types of energy sources:

 Conventional energy sources:

Example: coal, petroleum products, nuclear fuels etc.

 Two types of energy sources:

 Renewable energy sources:

Example: wind, solar energy...

 Principle: kinetic energy of falling water  converted into

 Amount of generated electricity depends on:

 Amount of generated electricity depends on:

 Other categories of hydroelectric power plants:

 Stored water is released from the reservoir through turbines at

 If the conditions are right: can be constructed without a dam

 At night: when electricity demand is lowest & there is excess

 Pumped-storage facility improves the operating efficiency of all power

 Should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the

Intake or control gates

 Water from reservoir is released and controlled through these

 Used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam

 Water rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and

Thermal Power Plant

1.Cooling tower 8.Surface condenser

14.Coal conveyor 21.Reheater

 Re-using the cooling water, making power plants economical and

Natural draft-cooling tower with a large hyperbolic tower, which pulls in

Flue gas stack

 Mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or to

 A particulate collection device that removes particles from a

 Motors and generators have many similarities

 The source of mechanical energy:

A piston engine or turbine steam engine

Modern Steam Turbine Generator (Thermal Power Plant)

 Generator Installation for Son La Hydro Power Plant

 Generator Cutaway (for Hydro Power Plant)

Rotor: The rotating part of an electrical machine

Rotor: The rotating part of an electrical machine

Armature: In a generator (alternator) the armature windings generate

 Smaller generators are sometimes self-excited

 Transfer electrical energy from one point to another

 Connects power plants to multiple substations near a populated area

 Distribute power drawn from high-voltage transmission systems

Distribution network may include:

 Power system is very complex

 A vital industry in any country

 Renewable energy has been considered for environment

 Question: Why distribution and transmission?

 Why is high voltage used (utilized)?