MODULE 1 – Part 2

Generation
 Structure of Electric Power System
• The function of an electric power system is to connect the
power station to the consumers’ loads by means of
interconnected system of transmission and distribution
networks. It consists of three components
• Power station
• Transmission lines
• Distribution systems
• Transmission lines are connecting link between power station
and distribution systems. Distribution systems connects all the
individual loads in a given locality to the transmission lines.
One line diagram of simple electric power
system
layout
• Generating station : G.S. represents the generating station
where electric power is produced by 3-phase alternators
operating in parallel. The usual generation voltage is11 kV.
• Power stations are generally far away from consumers so
electric power has to be transmitted through transmission lines
at very high voltage i.e. 11 kV is stepped upto 132 kV or more
at the generating station with the help of 3-phase transformers
depending on length of transmission line and amount of power
to be transmitted.
• The transmission of electric power at high voltages has several
advantages including the saving of conductor material and
high transmission efficiency.
• But there is a limit to which this voltage can be increased. It is
because increase in transmission voltage introduces insulation
problems as well as cost of switch gear and transformer
equipment's.
• (ii) Primary transmission. The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-phase,
3-wire overhead system to the outskirts of the city. This forms the primary
transmission.
• (iii) Secondary transmission. The primary transmission line terminates at the
receiving station (RS) which usually lies at the outskirts of the city. At the receiving
station, the voltage is reduced to 33kV by step-down transformers. From this
station, electric power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead system
to various sub-stations (SS) located at different points in the city. This forms the
secondary transmission.
• (iv) Primary distribution. The secondary transmission line terminates at the sub-
station (SS) where voltage is reduced from 33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase, 3-wire. The 11
kV lines run along the important road sides of the city. This forms the primary
distribution. It may be noted that big consumers (having demand more than 50 kW)
are generally supplied power at 11 kV for further handling with their own sub-
stations.
• (v) Secondary distribution. The electric power from primary distribution line (11
kV) is delivered to distribution sub-stations (DS). These sub-stations are located
near the consumers’ localities and step down the voltage to 400 V, 3-phase, 4-wire
for secondary distribution.
• The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is
230 V.
• The single-phase residential lighting load is connected between any one phase and
neutral, whereas 3-phase, 400 V motor load is connected across 3-phase lines
• Secondary distribution system consists of feeders, distributors and service mains.
Feeders (SC or SA) radiating from the distribution sub-station (DS) supply power to
the distributors (AB,BC, CD and AD). No consumer is given direct connection from
the feeders. Instead, the consumers are connected to the distributors through their
service mains.
• Importance of electrical energy
1. Convenient form.
Electrical energy is a very convenient form of energy. It
can be easily converted into other forms of energy. For
example, if we want to convert electrical energy into heat, the
only thing to be done is to pass electrical current through a
wire of high resistance e.g., a heater. Similarly, electrical
energy can be converted into light (e.g. electric bulb),
mechanical energy (e.g. electric motors) etc.
2. Easy control.
The electrically operated machines have simple and
convenient starting, control and operation. For instance, an
electric motor can be started or stopped by turning on or off a
switch. Similarly, with simple arrangements, the speed of
electric motors can be easily varied over the desired range.
3. Greater flexibility.
One important reason for preferring electrical energy
is the flexibility that it offers. It can be easily transported
from one place to another with the help of conductors.
4. Cheapness.
Electrical energy is much cheaper than other forms of
energy. Thus it is overall economical to use this form of
energy for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes.
5. Cleanliness.
Electrical energy is not associated with smoke, fumes
or poisonous gases. Therefore, its use ensures cleanliness
and healthy conditions.
 CONVENTIONAL & NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

• Sources of electrical energy are generally classified into two categories:

• Conventional energy sources.
• Non-conventional energy sources.
CONVENTIONAL:
• Energy that has been used from ancient times is known as conventional
energy. Conventional (or usual) energy sources include fossil fuels (coal,
petroleum and natural gas), water and nuclear energy. A large amount of
electrical energy is generated in conventional power plants.
NON-CONVENTIONAL:
• Some amount of electricity is generated through non-conventional
sources of energy. The sources of energy which are being produced
continuously in nature are called renewable sources of energy. They are
free of operating cost, pollution free and inexhaustible. Non-
Conventional energy sources include solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, etc.
 IMPORTANCE OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
• 1. They are inexhaustible and can be used to produce
energy again and again.
• 2. Non-Conventional energy sources are available in nature
free of cost. But, conventional sources of energy have a
limited supply because eventually the nuclear elements
and fossil fuels will be used up.
• 3. Non-Conventional energy sources do not pollute the
atmosphere. Thus, they are environment friendly. But,
conventional energy sources (except water) cause
pollution; thereby their use degrades the environment.
• 4. Fossil fuels are also used as raw materials in the chemical
industry, so they should be conserved for future
generations.
 DISADVANTAGES OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
SOURCES
1. The cost of harnessing energy from non-conventional
sources is generally high and large amounts are needed to
produce only small amounts of electrical energy. On the
other hand, conventional energy sources are the easiest and
least expensive energy sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas are
efficient energy sources because with small amounts we can
produce relatively large amounts of electrical or fuel energy.
2. Availability is uncertain. The energy flow depends on various
natural phenomena beyond human control. (For example,
the wind is not always predictable - some days have no
wind);
3. Difficult in transporting such forms of energy.
• DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
SOURCES (like coal, oil, uranium etc.)
1. They are non-renewable and fast depleting
(cannot be replaced once they are used) ;
2. They emit carbon dioxide when burnt, adding to
the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and
pushing us faster towards global warming;
3. They leave behind harmful by-products upon
combustion, thereby causing a lot of pollution;
4. Mining of such fuels leads to irreversible damage
to the environment;
5. Prices for fossil fuels are rising.
• The prime mover (e.g., steam turbine, water turbine etc.)
converts energy from some other form into mechanical
energy.
• The alternator converts mechanical energy of the prime
mover into electrical energy.
• The electrical energy produced by the generating station is
transmitted and distributed with the help of conductors to
various consumers.
 Hydro-electric power stations
• It is a power plant utilizing the potential energy of water at a
high level for the electricity generation.
• The main requirement is a dam with a high head water
content.
• The Idukki Hydroelectric Project is the biggest hydroelectric
Project in Kerala. The installed capacity of the Power House is
780MW consisting of 6 Units of 130 MW each. It comprises of
three dams at Idukki, Cheruthony and Kulamavu and related
systems. Its underground Power House is located at
Moolamattom.
• The dam is constructed across a river or lake and water from the catchment
area collects at the back of the dam to form a reservoir. A pressure tunnel is
taken off from the reservoir and water brought to the valve house at the
start of the penstock.
• The valve house contains main sluice valves and automatic isolating valves.
The former controls the water flow to the power house and the latter cuts
off supply of water when the penstock bursts.
• From the valve house, water is taken to water turbine through a huge steel
pipe known as penstock.
• The water turbine converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The
turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
• A surge tank (open from top) is built just before the valve house and
protects the penstock from bursting in case the turbine gates suddenly close
due to electrical load being thrown off. When the gates close, there is a
sudden stopping of water at the lower end of the penstock and
consequently the penstock can burst like. The surge tank absorbs this
pressure swing by increase in its level of water.
 Schematic arrangement of a hydro– electric
plant
• Hydraulic structures: Dam, spillways,
headworks , surge tank , penstock.
• Water turbines.
• Electrical equipments.
 Cont.
• 1. Hydraulic structures.
• Dam: Barrier which stores water and creates water head.
• Spill ways: Discharge the surplus water from the storage
reservoir into river on down stream side of dam. Constructed
of concrete piers on top of dam and gates are provided for
discharge of water.
• Tunnel and Penstock
– Open or closed conduits which carries water from the
reservoir to the turbine of power house
– Tunnel: from reservoir to valve house
– Penstock: From valve house to turbine
• Valve house
– control water flow to power house and maintains air
pressure.
 Cont.
• Surge tank
– Additional storage facility ie small reservoir or
tank open at top
– Water level rises or falls to reduce the pressure
swings in the conduit.
– Pressure regulator in the water line.
• Tailrace
– Water is discharged into tailrace after passing
through turbine
2. Water turbines. Water turbines are used to
convert the energy of falling water into mechanical
energy. The principal types of water turbines are :
(i) Impulse turbines (ii) Reaction turbines
(i) Impulse turbines. Such turbines are used for high
heads. Turbine rotates due to water hitting the
buckets of turbine. In an impulse turbine, the entire
pressure of water is converted into kinetic energy in
a nozzle and the velocity of the jet drives the wheel.
The example of this type of turbine is the Pelton
wheel
(ii) Reaction turbines. Reaction turbines are used for
low and medium heads. Turbine rotates due to force
exerted by water when it flows inside the turbine. In
a reaction turbine, water enters the runner partly
with pressure energy and partly with velocity head.
The important types of reaction turbines are :
(a) Francis turbines (b) Kaplan turbines
A Francis turbine is used for low to medium
heads. It consists of an outer ring of stationary guide
blades fixed to the turbine casing and an inner ring of
rotating blades forming the runner. The guide blades
control the flow of water to the turbine.
A Kaplan turbine is used for low heads and large
quantities of water. It is similar to Francis turbine except
that the runner of Kaplan turbine receives water axially.
3. Electrical equipment. The electrical equipment of a
hydro-electric power station includes alternators,
transformers, circuit breakers and other switching and
protective devices.
• Power house
– It consists of turbine and generator
– Turbine convert hydraulic energy of flowing water to
mechanical energy
– Generator convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
(ii) Reaction turbines. Reaction turbines are used for low
and medium heads. In a reaction turbine, water enters the
runner partly with pressure energy and partly with velocity
head. The important types of reaction turbines are :
(a) Francis turbines (b) Kaplan turbines
A Francis turbine is used for low to medium heads. It
consists of an outer ring of stationary guide blades fixed to
the turbine casing and an inner ring of rotating blades
forming the runner. The guide blades control the flow of
water to the turbine.
•
 STEAM/ THERMAL POWER STATIONS
A generating station which converts heat energy of coal
combustion into electrical energy.

SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT
• Coal and ash handling arrangement
• Steam generating plant
• Steam turbine
• Alternator
• Feed water
• Cooling arrangement
• Coal and ash handling plant: coal is transported to the PS &
stored in coal storage plant and delivered to coal handling
plant. Coal burnt in boiler & ash produced is removed to ash
handling plant and delivered to ash storage plant for disposal.
• Boiler: The heat of combustion of coal in the boiler is utilized
to convert water into steam at high temperature and
pressure.
• super heater: steam produced in the boiler is wet and is
passed through superheater where it is dried and
superheated by flue gases on their way to chimney.
• Economiser: It’s a feed water heater & derives heat from flue
gases.
• Air preheater: it increases temperature of air supplied for coal
burning by delivering heat from flue gases.
Condenser
– The steam coming out of the turbine is condensed to water using a
condenser and cooling tower arrangement
– The condensed water is very pure and recycled through the process.
– The boiler feed pump sends this water to the boiler through the
economizer.
Turbine and generator
Dry and superheated steam from the superheater is fed to the steam
turbine through main valve
_ Heat energy of steam when passing through blades of turbine
converted to mechanical energy.
– Steam turbines are used to rotate the alternator which converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy.
– Electrical energy from alternator is delivered to the busbars through
transformer, circuit breaker and isolators.
 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
• Generating station which converts nuclear energy into
electrical energy.
• Heavy elements such as Uranium U 235 and Thorium Th 232
are subjected to fission in a REACTOR
• Fission is a type of nuclear reaction.
• When atoms of nuclear fuels absorb free neutrons, they split
into two or more smaller nuclei and some free n.
• The free n further strike other atoms and continue a chain
reaction
• Here large amount of energy is released
 Cont..
• Nuclear Reactor
 Comparison of conventional power plants
Hydro Electric power Thermal power plant Nuclear power plant
plants
Located near large Located where there is Located away from
reservoirs ample supply of water populated areas
Initial cost is very high Initial cost is lower than Initial cost is highest
others
Running cost is very less Running cost is highest Higher than hydro power
because no fuel plant
Most efficient ( 85%) Least efficient (25-35%) More efficient (55%)
Weather depended Limited fuel resource Sufficient fuel resource
Practically no emission High polluting emission Clean but radiation
problem
Maintenance cost is very Maintenance cost is very Maintenance cost is very
low high high
 Solar power generation
• Sun is the prime source of energy
• The solar electrical energy is of special importance in India
that
 There is a need for conservation of fossil fuel resources,
such as gas, oil, coal etc
 There is a need for reducing atmospheric and thermal
pollution which are harmful to environment.
 There is a need for supply of electrical energy in remote
areas.
 Solar thermal system
• The system which convert solar heat into useful energy using
collectors
• This heat is used to generate steam and electrical energy
• Concentrate the solar radiation to a receiver and gives it to
heat transport fluid
• A heat transfer fluid (molten salt), which is circulated through
a heat exchanger.
• Steam is produced in the heat exchanger
• The steam drives the turbine and generate electricity
 Solar thermal system
Advantages
1. Renewable source: no fuel required
2. There is no pollution
Disadvantage
3. Main disadvantage is sun energy available for
only part of the day, and cloudy atmospheric
conditions effects most
4. Cost is large
5. Solar tracking system required for sun angle
tracking
Solar photo voltaic systems (SPV)
• In SPV system the visible light is directly converted into
electricity by solar cell (Si)
• A solar cell is basically a pn junction diode
• It generates an electron flow when visible light falls on it
• Voltage generated by a typical Si solar cell is around 0.5 V
• A set of cells are connected in series and properly laminated is
called solar module

Classified as :
Stand alone system
Grid connected system
Solar photo voltaic systems (SPV)
Stand alone system
• Stand-alone PV systems are designed to operate independent
of the electric utility grid
• Reasons:
– Poor quality of grid supply
– High tariffs
– Unfair impositions
– Unresponsive attitude of SEBs.
• Independent of the electric utility grid
Grid connected Solar PV Systems
• PV system is connected to utility grid.
• Can feed excess power to the grid.
Solar photo voltaic systems (SPV)
• Solar PV panels deliver dc electric power only during
favourable conditions of sunlight. To obtain power during
cloudy weather or during night energy storage batteries are
used.
• Some of the loads require ac supply hence dc power should
be converted to ac power by means of inverters.
• Advantages
• Clean, noiseless and safe.
• Produce energy at the location of utilization.
• Reliable service and long life.
• Disadvantages
• Need for storage batteries.
• Irregular and intermittent.
• High capital cost.
Solar photo voltaic systems (SPV)
Advantages Disadvantages
Directly convert solar energy to electric It has high cost of installation
power without any use of moving parts

More reliable, durable and maintenance It has low efficiency

free

It works without any noise It requires large area for the

installation

It is non polluting Its output is not constant

It has long life span

It can be located near the point of load and
requires no distribution system
Wind energy
 Wind energy
• Airflow can be used to run wind turbines.
• Wind possess energy by virtue of its motion. Any device
capable of slowing down the mass of moving air can extract
part of the energy and convert it into useful work.
• Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power.
• A generator can convert mechanical power into electricity.
• A wind electric generator consists of mainly a wind turbine,
a generator, a speed changing gear system which couples the
turbine with the generator and the control equipments.
• Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as
offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for
wind farms.
Basic components of wind energy conversion
system(WECS)
 WECS
• Aero turbines convert energy in moving air to rotary mechanical
energy.
• They require pitch and yaw control
• Yaw control: as wind direction changes a motor rotates turbine slowly
so as to face the blades into the wind.
• Pitch control: pitch angle is the incident angle of wind with blade. Max
power when pitch angle is zero. This control provided by pitch control.
• A mechanical interface consisting of a step up gear and a suitable
coupling transmits the rotary mechanical energy to an electric
generator.
• Output of this generator connected to load or power grid.
• The purpose of controller is to sense various factors as necessary and
appropriate control signals for matching electrical output to wind
energy input and protect the system from extreme conditions brought
by strong winds, electrical faults etc
 Wind energy
Advantages Disadvantages
Renewable In many areas, the winds strength is too low
to support a wind turbine or wind farm.
The land around the turbine can be Wind turbines generally produce less
used for many purposes, for example electricity than the average fossil fuelled
agriculture. power station,

No air pollution Wind electricity requires multiple wind

turbines. large areas are needed.
Newer technologies are making the Wind turbine construction is very expensive
extraction of wind energy much more and costly
efficient.
The wind is free, and we are able to The noise pollution from commercial wind
cash in on this free source of energy. turbines.
Energy Storage
 Need for Energy Storage
• The electricity grid is a complex system in
which power supply and demand must be
equal at any given moment.
• Constant adjustments to the supply are
needed for predictable changes in demand,
such as the daily patterns of human activity, as
well as unexpected changes from equipment
overloads and storms.
• Energy storage plays an important role in this
balancing act and helps to create a more
flexible and reliable grid system.
 Need for Energy Storage
• For example, when there is more supply than demand, such as
during the night when low-cost power plants continue to
operate, the excess electricity generation can be used to
power storage devices.
• When demand is greater than supply, storage facilities can
discharge their stored energy to the grid.
• Pumping water back behind hydroelectric dams has been used
for decades as a form of storage that absorbs excess capacity
from the grid and returns capacity to the grid later when it is
needed.
• Energy storage can be defined as means of storing energy in a
readily recoverable form when the supply exceeds the
demand for use at other times.
 Benefits of Energy Storage
Renewable energy technologies – such as wind and solar – have
variable outputs, storage technologies have great potential for
smoothing out the electricity supply from these sources and
ensuring that the supply of generation matches the demand.

Energy storage is also valued for its rapid response – most

storage technologies can begin discharging power to the grid
very quickly, while fossil fuel sources tend to take longer to ramp
up.

This rapid response is important for ensuring stability of the grid

when unexpected increases in demand occur.
 Benefits of Energy Storage
• Energy storage also becomes more important the farther you
are from the electrical grid.
• For example, when you turn on the lights in your home, the
power comes from the grid; but when you turn on a flashlight
while camping, you must rely on the stored energy in the
batteries.
• Similarly, homes that are farther away from the transmission
grid are more vulnerable to disruption than homes in large
metropolitan areas.
• Islands and microgrids that are disconnected from the larger
electrical grid system depend on energy storage to ensure
power stability, just like you depend on the batteries in your
flashlight while camping.
 Types of Energy Storage Systems
Basically Classified as:
Battery Storage Systems – Lead acid, nickel metal
hydrate, lithium ion batteries and Redox flow batteries
Thermal Systems – Compressed air storage, liquid
air storage, pumped heat electrical storage & methane
Mechanical Systems – Pumped storage
hydroelectricity, Advanced rail storage, Flywheel
energy storage
Super conducting magnetic storage
 Storage Batteries
• Batteries store energy in chemical form during
charging and discharge electrical energy when
connected to a load.
• In its simplest form a battery consists of two
electrodes, a positive and a negative placed in
an electrolyte.
• The electrodes exchange ions with the
electrolyte and electrons with the external
circuit.
 Lithium Ion Battery Storage
• Solid state batteries
• Li-ion is gaining its place as a distributed energy
storage system and in electric vehicles.
• These have a graphite or carbon negative electrode
and lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate or
lithium manganese oxide positive electrode.
• The electrolytes generally use lithium salt in an
organic solvent.
• A metal case holds a long spiral comprising of
three thin sheets pressed together:- Positive
electrode, Negative electrode and a separator.
 Lithium Ion Battery Storage
• The separator is a very thin sheet of micro
perforated plastic.
• As the name implies, it separates the positive and
negative electrodes while allowing ions to pass
through.
• When the battery charges, ions of lithium move
through the electrolyte from the positive electrode
to the negative electrode and attach to the carbon.
• During discharge, the lithium ions move back to
the positive electrode from the carbon.
Lithium Ion Battery Storage
 Lead Acid Battery
• The battery uses sponge lead as negative
plate and lead peroxide as positive plate for
the conversion of the chemical energy into
electrical power.
• Dilute sulphuric acid is used as electrolyte.
Lead Acid Battery
 Redox Flow Batteries
• Redox flow batteries use chemical reduction and
oxidation reactions to store excess grid energy in
liquid electrolyte solutions.
• The main advantage redox batteries have over
lithium-ion and other solid state batteries is their
flexibility.
• The power rating and energy rating on a redox flow
battery can easily be modified for a given
application by simply changing the stack size or size
of storage tanks holding the electrolyte solutions.
 Thermal Storage Systems
• Thermal systems use heating and cooling methods to store and
release energy.
• For example, molten salt stores solar-generated heat for use
when there is no sunlight.
• Ice storage in buildings reduces the need to run compressors
while still providing air conditioning over a period of several
hours.
• Other systems use chilled water and dispatchable hot water
heaters.
• In all cases, excess energy charges the storage system (heat the
molten salts, freeze the water, etc.) and is later released as
needed.
 Compressed Air Storage System
• Used in conjunction with a wind farm, a
compressed air energy storage system draws
in air, creating a high-pressure system in a
series of large underground chambers.

• When the wind speeds slows or power

demand surges, the pressurized air, typically
mixed with a bit of natural gas, is released to
power turbines or generators.
 Liquid Air Storage
• Liquid Air Energy Storage, or LAES, uses excess grid
electricity to cool ambient air to the point it
becomes a liquid.

• To extract electricity from the system, the liquid

air is converted back to gas by exposure to
ambient air or with waste heat.

• This expanding gas is then used to power turbines.

Pumped Heat Electrical Storage
• Pumped Heat Electrical Storage stockpiles electricity by
using it to drive a heat pump that moves heat from a
“cold store” to a hot store," comparable to the way a
refrigerator moves heat from its interior.
• To recuperate the energy, the heat pump is flipped, taking
from the hot store and putting it in the cold store.
• This generates mechanical work that drives a generator.
• One of the advantages of this system over others is that it
has a much faster response time than other grid storage
systems, acting within minutes.
 Mechanical Systems - Flywheels
• Flywheels store energy in a rapidly spinning
mechanical rotor and are capable of absorbing and
releasing high power for typically 15 minutes or less,
although longer duration systems are being developed.
• These systems can balance fluctuations in electricity
supply and demand where they respond to a control
signal adjusted every few seconds.
• They also recapture braking energy from electric trains
in some installations or provide short-term power until
backup generation comes online during a grid outage,
such as in a critical manufacturing process where
product would be lost by a momentary electric
interruption.
 Mechanical Systems - Flywheels
• Flywheel energy storage systems store grid
energy by converting electricity into kinetic
energy in the form of spinning wheels.
• The wheels are held in a frictionless vacuum by a
magnetic field to prevent a loss of energy, and
when power is needed, the spinning can be
slowed in a way that generates electricity.
• This system offers a number of advantages over
other energy storage systems, including low
maintenance, long life, and low environmental
impact.
 Pumped Hydro Power

• Pumped hydroelectric facilities are the most

common form of energy storage on the grid and
account for over 95% of the storage in use today.
• During off-peak hours, turbines pump water to an
elevated reservoir using excess electricity.
• When electricity demand is high, the reservoir
opens to allow the retained water to flow through
turbines and produce electricity.
• Siting these systems can be difficult because of the
terrain needed (an upper and lower pool of water)
and large footprint.
 Advanced Rail Energy Storage
• Devised by a California startup, Advanced Rail
Energy Storage is a system that uses rail cars to
reserve electricity.
• The unusual system uses excess grid energy to
power axle-drive motors on rail cars, pushing mass
uphill and against gravity to a storage yard.
• To extract electricity from the system, the rail cars
move back downhill.
• This time, the wheels acts as tiny generators,
sending electricity back to the grid.
 Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage
• A superconducting magnetic energy storage system stores
electricity not as chemical, kinetic, or potential energy, but
as a magnetic field.

• The field is created by the flow of current in a

superconducting coil that has been cooled to below a
critical temperature point.

• The electromagnetic field requires very little energy to

maintain, and energy is released by discharging the coils.

• The advantage of this system is that it offers the capacity

for instantaneous discharge.
Energy Storage: Schemes
Pumped Hydroelectric Storage
Energy Storage: Schemes
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Energy Storage: Schemes

Thermal Storage

Battery Storage
Traditional Electric/Power Grid

90
What is Smart Grid?

91
 Contd..
• Smart Grid = Electric Grid + Intelligence

92
Contd..

93
Contd..

94
 Contd..
• Definition by National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST), USA:
“A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of
energy and uses two-way communication and control
capabilities that will lead to an array of new functionalities
and applications”.
• IEEE:
• Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each
functional domain consists of three layers: (i) the power and
energy layer, (ii) the communication layer, and (iii) the
IT/computer layer.
• Layers (ii) and (iii) above are the enabling infrastructure
that makes the existing power and energy infrastructure95
‘smarter’.
A Model Set-up of a Smart Grid Network

96
Vision of a Smart City

97
98
99
Comparison between conventional and
smart grid

100
Smart grid view

101
 Need For A Smart Grid
• Electromechanical electrical grids are inefficient networks
highly prone to power failures. It has become a stressed grid
structure.
• Energy demand is increasing at a faster rate than energy
supply because of the increase in population.
• With the increase in energy costs, customer expectations are
also increasing. Customers want to do more to protect the
environment, use less energy and control their costs.
• Customers are increasingly technologically savvy and expect
to receive the information to help them manage their energy
usage.
• Greenhouse gas emissions is increasing due to the increase in
102

energy consumption.
103
Smart grid challenges

104
 Technical challenges of SG

• Management of vast amount of data

• Inadequate grid resources

• Integrated communication

• Transition from legacy systems

• Cyber security

• Lack of standards 105

Non technical challenges of SG

• Power theft

• Low meter efficiency

• Affordable energy

• T&D losses

• Lack of awareness

• Changes in regulatory policies

106

• Smart consumers
 Anticipated Smart Grid Benefits
1. Improving Power Reliability and Quality
2. Minimizing the Need to Construct Back-up (Peak Load)
Power Plants
3. Enhancing the capacity and efficiency of existing electric grid
4. Improving Resilience to Disruption and Being Self-Healing
5. Expanding Deployment of Renewable and Distributed Energy
Sources
6. Automating maintenance and operation
7. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
8. Reducing oil consumption
9. Enabling transition to plug-in electric vehicles
10. Increasing consumer choice
107
Traditional power systems

108
 Contd..
• Majority of our power production depends on fossil fuels
so pollution, global temperature, etc is another impact
• So we are going for RES: ( solar, wind, fuel cells, natural
gas, biogas, combined heat and power systems, stirling
engines and micro turbine) and their integration into
utility grid
• This power generation is known as distributed generation
(DG)
• And the energy sources are termed as distributed energy
recourses (DGRs)
• With the integration of DG the distribution network
becomes active and hence called : active distribution 109

network
 Concept of Microgrid
• “Microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and
distributed energy resources within clearly defined
electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable
entity with respect to the grid. A Microgrid can
connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to
operate in both grid connected or island-mode”.

110
 Contd..
• Components
– Distributed Generation
– Loads
– Immediate storage
– Controller
– Point of Common Coupling
• Topologies
– Customer Microgrids or true Microgrids (μgrids)
– Utility or community Microgrids or milligrids (mgrids)
– Virtual Microgrid (vgrids) 111
– Remote power systems (rgrids)
 What is Microgrid.?
• From utility point of view: It treated as a single
aggregate load within the power system
• Consumer point of view : To meet their power
requirement locally, with improved PQ, reliability and
less losses
• Environment point of view : Reduce pollution and
carbon emission
• It has a plug and play feature
• The control, protection and metering functions during
standalone and grid connected modes is done by112
PEIs.
Contd..

113
Contd..

114
 Contd..
• Micro sources and electrical loads are connected in
Microgrid
• To reduce the heat loss during heat transmission , they
placed near sources
• It consists of A,B,C & D radial feeders to supply
electrical and heat loads
• Through MCs(micro source controllers) CHP, non CHP,
storage devices are connected to feeders A to D
• Loads on A&D are assumed to be priority loads
• Microgrid is connected to utility grid at PCC (point of
common coupling) through CB1.
• CB1 operate to connect and disconnect the entire load 115
 Contd..
• Feeders A,B,C,D can be connected or disconnected from Microgrid
using CB2 – CB5
• Two modes of operations:
1. Stand alone:
• Microgrid operate itself
• Either CB1 is opened or CB2, CB5 are opened and the loads in
priority network will fed by micro sources
• Also feeder B, C are left for grid disturbance
2. Grid connected mode :
• Micro grid is connected to utility grid either partially or totally
• Exchanges power (export or import)
• In case of any disturbances it switches to stand alone mode while
still feeding priority loads 116
• Control is performed by micro source controller (MCs) and central
controller (CCs)