ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY

1. Biomass Energy

2. 2. Geothermal Energy

Hydropower

4. Ocean Power

5. Solar Power

6. Wind Power

7. Coal Power

8. Nuclear Power

9. Natural Gas

Biomass Energy

•Biomass describes all solid material of animal or vegetable origin from which energy may be extracted
it also called solid biomass.

• Plant products (such as corn husks, branches, or peanut shells), waste paper, and cow dung are
examples of biomass fuel.

• Biomass can be heated, burned, fermented, or treated chemically to release energy

• Biomass is produced by photosynthesis, basic research in photosynthesis may provide systems that
directly convert sunlight into fuels.

• Biomass can also be used a fuel for space heating and factory processing. and to produce liquid
transportation fuel such as ethanol.
Geothermal Energy

•Geo means earth and thermal means heat. Meaning geothermal energy is the heat energy of the earth.

•Geothermal Energy can be harnessed from the Earth’s natural heat associated with active volcanoes or
geologically young inactive volcanoes still giving off heat at depth.

• Steam from high-temperature geothermal fluids can be used to drive turbines and generate electrical
power, while lower temperature fluids provide hot water tor space-heating purpose, heal for
greenhouses and industrial uses, and hot or warm springs at resort spas.

Hydropower

• The term hydro comes from an ancient Greek word for water

•The force or moving water from rivers or storage reservoirs.

• The process starts with the annual hydrologic, or water Cycle, providing seasonal rain and runoff from
snow pack. The runoff from rain and snow collects in lakes, streams and rivers and flows to dams
downstream. The water funnels through a dam into powerhouse and turns a large wheel called wheel
turbine. The turbine turns a shaft that rotates, a series of magnets past copper coils in a generator to
create electricity. The water then returns to the river. From the powerhouse, transmission lines carry
electricity communities.

Ocean Power

Ocean have tremendous energy in the movement of their currents and waves.

Marine Currents

There are two kinds of marine currents: two-way (tridal) currents, and one way currents.

1. Two-way currents are the ocean tides, caused by gravitational pull of the moon and sun. each
heavenly body pulls on the part of the ocean nearest to it, causing bulges in water height.

2. One-way currents are like massive “rivers” of ocean water flowing within the ocean for
hundreds-sometimes thousands of miles.

Solar Power

Solar energy

• Provided by the sun is the most inexhaustible and cleanest source of energy known.

• Its heat and light arrive week in and week out -free. But not in uniform amounts each day, or in
concentrated form, and not at all at night. Consequently. the barriers, to greater use of solar
energy by a world faced with dwindling energy resources are significant mainly, diffusion and
the inability economically to store solar energy. Use it directly, of convert to electricity.
Coal Energy

• Coal is a rock that burns as it releases energy. it is mostly made of

• Some coal is brown and crumby, and some coal is hard, black, and glossy

• The greater the percentage of the coal that is carbon, the higher its rank or potential energy Coal is
among the fossil fuels along with oil (petroleum), and natural gas. The fossil fuels are considered non-
renewable energy resources.

Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear energy is the energy trapped inside atoms, those tiny particles from which all matter is
made.

• The principle of producing electricity by heat is the same in nuclear power production as in coal
or oil based energy production. By heat, the water is boiled to high pressure steam. The steam
rotates the turbine. The generator attached to the turbine generates electricity. In a nuclear
power plant, the heat needed for producing electricity is generated in a nuclear reactor by the
fission of atomic nuclei.

• In the energy production, nuclear energy replaces fossil fuels, mainly coal, which poses
significant environmental hazards. Of the new energy forms, nuclear power is so far the only
one ready for large scale energy production.

• Nuclear power is economical and the annual fuel reserve of a nuclear power plant can be
transported in just a few truck loads.

Natural Gas

• Natural Gas is made up mostly of methane.

• Methane, a combination of hydrogen and carbon, is formed when plants and animals (organic
matter) are trapped beneath the sedimentary layers of the earth.

Wind Power

• Wind power is a renewable resource. Wind is a form of solar energy.

• The basic machine that converts wind power to electricity is called a wind turbine The force of
the wind spin blades attached to a hub that turns as the blades turn. Together, the blades and
hub are Called the rotor. The turning rotor spins a generator, producing electricity.

• Mankind has been making use of wind power for centuries One of the first known uses was to
propel sailing ships. This was followed centuries later by the development of windmills.

• Electrical wiring diagram

•
A wiring diagram is a simplified conventional pictorial representation of an electrical circuit. It
shows the components of the circuit as simplified shapes, and the power and signal connections
between the devices.

• A wiring diagram usually gives information about the relative position and arrangement of
devices and terminals on the devices, to help in building or servicing the device. This is unlike a
schematic diagram where the arrangement of the components' interconnections on the
diagram usually does not correspond to the components' physical locations in the finished
device. A pictorial diagram would show more detail of the physical appearance, whereas a
wiring diagram uses a more symbolic notation to emphasize interconnections over physical
appearance.

• Electrical Wiring Diagram and its Definition

• A. Schematic Diagram

• A drawing showing all significant components, parts, or tasks (and their interconnections) of a
circuit, device, flow, process, or project by means of standard symbols. Schematic diagrams for a
project may also be used for preparing preliminary cost estimates.

• ELECTRONICS

•
Electronics is defined as devices run by electric power or the field of studying such items.

• An example of electronics are radios, computers, gadgets and

• televisions.

• The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other
electrically charged particles.

• The following common components are used in most printed circuit boards:

• 1. Resistors

•
• Resistors control the electric currents that pass through them, as well as the voltage in each
component connected to them. Without resistors, other components may not be able to handle
the voltage and this may result in overloading.

• 2. Transistors

• Transistors are crucial to the printed circuit board assembly process due to their multi-functional
nature. They are semiconductor devices that can both conduct and insulate and can act as
switches and amplifiers. They are smaller in size, have a relatively longer life, and can operate at
lower voltage supplies safely without a filament current. Transistors come in two types: bipolar
junction transistor (BJT) and field effect transistors (FET).

• The following common components are used in most printed circuit boards:

• 3. Capacitors

• Capacitors are passive two-terminal electronic components. They act like rechargeable batteries
– they can store electrical energy, and then transmit that energy again when needed.

• 4. Inductors

• Inductors are passive two-terminal electronic components that store energy in a magnetic field
when an electric current passes through them. Inductors are used to block alternating currents
while allowing direct currents to pass. They can be combined with capacitors to make tuned
circuits, which are used in radio and TV receivers.

• The following common components are used in most printed circuit boards:

• 5. Diodes

• Diodes are semiconductor components that act as one-way switches for currents. They allow
currents to pass easily in one direction but restricts currents from flowing in the opposite
direction.
 •

FOOD AND COSMETIC

• Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism.

• Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals

• A cookie is a baked or cooked snack or dessert that is typically small, flat and sweet. It usually
contains flour, sugar, egg, and some type of oil, fat, or butter. It may include other ingredients
such as raisins, oats, chocolate chips, nuts, etc.

10 Best Cookie Baking Tools

1. HALF SHEET PANS

Typically, we recommend a half-sheet pan, which is about 18x13" and is big enough for most home
cooks but small enough to fit easily into your apartment oven.

2. SILICONE BAKING MATS

helps create a more even baking surface on even the worst baking sheets, resulting in cookies with
more evenly browned bottoms — and fewer burnt cookies.

3. COOKIE SCOOPS

a handheld, spring-loaded kitchen tool that scoops uniform sizes of dough and batter. Using a cookie
scoop helps maintain product size consistency and even baking.

4. COOLING RACKS

used to allow air to circulate freely to cool baked goods, and to prevent them getting soggy from
condensation.

5. STAND MIXER

used for a wide variety of baking and cooking needs that go way beyond mixing cookie dough. A stand
mixer can quickly become the center of any kitchen, helping passionate cooks, bakers, dabblers, and
experienced chefs alike recreate classic dishes or discover something new.

6. QUALITY MEASURING CUPS + A DIGITAL FOOD SCALE

A scale gives far more accurate results than volume measurements. Dry ingredients, when portioned in
measuring cups, are wildly inconsistent.
7. ROLLING PIN

cylindrical food preparation utensil used to shape and flatten dough. Two styles of rolling pin are found:
rollers and rods.

8. STURDY COOKIE CUTTERS

a device with sharp edges for cutting cookie dough into a particular shape.

9. SILICONE SPATULAS

mainly used in baking but has transitioned itself to become a multipurpose kitchen tool because of the
sheer versatility of its use. Whether you're baking or cooking, no other tool can scrape the sides of a
bowl, pan, or any other vessel as cleanly or as efficiently as a silicone spatula

10. COOKIE CARRIER

The adjustable shelves allow you to pack and carry a wide variety of foods, not just desserts! It's the
ideal carrier for pies, cupcakes, brownies, cookies and etc.

C O S M ITICS

• Cosmetics

are products you apply to your body to clean it, make it more attractive, or change the way it looks.

are constituted mixtures of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources, or synthetically
created ones.

Cosmetics have various purposes. Those designed for personal care and skin care can be used
to cleanse or protect the body or skin. Cosmetics designed to enhance or alter one's appearance
(makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance one's natural features (such as
the eyebrows and eyelashes), add color to a person's face, or change the appearance of the face entirely
to resemble a different person, creature or object. Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to
the body.

• A manicure

is a mostly cosmetic beauty treatment for the fingernails and hands performed at home or in a nail
salon

BASIC TOOLS OF MANICURE

Manicure Tools
In addition to comfortable chairs for clients to sit in, there are many unique tools that help nail
technicians perform manicures. These manicure tools include:

Nail buffer block to add shine to the nail.

Bamboo sticks to clean up excess cuticle.

Cotton balls to apply products.

Tweezers tool to grab small items.

Cuticle oil to moisten and add vitamins to the skin.

Polish to add protection and shine or color to the nail.

Small paintbrush to create nail art.

Acetone/polish remover to remove polish and debris.

Cuticle cream for the bottom of the nail.

Lotion to moisturize.

Nail brush tool for nail hygiene.

Cuticle pusher to push back skin around the nail.

Cuticle scissors tool to trim cuticles.

Nippers to trim hangnails.

Nail files/Emery boards to shape the nail.