PSA QUIZ 1 REVIEWER

A power system is a network of interconnected electrical components designed to

generate, transmit, and distribute electrical energy. It consists of power plants, substations,
transformers, transmission lines, distribution lines, and end-user equipment.
Structure of power system with their corresponding tension.

Three principal division of Power System?

Generation: This division involves the production of electrical energy. Power plants,
whether they are hydroelectric, thermal (coal, oil, gas), nuclear, wind, solar, or other
renewable sources, fall under this category. Generation facilities convert various forms of
energy into electrical energy.
 Transmission: Once electricity is generated, it needs to be transmitted over long
distances from power plants to load centers and distribution substations. Transmission lines,
towers, and associated equipment constitute the transmission system. High-voltage
transmission lines are used to minimize energy losses during long-distance transmission.
 Distribution: Distribution involves the delivery of electricity from the transmission
system to end-users, such as homes, businesses, and industrial facilities. Distribution
networks consist of transformers, distribution lines (medium and low voltage), substations,
and other equipment needed to manage the flow of electricity and maintain voltage levels
within acceptable limits.
 Consumption: End-users consume electricity for various purposes, including lighting,
heating, cooling, industrial processes, and powering appliances and devices. This is the final
stage in the power system where electricity is utilized to meet the needs of consumers.
Enumerate the Timeline of growth of Power System.
 1881- two electricians built the world's first power system at Godalming in England. It
was powered by two water wheels and produced an alternating current that in turn
supplied seven Siemens arc lamps at 250 volts and 34 incandescent lamps at 40 volts.
 1885 – development of ac systems began in United States when George Westinghouse
bought the American patents covering the ac transmission system developed by L.
Gaulard and J. D. Gibbs of Paris. William Stanley, an early associate of Westinghouse,
tested transformers in his laboratory in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.
 1885-1886 – winter, Stanley installed the first experimental as distribution system,
supplied 150 lamps in the town.
 1890 – first ac transmission line in the United States was put into operation to carry
electric energy generated by water power a distance of 13 mi from Willamette Falls to
Portland, Oregon.
 May 16, 1888 – Nikola Tesla presented a paper describing two phase induction and
synchronous motors. 1893 – advantages of polyphase were apparent immediately, and a
two – phase ac
distribution system was demonstrated to the public at the Columbian Exposition in
Chicago.
 January 1894 – there were five polyphase generating plants in the United States, of
which one was two – phase and the others three – phase.
 1890 – Willamette – Portland line was operated at 3300 V.
 1907 – line was operating at 100 kV.
 1913 – voltages rose to 150 kV.
 1923 – 220 kV.
 1926 – 244 kV.
 1936 – 287 kV on the line from Hoover Dam to Los Angeles which begins its service at
this year.
 1953 – came the first 345 – kV line.
 1965 – first 500 – kV line was operating.
 1969 – first 765 – kV line was placed in operation.
 1917 – electric systems were usually operated as individual units because they started
as isolated systems and spread out only gradually to cover the
Enumerate and define by its operation some Renewable energy
Solar Energy: This renewable energy source harnesses sunlight to generate electricity
through photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power systems.
Wind Energy: Wind energy is generated by harnessing the kinetic energy of wind using
wind turbines. As the wind flows over the blades of the turbine, it causes the rotor to spin,
which drives a generator to produce electricity.
Hydroelectric Energy: Hydroelectric energy is generated by capturing the potential energy
of water stored in reservoirs or flowing in rivers and converting it into electricity.
Geothermal Energy: This renewable energy source utilizes the heat from the Earth's core to
generate electricity. Geothermal power plants extract steam or hot water from underground
reservoirs, which drives turbines connected to generators to produce electricity.
Biomass Energy: Biomass energy is generated by converting organic materials such as
wood, agricultural residues, and waste into biofuels, biogas, or electricity. Biomass can be
burned
directly to produce heat or converted into biofuels such as ethanol or biodiesel.
Tidal Energy: Tidal energy is generated by harnessing the kinetic energy of ocean tides
using tidal turbines. As the tides move in and out, they drive the turbine blades,
which turn generators to produce electricity.
Wave Energy: Wave energy is generated by harnessing the kinetic energy of ocean waves
using wave energy converters. These devices capture the up-and-down motion of waves and
convert it into electricity.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): utilizes the temperature difference between
warm surface water and cold deep water in the ocean to generate electricity. Warm surface
water is used to vaporize a working fluid, which drives a turbine connected to a generator to
produce electricity.
Hydrokinetic Energy: Hydrokinetic energy is generated by harnessing the kinetic energy of
flowing water in rivers, streams, and tidal currents. Hydrokinetic turbines are placed in these
water bodies to capture the energy of the flowing water and convert it into electricity.
Solar Thermal Energy: Solar thermal energy uses sunlight to heat a fluid (such as water or
oil) to produce steam, which drives a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity.
This technology is often used in concentrated solar power systems
A load study is the determination of the voltage, current, power, and power factor or
reactive power at various points in an electric network under existing or contemplated
conditions of normal operation. Load studies are essential in planning the future
development of the system because satisfactory operation of the system depends on
knowing the effects of interconnections with other power systems, of new loads, new
generating stations, and new transmission lines before they are installed.

Economic dispatch
 is the name given to the process of apportioning the total load on
a system between the various generating plants to achieve the greatest economy of
operation.

What is fault in a circuit?

A fault refers to any unintended condition that disrupts the normal flow of electrical current.
Faults can occur due to various reasons, such as insulation breakdown, short circuits, or open
circuits. An insulation breakdown fault occurs when the insulation between conductors fails,
causing a leakage of current. A short circuit fault occurs when two conductors with different
voltages come into contact, creating a low-resistance path for current to flow.

What is Stability Study?

 refers to the analysis and assessment of the dynamic behavior of the electrical grid under
various operating conditions and disturbances. The primary objective of stability studies is to
ensure that the power system remains stable and operates within acceptable limits following
disturbances such as faults, changes in load demand, or the loss of generation
Stability Studies are classified into 2:

Stability Limit - increase the mechanical input to a generator or the mechanical load on a
motor beyond this definite amount of power.
Steady State Limit - Thelimiting value of power.

What is a Power Systems Engineer?

 A Power System Engineer is a professional who specializes in the design, analysis,
operation,
and optimization of electrical power systems. These systems include generation,
transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy. Power System Engineers play
a crucial role in ensuring the reliable, efficient, and safe delivery of electricity to homes,
businesses, and industries
 The Power System Engineer should know the methods of making Load Studies, Fault
Analyses, Stability Studies and the principles of Economic Dispatch.