Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

City of Ilagan, Isabela
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

A Activity
In

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND

SUBSTATION DESIGN

By:
JHONLOYD R. LITTAUA

ENGR. PABLO T. ZIPAGAN JR.

Subject Instructor/Professor

Date:
March 11, 2024
 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
www.isuilagan.edu.ph
“University for People, Nature, Entrepreneurship and Innovation”

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Activity 3
What are the following:
1. Load Graph

The load graph illustrates the variation of electrical load over time, showing how
much power is consumed by the connected devices and systems at different
points in the distribution network. The graph helps utility operators and engineers
understand and analyze the patterns of electricity consumption, which is crucial
for effective management and planning of the distribution system.

Load graphs can be used to identify peak demand periods, plan for system
upgrades or expansions, optimize energy distribution, and enhance overall
system reliability. By studying load graphs, utilities can make informed decisions
regarding infrastructure investments, load shedding strategies, and demand-side
management programs to ensure the efficient and reliable supply of electricity to
consumers.

2. Maximum Demand
Maximum demand refers to the highest amount of electrical power consumed by
a facility, system or circuit within a specified period. It represents the peak load or
demand that the electrical system must be able to handle. This concept is crucial
for electrical utilities, as they need to provide sufficient capacity to meet the peak
demand of their customers without causing overloads or system failures.

Connected Load x Load factor

Maximum Demand=
Power factor

3. Average Demand

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 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
www.isuilagan.edu.ph
“University for People, Nature, Entrepreneurship and Innovation”

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Average demand in a distribution system is the mean or average level of

electrical power consumption over a specific period. Unlike maximum demand,
which identifies the highest point of consumption, average demand provides a
measure of the typical or average load on the system over a given timeframe.

Total Energy Consumed

Average Demand=
Time DurationAverage

4. Demand Factor
The demand factor is a ratio that represents the relationship between the
maximum demand and the total connected load within a given system, circuit, or
facility. It is expressed as a percentage or a decimal and is used in electrical
engineering and power system analysis. The demand factor helps in estimating
the actual demand on a system compared to the total connected load.
Maximum Demand
Demand Factor=
Total Connected Load

Maximum Demand = is the highest point of power consumption within a specific

time period.
Total Connected Load = is the sum of the ratings or capacities of all connected
electrical devices and equipment in the system.
5. Utilization Factor
Utilization factor measures the ratio of the actual load to the maximum possible
load over a given period. It is expressed as a percentage or a decimal and is
used to assess how effectively the installed electrical capacity is being utilized.
The utilization factor provides insights into how efficiently the electrical system is
being used. A higher utilization factor indicates that the system is operating closer
to its maximum capacity, while a lower utilization factor suggests that there is
spare capacity available.

Average Load
Utilization Factor=
Maximum Demand

Average Load = is the average power consumption over a specific period.

Maximum Demand = is the highest point of power consumption within the same
period.
6. Load Factor

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 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
www.isuilagan.edu.ph
“University for People, Nature, Entrepreneurship and Innovation”

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

The load factor is a measure of the average demand on an electrical system

over a specific period, typically a day, month, or year, in comparison to the
maximum demand during that same period. It is expressed as a percentage
or a decimal and provides insights into how consistently electrical power is
being utilized.

Average Load( Monthly kWh)

Load Factor=
Peak Load ¿ ¿

7. Diversity Factor

The diversity factor is a measure used in electrical engineering to quantify the

degree to which the individual loads in a system or network are unlikely to
operate simultaneously at their maximum demand. It reflects the diversity or
variation in the usage patterns of different loads within a given period. The
diversity factor is typically greater than or equal to 1. A diversity factor less than 1
indicates that the individual loads tend to operate simultaneously at their
maximum demand, while a diversity factor greater than 1 suggests that the loads
exhibit diversity in their usage patterns.

Diversit y Factor=
∑ of Individual Maximum Demand
Maximum Demand of the System

Sum of Individual Maximum Demands = is the sum of the maximum demands

of all individual loads or devices.
Maximum Demand of the System = is the highest point of power consumption
in the entire system.

8. Load Diversity

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 Republic of the Philippines
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
www.isuilagan.edu.ph
“University for People, Nature, Entrepreneurship and Innovation”

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Load diversity refers to the phenomenon where the individual loads in an

electrical system do not all operate at their maximum demand simultaneously.
Instead, they exhibit variations in their usage patterns over time. Load diversity is
a key factor in electrical system planning and design, as it allows for a more
efficient and cost-effective allocation of resources
In a system with load diversity, the peak demand of the entire system is typically
less than the sum of the individual maximum demands of all connected loads.
This is because not all loads reach their maximum demand at the same time.
Load diversity helps in optimizing the sizing of electrical infrastructure
components such as generators, transformers, and distribution systems.

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