Thermodynamics

Basic Vocabulary
● Heat: The energy transferred from one object to another due to the difference in temperature
● Temperature: Quantitative measure of heat
● Enthalpy: (represented by H) the substance’s energy plus a small added term that takes into
account the pressure and volume of the substance. It is also the amount of chemical energy a
substance has that can be turned into heat.
● Standard Enthalpy Changes: the enthalpy change that is measured when the reactants in their
standard states change to products in their standard state
● Heat Capacity: the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object or substance by
1°C
● Specific Heat: the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1°C
● Calorimeter: an insulated container in which chemical reactions are performed and heat change
is measured

Quick Notes
● Enthalpy Change → ∆H = Hreactants - Hproducts
● Exothermic reactions have a negative ∆H because reactants lose heat when they are converted
into products. Endothermic reactions have a positive ∆H because reactants absorb heat energy
as they are converted into products

Heat Flow Problems

These types of questions involve stoichiometric ratios and there must be a balanced equation in order to
solve them. Take a look at the examples below.
1. If 1 mole of methane produces 802 kJ of heat when burned, how much heat energy is produced
from burning half a mole (a)? What about 10.0 g methane (b)?
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 802 𝑘𝐽
a. 1 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
⇒ ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 401𝑘𝐽
2
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

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 b. Burning 10.0 g of methane → This is a 2 step process; take a look:
i. Calculate the enthalpy change:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝐻4 −802 𝑘𝐽
10. 0 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4 × 16.0 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4
× 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝐻4
=− 501 𝑘𝐽

ii. ∆H of -501 kJ means that 501 kJ of heat was produced

2. How much heat is produced when 10.0 g methane is burned?
a. Write the balanced equation with the enthalpy change:
Using the bond energies table, use the formula of ∆H = Hreactants - Hproducts or ∆H = H[energy to
break bonds] - H[energy used to create bonds]. In that case, here are the calculations for calculating ∆H:

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)

1 ((2 • 432) + 494) - (2 • (2 • 459))

2 (864 + 494) - (1836)

3 1358 - 1836

4 -478 kJ/mol

[the answer is probably slightly off because I used different values for bond energies]
So overall Reaction + ∆H: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) ∆H = -483.6
b. Calculate the ∆H when 10.0 g of Hydrogen is burned:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 −483.6 𝑘𝐽
10. 00 𝑔 𝐻2 × 2.016 𝑔 𝐻2
× 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻2
= − 1, 199 𝑘𝐽

Now since we want the ∆H as a magnitude, the ∆H = 1,199 kJ → When 10.0 g of H2 are
burned, 1199 kJ of heat is released
3. Try this yourself → How much heat is produced when 45 g of NO reacts with oxygen according
to the following reaction equation? 2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝑁𝑂2 and ∆𝐻 = − 114 𝑘𝐽
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑂 −114 𝑘𝐽
45𝑔 𝑁𝑂 × 30.006𝑔 𝑁𝑂
× 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑂
≈ − 85. 483 𝑘𝐽

Calorimetry
Quick Notes
● Calorimetry Formula: 𝑞 = 𝐶 × 𝑚 × ∆𝑇
○ q = ∆H → heat value/enthalpy change

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 ○ m = mass of substance
○ ∆T = temperature change → Tinitial - Tfinal [THIS CAN BE < 0]
○ C = specific heat capacity of a substance
𝐽
● Specific Heat of Water: 4.184 °𝐶 • 𝑔

Practice Problems
1. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 100g of water from room temperature
(20°C) to boiling point (100°C)?
a. Plug it into the calorimetry equation and solve for q:
q = (100g)(4.184)(80) → q = 33472 J → q = 3.35 kJ
2. When sulfuric acid is dissolved into water, the solution gets hotter. The chemical equation for the
reaction is: H2SO4(l) → 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
What is the molar enthalpy change for this reaction?
a. Step 1: Calculate the amt of heat energy absorbed or released (q)

Helpful Links
● Short List of Bond Energies:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_
(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.9%3A_Bond_Energi
es
● Long List of Bond Energies (PDF): ​
https://labs.chem.ucsb.edu/zakarian/armen/11---bonddissociationenergy.pdf

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