GEN CHEM 3RDQT

COMPUTING FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

SOLUTION
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 Kb/f = constant
%mass = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 x 100 KbH2O = 0.512°C/m
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)
KfH2O = 1.86°C/m
%m/v = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝐿) x 100 m = molal
i = no. of particles (ions) that are formed upon
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
%volume = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 x 100 dissociation

"
ppm = x 106 Boiling point – non-electrolytes
"
ΔTb = Kbm
" Tbsolution = ΔTb + Tbsolvent
ppb = x 109
"

= ppm x 109 Boiling point – electrolytes

ΔTb = iKbm
proof no. = 2(% of solute) Tbsolution = ΔTb + Tbsolvent

Freezing point – non-electrolytes

MOLE FRACTION ΔTf = Kfm
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑀 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 Tfsolution = Tfsolvent - ΔTf
Xsolute = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
+
𝑀𝑀 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑀𝑀 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Freezing point – electrolytes
Xsolvent = 1 - Xsolute ΔTf = iKfm
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 Tfsolution = Tfsolvent - ΔTf
Molality (m) =
𝐾𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity (M) = ENTHALPHY OF A REACTION (ΔH)
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

ΔH = H(products) – H(reactants)
SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
ΔH > 0 (positive) endothermic process
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ΔH < 0 (negative) exothermic process
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑀

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
STANDARD ENTHALPY OF REACTION (ΔH °rxn)
mole =
𝑀𝑀
ΔH °rxn = ΣnΔH f°(products) – ΣmΔH f°(reactants)
n and m are the stoichiometric coefficients for the reactants and products.

GOODLUCKAKAKK FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

-DONAAO ΔUsys + ΔUsurr = 0

ΔU = Uf – Ui
ΔUsys = –ΔUsurr
sys – system surr - surroundings