ACTIVITY 1

1. Explain the flow path of Lubricating system of diesel engine

For a diesel engine to operate properly, all of its moving parts must be properly lubricated
in order to decrease friction, reduce wear, and remove heat produced by friction. This is
achieved through the lubrication system. This is a summary of a diesel engine's normal
lubricating system flow path:

1. Engine oil is kept in the oil sump or reservoir, which is the first component of the
lubricating system. This is often seen around the engine's bottom.

2. Engine Oil Pump: The oil pump is in charge of moving engine oil from the sump to the
other engine parts. Usually, the crankshaft of the engine powers it. To guarantee that oil
gets to all of the engine's required components, the pump generates pressure.

3. Oil Filter: The oil goes through an oil filter before being dispersed throughout the
engine. The purpose of the oil filter is to rid the oil of impurities including dirt, metal
shavings, and other debris. This extends the life of the oil and helps to keep it clean.
4. Main Oil Gallery: From the oil filter, the oil flows into the main oil gallery or oil
passages. This is a network of channels within the engine block and cylinder head that
directs oil to various critical engine components.

5. Bearings: One of the primary functions of engine oil is to lubricate the bearings. These
include the crankshaft bearings, connecting rod bearings, and camshaft bearings. Proper
lubrication of these bearings is essential for reducing friction and preventing premature
wear.

6. Engine oil also lubricates the walls of the engine, which lessens friction between the
walls and the piston rings. Maintaining compression and avoiding excessive wear on these
components are made possible by this lubrication.

7.Valvetrain: The lubricating system makes sure that the camshaft, cam followers, and
valve stems as well as other valvetrain components—are properly lubricated. This keeps
the camshaft and valves operating smoothly by lowering wear and friction.
8. Cooling: In addition to lubrication, engine oil also helps to dissipate heat generated by
friction. As the oil flows through the engine, it absorbs heat from the various components
and carries it away, helping to regulate engine temperature.

9. Return to Sump: After lubricating the engine components and absorbing heat, the oil
returns to the oil sump to begin the process again. This continuous flow of oil is essential
for maintaining proper lubrication and cooling throughout the engine.
2. Describe the history of diesel engine
The history of the diesel engine is a captivating narrative of innovation, engineering
prowess, and industrial revolution. Here's a detailed overview:

1. Rudolf Diesel's origins and the late 19th century:

- Rudolf Diesel, a German inventor, is credited with creating the diesel engine. Diesel
came up with the concept for an effective internal combustion engine that ran without a
spark plug in the late 1800s.
- The idea of compression ignition, in which gasoline ignites spontaneously when air is
compressed to a high temperature and pressure, was his key revelation.

2. First Patent and Prototype: 1892–1897

- In 1897, Diesel presented the first functional prototype, which was the realization of his
idea. It was an iron cylinder, eleven feet long, and ran on peanut oil.
- In 1892, Diesel's engine was granted a German patent, then in 1898, an American patent.

3. Early Industrial and Maritime Applications (Late 19th to Early 20th Century):
- The diesel engine found early success in industrial and maritime sectors due to its
superior fuel efficiency and reliability compared to steam engines.
- Diesel engines were installed in ships, submarines, and stationary power plants,
revolutionizing transportation and power generation.

4. Adoption of automobiles in the early to mid-20th century:

- The automobile industry realized that diesel engines might be used in vehicles and trucks.
Vehicles with diesel engines were first experimented with by manufacturers in the early
1900s.
Due to their fuel efficiency and ability to tow large loads, diesel engines were among the
first to be used in commercial vehicles and buses.

5. Technological Developments (Mid to Late 20th Century):

- Significant technological developments in diesel engines occurred in the middle of the
20th century, including enhanced turbocharging, fuel injection, and combustion chamber
designs.
- Since their introduction in the 1980s, direct injection systems have improved
performance and reduced emissions by improving fuel atomization and combustion
efficiency.6. Emissions Regulations and Environmental Concerns (Late 20th Century):
- As environmental awareness grew, governments worldwide imposed stricter emissions
regulations on diesel engines to curb air pollution.
- The introduction of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), diesel particulate filters (DPF),
and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) helped mitigate emissions and improve air quality.

7. Hybridization and Electrification (21st Century):

 - In the 21st century, diesel engines have been integrated into hybrid and electric
powertrains to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions further.
- Hybrid diesel-electric systems have been deployed in commercial trucks, buses, and
trains, combining the advantages of diesel power with electric propulsion.

Despite facing challenges related to emissions and environmental concerns, diesel engines
continue to play a crucial role in various sectors, including transportation, agriculture,
construction, and power generation. Ongoing research and development efforts aim to
further enhance the efficiency, performance, and sustainability of diesel technology in the
modern era.

3. State the fuel system of diesel engine.

I will outline the diesel engine's fuel system as follows:

Fuel is delivered by gravity from the fuel tank to the primary filter, which removes coarse
particles, while the engine is running. Fuel is fed to the fuel injection pump via a second fuel
filter after being extracted from the primary filter by a fuel transfer pump.

4. Explain how camshaft and valve mechanism works

In an internal combustion engine, the camshaft and valve mechanism cooperate to regulate
the intake of air-fuel mixture and the combustion gases' exit from the combustion chamber.
This is how they function:

1. Camshaft:
A number of lobes or cams are positioned on the long shaft that is known as the camshaft.
These eccentric-shaped lobes are positioned to precisely control the opening and closing of
the engine's intake and exhaust valves.
- A timing belt or chain connects the engine's crankshaft to the camshaft. In a four-stroke
engine, the camshaft rotates at half the speed of the crankshaft, or one revolution for every
two crankshaft revolutions.

- The lobes of the camshaft make contact with valve lifters, sometimes referred to as
tappets or followers, which are attached to the engine's valves as it spins. The duration and
timing of valve opening and closing are determined by the geometry of the cam lobes.

2. Valve Mechanism:
- The valve mechanism consists of various components including valves, valve springs,
valve lifters, pushrods (in pushrod engines), rocker arms, and sometimes hydraulic lifters.
- Each cylinder typically has at least two valves: an intake valve and an exhaust valve.
Some engines may have multiple valves per cylinder for improved efficiency and
performance.
- When the camshaft lobe pushes against the valve lifter, it forces the valve lifter
upwards, causing the corresponding valve to open. The valve spring then pushes the valve
back into its closed position when the cam lobe moves away.
- In overhead camshaft (OHC) engines, the camshaft is positioned in the cylinder head,
directly above the valves. In this design, the camshaft lobes act directly on the valve stems
 or followers.
- In engines with pushrod and rocker arm configurations (such as in many V8 engines),
the camshaft is located in the engine block, and the motion of the cam lobes is transmitted
to the valves via pushrods and rocker arms.

3. Timing and Phasing:

- The timing and phasing of the camshaft are critical for engine performance. It
determines when the intake and exhaust valves open and close in relation to the position of
the piston.
- The timing of the camshaft is set according to the engine design and is typically
optimized for a balance of power, fuel efficiency, and emissions control.
- Modern engines often use variable valve timing (VVT) systems, which allow for
adjustments in camshaft timing and duration based on engine speed, load, and other
factors. This helps optimize engine performance across a wide range of operating
conditions.

5. Describe the crankshaft of diesel engine

The diesel engine crankshaft transforms the linear motion of the pistons into a rotational
motion that is transmitted to the load. Crankshafts are made of forged steel. The forged
crankshaft is machined to produce the crankshaft bearing and connecting rod bearing
surfaces.

ACTIVITY 2
1. Explain the working principle of 4 stroke engine
An internal combustion engine that goes through four separate phases, or strokes,
in its operational cycle is referred to as a four-stroke engine or a four-cycle
engine. The intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes are among them.
This is a thorough description of how a four-stroke engine operates.:
 1. The intake stroke
- The four-stroke cycle begins with the intake stroke. The intake valve opens and
the piston descends from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC)
during this stroke.
- Through the open intake valve, the piston draws in fuel and air from the intake
manifold by creating a vacuum in the cylinder as it descends.

- To seal the cylinder for compression, the intake valve closes close to the
conclusion of the intake stroke.

2. Compression Stroke:
- After the intake stroke comes the compression stroke. The intake and exhaust
valves are closed during this period.
- The air-fuel mixture that is confined inside the cylinder is compressed when the
piston rises from BDC to TDC. - The compression increases the pressure and
temperature of the mixture, making it more volatile and ready for combustion.
- At the end of the compression stroke, the air-fuel mixture is tightly
compressed near the top of the cylinder.

3. Power Stroke:
- Combustion takes place during the power stroke, pushing the piston lower to
produce mechanical energy.
- Combustion is started when the spark plug ignites the compressed air-fuel
mixture near the conclusion of the compression stroke.
- The combustion process's quick gas expansion raises the cylinder's internal
pressure, which exerts considerable force on the piston.

- The connecting rod allows the piston to transfer this energy to the crankshaft as
it descends, turning linear motion into rotary motion. - The rotational motion of
the crankshaft is used to drive the vehicle or power other machinery connected to
the engine.

4. Exhaust Stroke:
- The cycle's exhaust stroke occurs at the end. The intake valve closes during this
stroke, but the exhaust valve opens.
- The exhaust gases generated during combustion are released from the cylinder
through the open exhaust valve when the piston rises from BDC to TDC.
- The exhaust gases are forced out of the cylinder and into the exhaust manifold
by the upward movement of the piston, after which they are sent out of the engine
through the exhaust system.
- Near the end of the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve closes, and the intake valve
begins to open, marking the start of a new cycle.
2. Explain what is a power stroke and draw the position of piston
I'll describe a power stroke in the moments leading up to the fuel injector
injecting TDC fuel into the cylinder. Fuel is "atomized," or divided into small
droplets. These droplets heat up very quickly because to their small size, and once the
piston crosses TDC, they begin to burn. The crankshaft is turned by the expanding gas
caused by the fuel burning in the oxygen forcing the piston down the cylinder. The
engine receives work energy during this piston stroke; the engine must perform the
work throughout the other three piston strokes.

3. Draw the induction stroke and explain

The crankshaft is rotating clockwise and the piston is moving down the cylinder. The
inlet valve is open and a fresh charge of air is being drawn or pushed into the cylinder by
the turbocharger

4. Draw the diagram of 4 stroke cycle

ACTIVITY 3

1. What is a four stroke engine explain

An internal combustion engine that runs on a cycle of four separate strokes—
intake, compression, power, and exhaust—is referred to as a four-stroke engine,
or a four-cycle engine.
1. Intake Stroke:
- The piston descends from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center
(BDC) inside the cylinder during the intake stroke.
- The intake valve opens when the piston lowers, letting fuel and air from the
intake manifold enter the cylinder.
- The air-fuel combination is drawn in by the vacuum created in the cylinder by
the piston's downward movement.

2. Compression Stroke:
- Following the intake stroke, the piston rises from BDC to TDC as the intake
valve closes.
- The air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder is compressed by the rising piston,
which raises the temperature and pressure while decreasing the volume of the
mixture.
- The compression stroke makes sure the mixture is thoroughly mixed and tightly
compressed, which primes it for effective combustion.

3. Power Stroke:
- Near the top of the compression stroke, a spark plug ignites the compressed
air-fuel mixture, initiating combustion.
- The rapid expansion of gases resulting from combustion exerts pressure on
the piston, driving it downward from TDC to BDC.
- The force generated by the expanding gases pushes the piston with significant
force, converting the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical energy.
- The downward motion of the piston is transferred to the crankshaft via the
connecting rod, causing the crankshaft to rotate.

4. Exhaust Stroke:
- Following the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens as the piston begins to
move upward again from BDC to TDC.
- The upward movement of the piston forces the burned exhaust gases out of
the cylinder through the open exhaust valve and into the exhaust manifold.
- Once the piston reaches TDC, the exhaust valve closes, and the intake valve
begins to open, marking the beginning of a new cycle.

After completing the exhaust stroke, the engine is ready to begin another cycle,
starting again with the intake stroke. This continuous sequence of intake,
compression, power, and exhaust strokes forms the basis of operation for four-
stroke engines, which are widely used in automotive vehicles, motorcycles, small
aircraft, and various other applications due to their efficiency, power output, and
relatively low emissions.
2. Explain with drawing a 2 stroke cycle

You might be surprised to hear that the largest diesel engines in use work on the
two-stroke principle. Allow me to illustrate with a drawing of a two-stroke cycle.
Experience with two-stroke gasoline engines will tell you that they emit more
pollutants than four-stroke engines. This is because a large amount of the
unburned gasoline, oil, and air mixture is released into the atmosphere when oil
and gasoline are combined to lubricate the crankshaft bearings.

3. Explain what is Scavenging

I will explain what scavenging is. The engine needs to be completely
cleaned out of all burned gases and refilled with fresh charge in order to remain
powerful and efficient. The quick two-stroke operation creates a flow of fresh air
that acts as a buffer against exhaust gases, preventing them from ejecting the
engine. Scavenging efficiency is increased by optimizing the flow through
careful design and the use of a blower. Uniflow scavenging is set up so the
gasses all go centrally in the same direction towards the cylinder head outlet.
Cross flow type scavenging, as seen above, has a piston head profile directed
towards the exhaust. Looped scavenging has inlets and outlets on the same side
of the cylinder. Engine designs with uniformly spaced transfer inlet apertures
around the cylinder enhance scavenging by enabling air.

4. Explain the Induction and compression operation

 I am going to explain the induction and compression operation, the inlet
port shown is a transfer port as it is open to both sides of the cylinder. In the
carburettor air and fuel are premixed and atomised. To improve the induction of
fuel/air mixture into the crankcase, one-way valves (check valves, reed valves, or
rotary valves) may be used in the intake port to allow the fuel air charge to get
into the crankcase quickly, but prevent it leaking back out. As the piston
descends, the inlet port experiences a suction that inducts the fuel/air charge
around the crankcase, in the process depositing a film of oil on the moving
surfaces. Once past bdcand rising on its second stroke the piston pushes the
charge up through the transfer port into the cylinder.

5. Draw the diagram of the 2 stroke cycle

ACTIVITY IN WEEK 4
1. Explain What is electric propulsion
An emerging field where different areas of expertise converge is electric
propulsion. When hydrodynamic and propulsion engineers, electrical engineers, and
naval architects work together with constructional, operational, and financial
concerns in mind, they can create effective solutions for electric-propelled vessels.
Only when there is mutual comprehension of the various themes and a consistent
concept language can optimized design and compromises be reached.

2. Explain the diesel- electric propulsion

In order to understand why ships with unique operational requirements employ
diesel-electric propulsion systems, allow me to briefly describe them. The
foundation of these systems is the use of speed-controlled AC motors that may either
gear up or directly drive the propeller. The direct drive design is the most
 dependable and quietest.

3. Enumerate the advantages of diesel electric propulsion

1. Fuel Efficiency: Diesel engines are known for their high thermal efficiency, and
when used in diesel-electric propulsion systems, they can operate at their optimal
RPMs to generate electricity. This allows for better fuel efficiency compared to
traditional mechanical propulsion systems.

2. Flexibility and Redundancy: Diesel-electric propulsion systems offer flexibility in

power distribution. Multiple diesel generators can supply electricity to the electric
motors, providing redundancy in case of engine failure. This redundancy enhances
reliability and safety, particularly in critical applications such as naval vessels.

3. Lower Emissions: Diesel engines can be equipped with emissions control

technologies such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems and diesel
particulate filters (DPF). Additionally, diesel-electric propulsion allows for better
control over engine operating conditions, enabling the optimization of fuel
combustion and reducing emissions of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and
particulate matter.

4. Reduced Noise and Vibration: Diesel-electric propulsion systems tend to produce

less noise and vibration compared to traditional mechanical propulsion systems. This
is because electric motors are inherently quieter and smoother in operation than
diesel engines. Reduced noise and vibration levels contribute to improved comfort
for passengers and crew, as well as reduced acoustic signature in military
applications.

5. Modularity and Scalability: Diesel-electric propulsion systems are modular and

scalable, allowing for easy installation and integration into various types of vessels
or vehicles. This modularity makes it simpler to customize the propulsion system
according to specific requirements, such as power output, space constraints, and
operational needs.

6. Efficient Power Management: Electric propulsion systems enable efficient power

management, allowing for precise control over propulsion and other onboard
systems. This includes features such as dynamic positioning, variable-speed
propulsion, and energy recovery systems, which enhance overall efficiency and
performance.

7. Reduced Maintenance Costs: Electric propulsion systems typically have fewer

moving parts compared to mechanical propulsion systems, resulting in lower
maintenance requirements and costs over the long term. Additionally, diesel engines
 used in diesel-electric propulsion systems can often be operated at their optimal load
and speed, which can extend their service life and reduce maintenance needs.

Overall, diesel-electric propulsion offers a range of benefits, including improved fuel

efficiency, flexibility, emissions control, noise reduction, and enhanced power
management. These advantages make it a preferred choice for various applications,
including commercial shipping, naval vessels, offshore platforms, and hybrid-
electric vehicles.

4. State the overview of electric propulsion

1. Principle of Operation: Electric propulsion systems use electric power to
accelerate propellant ions or other particles, expelling them at high velocities to
generate thrust. This is often achieved through ionization, acceleration, and
expulsion of the ionized particles.

2. Types of Electric Propulsion:

-Ion Thrusters: These use electrostatic or electromagnetic forces to accelerate ions
to generate thrust. They are highly efficient but provide low thrust levels.
-Hall Effect Thrusters: They use a magnetic field to trap electrons, creating a
plasma which is expelled to produce thrust. They offer higher thrust compared to ion
thrusters but are less efficient.
- Pulsed Plasma Thrusters (PPT): These systems generate pulses of plasma by
vaporizing a solid or liquid propellant using an electric arc. They provide moderate
thrust levels with higher efficiency compared to chemical propulsion.
- Electrodynamic Tethers: These use the interaction between a conductive tether
and a planetary magnetic field to generate thrust.

3. Advantages:
- Higher Efficiency: Electric propulsion systems typically have higher specific
impulse (fuel efficiency) compared to chemical rockets, enabling spacecraft to
achieve higher speeds with less propellant.
- Extended Mission Duration: They can operate for extended periods, making them
suitable for long-duration missions such as deep space exploration.
- Lower Propellant Mass: Due to their higher efficiency, electric propulsion
systems require less propellant mass for a given mission compared to chemical
propulsion.

4. Challenges:
- Low Thrust: Electric propulsion systems provide lower thrust levels compared to
chemical rockets, which may result in longer acceleration times.
- Complexity: These systems can be more complex and require sophisticated
power generation and management systems.
- Power Requirements: High power levels are often required for electric propulsion
 systems, necessitating efficient power generation and storage methods.

5. Applications:
- Deep Space Missions: Electric propulsion is commonly used for deep space
missions due to its efficiency and ability to operate over long durations.
- Station Keepin: Electric propulsion systems are used for maintaining the orbit of
satellites and spacecraft, as well as for repositioning them.
- Interplanetary Travel: They are suitable for missions to other planets and celestial
bodies within the solar system.

5. Enumerate the advantage of turbo electric propulsion

1. Efficiency: Turbo-electric propulsion systems can achieve high levels of

efficiency by optimizing the operation of the gas turbine or engine for its most
efficient operating conditions. This efficiency can result in reduced fuel consumption
and operating costs.

2. Flexibility: The decoupling of the power generation from the propulsion system
allows for greater flexibility in the design and operation of the propulsion system.
This can lead to more versatile propulsion configurations and better adaptability to
varying operating conditions.

3. Redundancy and Reliability: Turbo-electric propulsion systems can be designed

with redundant power generation and distribution systems, which can enhance the
reliability and safety of the propulsion system. In case of failure in one part of the
system, alternative power sources can be utilized to maintain propulsion.

4. Noise Reduction: Gas turbines or engines used in turbo-electric propulsion

systems can be located away from the propulsion system, reducing the noise and
vibration transmitted to the rest of the vehicle or vessel. This can result in a quieter
and more comfortable environment for passengers and crew.

5. Lower Emissions: Turbo-electric propulsion systems can be designed to

incorporate more efficient and cleaner power generation technologies, such as gas
turbines with lower emissions or alternative fuels. This can lead to reduced
environmental impact compared to traditional propulsion systems.

6. Higher Power-to-Weight Ratio: Electric motors used in turbo-electric propulsion

systems can offer high power-to-weight ratios, providing efficient propulsion while
minimizing the weight of the propulsion system.

7. Improved Maneuverability: Electric motors used in turbo-electric propulsion

systems can offer precise control over propulsion, allowing for improved
maneuverability and responsiveness compared to traditional propulsion systems.