M.Sc.

3rd Semester Examination – 2015

Laser & Opto-Electronics
1. Answer below questions
a. What do you understand by term light amplification and how it is achieved in the case of Laser ?
Explain
b. What are the advantages of four level laser over three level Laser
c. Explain what is the necessary condition for Laser
d. What are the properties of Laser beam
e. A He-Ne Laser is operating at 632.8nm. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneous
emission coefficient.
f. What is confocal resonator arrangement ? Discuss the difference with spherical resonator.
g. What is the difference between temporal coherence and spatial coherence. How the temporal
coherence can be illustrated ?
h. What is non-linear optics ? Explain the difference between linear and non-linear optics.
i. Explain the significance of Manley Rowe relation.
j. How can we generate the difference of frequency of 3 waves using non-linear coupling ?
2. Explain the process of Spontaneous emission, absorption and stimulated emission. Derive the relation
between Einstein A and B coefficient.
3. Why the population inversion is not possible for two level laser ? Derive the conditions for achieving
population inversion in a three level Laser ?
4. How does Carbon-dioxide Laser operate ? Explain the construction and working of Carbon-dioxide
Laser.
5. What do you mean by the stability of an optical resonator ? Show that the stability condition for a
general spherical mirror resonator consisting to two concave mirrors of radii of curvature R1 and R2
and separated by a distance L is given by
0 ≤(1−L/R 1)(1−L /R 2)≤1
6. Give the classical theory of non-linear response. How can it be generalized in three dimensions?
7. How can non-linear phenomenon be demonstrated through experiment ? Explain with important
significance.
8. Solve the coupled amplitude equations for the case of second harmonic generation. With the initial
conditions A2=0 and A1 arbitrary at z = 0. Assume that ∆ K is arbitrary. Also sketch how ¿ A(2 w)∨¿2 ¿
varies with z for serval values of ∆ K .
9. Explain why process such as second harmonic generation can be efficient only if the phase matching
relation ∆ K =0 is satisfied, where as no such requirement occurs for the case of two-photon
absorption.

M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2015

Nuclear Physics – I
1. Give short answers –
a. Explain why nucleus is assumed spherical.
b. The greatest binding energy per nucleon occurs near 56 Fe is much less for 238U . Explain this in terms of
the semi empirical nuclear binding energy.
c. How we explain +ve, _ve and zero value for electric quadrupole moment ?
d. Write down Geiger Nutall relation and explain the different terms used.
e. Has the β decay interaction any concern with the parity ? Explain
f. Define nuclear Isomerism.
g. How much is maximum possible energy of the γ rays expected in nuclear decays ?
h. Explain the function of moderator in nuclear reactor.
i. Define exothermic and endothermic nuclear reaction on the basis of θ value.
j. Write down Breit-Wigner one level formula.
2. Define Weizsacker Semi empirical mass formula on the basis of the liquid drop model of nucleus.
Or
Mention various methods for determining the size of the nucleus and describe one in detail.
3. What is θ value of nuclear reaction ? Derive formula for θ value in terms of masses and Kinetic energy
of incident and product particles.
Or
Derive formula for excitation energy of a virtual level in a compound nucleus
Unit – III
4. Explain in detail Multipolarity of gamma rays.
OR
What are the application of the Mossbauer effect in nuclear and general physics.
Unit - IV
5. What are different methods for detection of neutrino ? Explain one of them in detail.
Or
Explain α decay of a radioactive nucleus. Obtain a relationship between decay constant λ and the tunneling
probability P.

M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2015

Electronics – I
1. Answer the following questions in short
a. What do you mean by differentiation circuit ? What is the criterion for good differentiation ?
b. Find the laplace transform of
i. e ii. t sin at
c. Write short notes on IC-741
d. What is an emitter follower ? Give its circuit diagram.
e. What are converters and inverters ? Give differences between them.
f. Explain transistor series voltage regulator with necessary circuit diagram.
g. What do you mean by regulation and stability factor of a power supply ? Write the
expression for percentage of regulation.
h. Give the advantages and limitations of integrated circuits.
i. What do you mean by LSI and VLSI ? Where VLSI technology is used ?
Unit – I
2. What do you understand by wave-shaping circuits ? Explain Linear and non-Linear wave
shaping. Discuss the response of high pass RC circuit as a differentiator and low pass RC circuit as an
integrator.
OR
3. Define Laplace transform and Inverse Laplace transform. State and prove the initial and final value
theorems.
a. An inductor of 3 henry is in series with resistance of 30 ohms and an e.m.f of 150 volt. Using
Laplace transform method, find the current at t > 0 assuming that current is zero at t = 0.
Unit - II
4. What are the characteristics of an ideal and a practical operational amplifier. Discuss the use of
OPAMP as :
a. An adder
 b. A scale changer and
c. An a.c. voltage follower
Or
5. What do you understand by and active and a passive filter ? Discuss the use of OPAMP in active
filters. Draw the circuits of high and low pass active filters using OPAMP and their frequency
response curve indicating their cut-off frequencies.
Unit - III
6. What do you mean by electronically regulated power supply ? Explain the meaning of good
regulation. Write the causes for poor regulation. What is the necessity of having filter in Power
Supply ?
The output voltage from a power supply drops from 320 volts at 20 mA to 280 volt at 120 mA. Find
the percentage of regulation over this range.
Or
7. Write three reasons why an unregulated power supply is not good enough for some applications.
Draw a simplified circuit diagram of an electronically regulated power supply and give its working.
What type of feed back is employed by this regulator.
Unit – IV
8. Name and explain different process involved in the fabrication of monolithic integrated circuits.
How will you fabricate monolithic integrated circuit N-P-N transistor ?
Or
9. Describe epitaxial growth, photoetching process and masking. How many masks are required to
complete an IC. List the function performed by each mask. Explain how isolation between
components is obtained in an IC.

M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2015

Electronics – II
1. Answer the following questions in short.
a. What is the Schmitt trigger ?
b. Discuss the operation of D-type Flip-flop
c. What do you mean by 8421 code ?
d. What do you understand by CMOS logic system. Draw the circuit diagram of CMOS inverter.
e. Prove that
ABC + A B C + AB C= A ( B+C )∧¿
A B+ A B C + A BC = A C + A B
f. What do you understand by Fan in and Fan out ?
g. Define a sequential system. How does it differ from a combinational system ?
h. What do you mean by series-in, series-out register ?
i. Discuss about the arithmetic circuits.
j. What do you understand by tristate switches ?
Unit – I
2. Draw the transistor switching circuit, and explain the various switching times when transistor makes
a transition from the cut off state and back.
3. What are universal gates ? Draw the positive logic OR and AND gate circuit with two diodes and also
explain the circuit of NOT gate.
Unit – II
4. Minimise the function
f(A,B,C,D) = ΣΜ (0,2,4,8,9,10,11,13,15) using Karnaugh maps.
Or
5. Convert a binary number 10110 to Decimal equivalent.
a. Convert Decimal 999 to hexadecimal.
b. Convert Decimal number 897 to Octal number.
c. Convert Octal number (1654) to decimal number.
d. Convert Binar 1011 into gray code.
Unit – III
6. Discuss the working of J-K flip-flop. What is race around condition ? How can it be removed using
master slave flip-flop ?
7. What is Multivibrator ? Name the different classes of Multivibrator ? Discuss the operation of
bistable Multivibrator with the help of circuit diagram.
Unit – III
8. What is s Shift-register ? Explain the operation of a 4-bit Shift register.
9. Draw the block diagram of a ripple counter. Sketch the wave form at the output of each flip-flop for
a three-stage counter. Discuss how this wave form chart is obtained.

M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2016

Laser and Opto-Electronics

1. Answer the following questions in short.

a. Explain the concept of Non-linear Polarization.
b. Discuss some optical phenomenon caused by Non-Linear polarization.
c. What is Coherent state ?
d. Why it is impossible to create population inversion in a two level system ?
e. What do you mean by population inversion, stimulated emission and spontaneous emission?
f. Explain briefly the various features which distinguish laser light from ordinary light.
g. What do you understand by optical wave mixing ?
h. Briefly describe spherical resonator.
i. What do you understand by light amplification and how it is achieved in the case of laser ?
j. Explain the significance of Manley Rowe relation.
Unit – I
2. Write down the rate equation for a four level laser system and hence find out the threshold
condition for the laser action. Why the population inversion can be more easily obtained in a four
level laser ?
Or
3. Write down the rate equation for a three level laser system and obtain the expression for the
threshold pumping power. Calculate the threshold pumping power and efficiency of a Ruby Laser.
Unit – II
4. What is the role of an optical resonator in a laser ? What are stable and unstable resonators ?
Discuss the properties of a confocal resonator.
Or
5. Describe the modes of a rectangular cavity and the open Planar resonator.
Unit – III
6. What is meant by parametric amplification in the context of light ? Discuss the role of these
processes in generating laser light.
Or
7. Discuss the generation of second harmonic wave from a laser wave propagating in a non-linear
medium. Obtain the condition of Phase matching and explain why it is necessary ?
8. What is the physical principle of non-linear optical mixing techniques ? Obtain the condition of
phase matching for collinear and non-collinear propagating of three waves.
Or
9. For laser radiation propagating in some dielectric media show the phenomena of self focusing.
Explain the origin of this phenomenon.
a. Why the second order Non-linear optical effect is not observed in the Centro symmetric
crystal?

M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2016

Nuclear Physics - I
1. Give short answers of the following questions
a. Explain mass defect.
b. Define electric quadrupole moment of nucleus and write its importance.
c. Write down the nuclear reaction of different types of β-decay.
d. Write the properties of the α-particle.
e. What do you understand by Internal Conversion ?
f. What is Mossbauer effect ?
g. What are the selection rules for the emission of gamma rays ?
h. What are stripping and pick u reactions ?
i. What do you understand by the term excitation energy of the compound nucleus ?
j. Distinguish between uncontrolled and controlled chain reaction.
Unit – I
2. Mention various methods for determining the size of nucleus and describe any one in details.
Or
3. Explain the terms binding energy, Nuclear spin and magnetic moment of nuclei.
Unit – II
4. Explain Gamow’s theory of α-decay. How is Geiger-Nuttal law derived from it?
5. Give Fermi’s theory of β-decay. How far has this theory been verified experimentally ?
Unit – III
6. Describe briefly the methods for measuring the energies of γ-rays.
Or
7. Write notes on
a. Nuclear Isomerism
b. Angular correlation in Gamma emission
Unit – IV
8. Give Breit-Wigner single level formula for scattering and absorption cross section in the vicinity of a
resonance observed in neutron reaction.
Or
9. Write short notes any three
a. The Q-equation
b. Compound nucleus
c. Nuclear Fission
d. Nuclear Reactors
 M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2016
Electronics – I

1. Answer the following questions in short

a. What is an Integrated Circuit ?
b. What do you understand by linear wave shaping and Non-linear wave shaping ?
c. Explain Active filters
d. What are the criteria for good differentiation
e. What do you mean by voltage regulation
f. Describe Switched mode Power Supply
g. What do you mean by Laplace transformation
h. Explain emitter follower
i. Name the basic processing steps used in the fabrication of VLSI circuit
j. What is mean by Double differentiation
Unit – I
2. Discuss the response of high RC circuit with different types of inputs. Explain high pass RC circuit
acts as a differentiator.
OR
3. Discuss the response of low pass RC circuit to different types of inputs. Show that low pass RC
circuit works as an integrator.
Unit – II
4. What do you understand by Operational amplifier ? Explain the Inverting and Non-Inverting
OPAMP. What is meant by CMRR and slow rate.
OR
5. Describe the functioning of OPAMP. Write a note on the use of an operational amplifier as a
differentiator and an integrator.
Unit – III
6. What is unregulated and regulated dc power supply ? Draw the complete circuit diagram of
regulated power supply and explain the function of the circuit element.
7. What is the function performed by a power supply ? Describe the types of Power Supplies and
mention its applications.
Unit – IV
8. Discuss the different steps involved in fabricating a monolithic integrated circuit. Give the
advantages and limitation of IC’s.
Or
9. Explain Broadband amplifier with suitable diagram. Describe the methods for achieving
Broadbanding.

M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2016

Electronics – II

1. Answer the following questions in short.

a. In which type of applications should EXL not be used ? And why ?
b. What do you mean by Turn-On time of transistor?
c. What do you understand by 1’s compliment and 2’s compliment of binary numbers.
d. Define RADIX/BASE of a number system.
e. What is the need for having a Clocked Flip-Flop
f. What is race problem in Flip-Flop
 g. What is meant by various states in multivibrator ? Differentiate the various multivibrator on
the basis of these states.
h. What is the most significant advantage of a synchronous counter over a ripple counter.
i. What do you mean by tristate registers. Where these registers are used ?
j. Define Universal shift register.
Unit – I
2. Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of Unipolar and bi-polar switching device.
a. What do you meant by Noise Margin in a logic circuit
b. What is propagation delay and at what point on the waveform is it measured
3. Draw circuit diagram of a TTL NOR gate and explain its working. What are advantage and
disadvantage of TTL gates over CMOS gates ?

Unit – II
4. What is Gray Code? Outline the procedure for converting for a given binary number to its Gray Code
equivalent.
a. With the help of an illustration, briefly describe the process of Repeated left shift And Add to
multiply two given binary numbers. How do you determine the sign of the product ?
b. Do the following number conversions
i. (1 BF .25)16=(?)10
ii. (65.35)10=(?)16
Or
5. What is meant by SOP and POS forms of Boolean expression ? Simplify the following Boolean
expression using K-map :
Y(A,B,C,D) = Σm(0,2,4,5,6,8,9,12,13,14)
Unit – III
6. It is often desirable to trigger a 555 monostable multivibrator either on leading edges or on the
trailing edges of a continuous pulse train. Suggest 555 monoshot for these two cases.
Or
7. Why is a J-K flip-flop called a universal flip-flop? Show the logic implementation of a T-flip-flop and a
D-flip-flop using J-K flip-flop.
Unit – IV
8. What is the hardware required to construct a MOD-3 counter that counts in the natural count
sequence using flip-flop and gates ? Draw the circuit arrangement.
Or
9. With the help of functional diagram, describe the operational principle of a 4-bit Parallel in Serial
Out shift register.

M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2017

Lasers And Opto-Electronics
1. Answer the following questions in short.
a. What do you mean by coherence ? Enumerate the differences between temporal and spatial
coherence.
b. 2-level lasers are practically difficult to achieve? What is population inversion?
c. How a four level laser is superior over a three level laser.
d. Explain the phenomenon on line broadening in laser.
e. Enumerate the difference between confocal and spherical resonator.
f. What is non-linear optics? Explain the difference between linear and non-linear optics.
g. Write down the Manley-Rowe relation.
 h. Discuss the essential criterion to observe non-linear effects.
i. How can we generate the sum of frequencies of 3 waves using non-linear couplings
j. A laser beam of 5mW has a wavelength of 6328 Ȧ
Unit – I
2. Derive the inter relation between three Einstein’s coefficients and state its physical significance.
Or
3. Derive the threshold conditions for laser action. Also explain the laser losses.
a. Why pumping is required in laser. Derive the condition for achieving population inversion in
a four-level laser.
4. What is meant by the stability of an optical resonator ? Show that the stability for a general
spherical mirror resonator consisting of two concave mirrors of radii of curvature R1 and R2 and
separated by a distance L is given by :

0 ≤(1−L/R 1)(1−L /R 2)≤1

Or
5. Describe the modes of a rectangular cavity and the open Plane resonator.
Unit – III
6. Discuss the first experimental observation of non-linear phenomena. Explain its important
significance.
Or
7. Give the classical theory of non-linear response in one dimension. How can it be generated in three
dimensions ?
Unit – III
8. What is meant by parametric amplification in the context of light ? Discuss the role of these
processes in generating laser light.
Or
9. Explain why processes such as second harmonic generating can be efficient only if the phase
matching relation ΔK=0 is satisfied, where as no such requirement occurs for the case of two photon
absorption.

M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2017

Nuclear Physics – I
1. Give short answers of the following question.
a. What is the origin of magnetic moment of nuclei
b. Explain the nuclear binding energy curve
c. What is Curie Plot and how it helps in finding the effective mass of neutrino
d. What are stripping and pickup reactions.
e. Write down the propertied of neutrino.
f. What are the application of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
g. Discuss the various parts of nuclear reactor
h. Discuss the conversation law in particle physics
i. State the Bohr hypothesis
j. What is Optical model
Unit – I
2. Explain the theory of Nuclear Resonance and its various applications.
3. Describe briefly all terms in semi-empirical mass formula
Unit – II
4. Describe the various techniques which are used for neutrino detection.
 Or
5. Explain the Cobalt-60 experiment and its importance.
Unit – III
6. Discuss the multi-polarity of gamma rays and associated selections rules.
Or
7. Describe briefly the internal conversion process
Unit – IV
8. Describe briefly the Bohr-Wheeler theory of nuclear fission.
Or
9. Write short notes on
a. Direct reaction
b. Controlled Chain Reaction

M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2017

Electronic – I

1. Answer the following questions in short

a. Briefly discuss the response of Low pass RC Network with square wave.
b. Discuss the application of Laplace Transforms
c. Draw the circuit diagram of an emitter follower
d. Draw the diagram of high pass active filter using OPAMP. Give its frequency response curve.
e. Explain input offset voltage and current.
f. Briefly describe Switched mode power supply.
g. What do you understand by masking? How many masks are required to complete an IC.
h. Describe double differentiation.
i. How is an integrated circuit n-p-n transistor fabricated?
j. What do you understand by Voltage regulation ? Mention any Voltage regulation circuit.
2. What do you mean by linear wave shaping ? Discuss the response of high pass RC network with
Sinusoidal and pulse wave inputs. What is the criterion for good differentiation.
3. Define Laplace transform and Inverse Laplace transform. Describe its application to circuit elements.
4. What are difference amplifier and Broadband Amplifier ? Discuss the methods for achieving
Broadbanding. What Broadband amplifier are used ?
5. What do you mean by virtual ground in OPAMP ? Describe the uses of OPAMP as
a. Voltage to current converter
b. Current to voltage converter
c. Scale Changer
d. Summing amplifier
6. What do you mean by unregulated power supply ? Give reasons why an unregulated power supply
is not good enough for some applications. Define percentage of regulation. What is the necessity of
filters in a power supply?
7. What do you understand by power supply, converters and Inverters? Give the circuit diagram for a
converter and explain its working.
8. Describe the various steps involved in the manufacturing of monolithic IC’s
9. What are the basic integrated circuits? Explained how isolation between components is obtained in
IC. What do you mean by SSI, MSI, LSI and VLSI techniques? Where VLSI techniques used ?
M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2019
Electronic – II
M.Sc. 3rd Semester Examination – 2020
Electronic – I