2020 IEEE 7th Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (UPCON) | 978-1-6654-0373-3/20/$31.
00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/UPCON50219.2020.9376566
Conversion of Hindi Braille to Speech using Image
and Speech Processing
Parmesh Kaur Sahana Ramu
Department of ECE Department of ECE
PES University PES University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
parmesh.kaur@gmail.com sahanramu@gmail.com
Abstract—This paper explores the conversion of Devanagari
Hindi Braille, first to text, and subsequently to speech. The first
part of the implementation is the conversion of Hindi Braille
to text, in which two approaches are used for Braille character
recognition: a conventional sequence-mapping approach and a
deep learning-based method. The second part of the paper deals
with the conversion of Hindi text to speech, in which text is con-
verted to speech by concatenating speech samples corresponding
to Hindi vowels and consonants. Successful conversion of Hindi
Braille to text and, consequently, speech, yielded two forms of
output. Generated samples of Hindi Braille letters, as well as
extracts from a Hindi Braille textbook, were used to create an
image dataset. A Hindi speech corpus was created using speech
coefficients extracted from a recorded audio sample. The authors
achieved an accuracy of 100 percent using the conventional
method of Hindi Braille to text conversion and an accuracy of 96
percent using the deep learning approach. Experts also validated
the quality of Hindi speech generated from the text-to-speech
model, based on factors such as clarity of speech, pronunciation,
sound quality, and speed of speech.
Index Terms—Braille to text, deep learning, AlexNet, text-to-
speech (TTS) system
I. I NTRODUCTION
Braille is the most popular system used by visually impaired
people for reading and writing using tactile means. Developed
by Louis Braille in 1824 for the French alphabet, Braille now
exists for several languages used by sighted people. A unified
script, Bharati Braille is used for communication in various
Indian languages, which is based on the English Braille script,
and uses a 6-dot cell system, arranged in 3x2 form as shown
in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Hindi Braille Characters [1]
Optical Braille recognition (OBR) helps capture Braille
characters from documents, convert them to images, and
process those images to get their natural language equivalents.
This technique is used to preserve documents and reproduce
them when required. One challenge faced during OBR is
that no ink is used while producing the documents to help
differentiate between raised dots and the flat surface. Different
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Sheetal Panchakshari Niranjana Krupa
Department of ECE Department of ECE
PES University PES University
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
sheetal2398@gmail.com bnkrupa@pes.edu
image enhancement techniques are required to improve the
clarity of the images and the dots, which are more intricate
when the Braille is double-sided.
Speech synthesis is the production of human voice or speech
by a machine. It is mostly used to convert written information
into spoken information for convenience. A text-to-speech
(TTS) system performs this function. One form of speech
synthesis is concatenative, which involves rearranging of voice
samples spoken by humans into words and sentences.
The motivation behind this paper was to bridge the gap
between sighted people and visually impaired people. This
project could help preserve Braille books written by the
visually impaired. A lot of sighted people have begun to prefer
audiobooks over physical books, due to their portability and
ease of use. A similar system for Braille books could help
visually impaired people enjoy books on the go. This system
could also help sighted people understand the Braille script
without any prior knowledge about Braille.
In this paper, the authors describe a novel methodology to
convert the obtained Hindi Braille images to new forms of
images using certain image processing techniques for dots
enhancement and noise reduction, which are then used for
converting into Hindi text using deep learning and later
convert the obtained text to speech by creating a text-to-speech
(TTS) system and using the concepts of concatenative speech
synthesis.
II. L ITERATURE S URVEY
In [2], the authors discuss a Braille to Text conversion
system using images from a flatbed scanner. The paper eluci-
dates the image processing techniques to differentiate between
a recto dot (protrusion) and a verso dot (depression) based
on the illumination of light. In [3], the authors talk about
an algorithmic approach to differentiate recto dots and verso
dots, albeit from recto-dot-only documents and verso-dot-only
documents. In [4], the authors discuss the steps involved
in building a character recognition system that translates a
standard character to its corresponding alphanumeric character
from a single-sided page using a conventional method. In [5],
the authors talk about a system devised to convert Cyrillic
Braille characters to text using artificial neural networks. The
multi-layer perceptron was implemented using modified back-
propagation algorithms, reducing convergence time. In [6],
the authors discuss a famous Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) popularly used for image classification, AlexNet. In
[7], the authors give a brief introduction to Support Vector
Machine (SVM) and how it can be used as a binary classifier
in the case of Optical Braille Recognition (OBR), where the
two classes are presence and absence of dots.
In [8], the authors talk about the methodology used for
designing and creating a Hindi speech corpus consisting of
sentences and phrases, and their respective annotations. In [9],
the authors discuss a concatenative technique of speech syn-
thesis for the Kannada language, creating a database of only
phonemes extracted from MP3 audio files, and concatenating
certain phonemes to form any word or phrase.
The authors of [10] devised a methodology to convert
Kannada Braille to text or speech using Field Programmable
Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Classifications were made on the basis
of number of dots in each Braille cell, and case statements
were used to determine the character based on the presence
or absence of a dot in each of the six positions. In [11], the
authors present the development of a system speaking from
Braille writing using dynamic thresholding, adaptive Braille
grid, and text-to-speech software.
The authors of this paper found that many papers focused
on one of the two processes, Braille to Text or Text to
Speech. They also found that the languages worked on were
mainly foreign and Indian Regional languages. Only one paper
used neural networks, another used support vector machines,
and the rest used manual methods of classification, mainly Fig. 2. Flowchart of proposed methodology
character to binary mapping methods.
III. P ROPOSED M ETHODOLOGY a Hindi Braille book [12] using a mobile camera or a flatbed
As stated in Section I, the main objective of this work is to scanner as shown in Fig. 3. The dataset consisted of 34,800
convert Hindi Braille samples to text and later into speech. The images, 600 images for each of the 58 Hindi Braille characters.
algorithm to perform the same is shown in Fig. 2. The entire The images were created by slightly changing the position and
work was coded in Python 3, using a Windows 10 system. size of dots, while also adding some amount of skewness to
For conversion of Hindi Braille to text, the Braille images them.
are first preprocessed and segmented to obtain individual
Braille characters. Once this is done, Braille character recog-
nition is performed using two approaches i.e, Conventional
Approach and Deep Learning Approach. In the first approach,
the Braille character is converted to a binary sequence us- (a)
ing either the Contouring Approach or SVM Approach and
then mapped to its corresponding Hindi letter. In the second
approach, concepts of Deep Learning (namely Convolutional
Neural Networks) are used in order to train a Convolutional
(b)
Neural Network called AlexNet using a dataset containing
images of Braille letters. Fig. 3. Images captured by various devices (a) Mobile Camera, (b) Flatbed
Scanner
For conversion of text to speech, concatenative speech
synthesis is implemented, wherein the vowel and consonant
combinations in every word is mapped to its corresponding Images captured using a mobile camera or a flatbed scanner
audio files from a speech corpus. tend to have noise content, and some dots in the images might
not be visible due to various lighting factors. Therefore, to
A. Dataset Creation and Preprocessing enhance Braille dots for easy Braille character recognition,
The Devanagari Hindi Braille script consists of 57 charac- various preprocessing methods were employed to obtain noise-
ters. To create the Braille dataset, images were captured from free images as explained below.

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 1) Gaussian Blur
Gaussian Blur: is a method where an image is convolved
with a Gaussian filter (a low-pass filter) in order to remove
the high frequency noise components as shown in Fig. 4.
In the case of Braille character recognition, the sharpness
of Braille dots is essential for edge detection. Therefore, an
optimal kernel size had to be found by trial and error to remove
noise while retaining the sharpness of the dots.
Fig. 4. Image before and after Gaussian blurring
2) Thresholding
Thresholding: is the process of changing pixel values based
on a predefined threshold value to convert it to a binary image.
In the case of single-sided Braille, adaptive thresholding was
used. In the case of double-side Braille images, the Threshold
to Zero technique was used to differentiate between Recto dots
(protrusions), Verso dots (depressions), and the background as
shown in Fig. 5.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5. Thresholding (a) Single sided, (b) Double sided
3) Erosion and Dilation
Erosion and Dilation: Morphological operations are image
processing techniques that depend on the shapes present in
an image. Since the shape of the dots has to be maintained,
the two main morphological operations used are Erosion and
Dilation.
Fig. 6 shows the image obtained after applying a few rounds
of Erosion and Dilation.
Fig. 6. Image after application of erosion and dilation
B. Detection of Braille Dots
To carry out Braille character recognition, it is essential
to detect the Braille dots and their positions on the image
accurately. Various techniques like Canny Edge detection and
Find Contour method, were employed to detect the dots in a
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single-sided image. For double-sided images, various methods
were employed to differentiate between Recto and Verso dots
for the final Braille character segmentation process.
1) Canny Edge Detection
Edge detection is the process of finding boundaries of
objects within an image, which is done by finding sudden
changes in the color of pixel values. As shown in Fig. 7,
an edge is detected when there is a sudden change from
the white background to a black dot. Therefore, Canny Edge
Detection, one of the most popular algorithms, was used for
edge detection.
Fig. 7. Image after application of canny edge detection
2) Find Contour Method
Contouring is a method where boundaries are drawn around
continuous points having the same color or intensity. Since this
method detects shapes and objects effectively, it works well in
finding Braille dots as well. Contouring is applied to binary
images to improve accuracy.
An image moment, defined as the weighted average of
image pixel intensities, is used to calculate the centroids of all
the contours in the image. These centroid values are then used
to draw uniform dots on the image by replacing the existing
irregular Braille dots.
3) Differentiation of Recto and Verso dots
As explained in section III, techniques like Gaussian Blur
and Thresholding are applied on the double-sided image, and
later centroid detection is done using Canny Edge Detection
and Find Contour method. These centroid values are then used
to differentiate between Recto and Verso dots.
In a flatbed scanner, the reflection of light is captured
differently for different types of dots. When a Braille page
is scanned, Recto dots have a light region followed by a
dark region, and vice-versa for Verso dots. This image can
be enhanced using Threshold to Zero.
Using this image and the acquired centroid values, we can
compare the centroid positions with the original image to see
the type of region that lies above or below the centroid. If the
region below the centroid has a pixel value of 0, the dot is
Recto. Similarly, if the region below the centroid has a pixel
value of 255, the dot is Verso.
Fig. 8 shows the new images with uniform Recto dots for
single and double sided images.

(a)
(b)
Fig. 8. Drawing uniform dots using centroid positions (a) Single sided, (b)
Double sided
C. Image to Text Conversion
Once the Braille dots’ positions are found, the image has
to be segmented into individual characters and then mapped
to their corresponding Hindi characters by either using the
conventional approach or the deep learning approach. After
the generation of raw text, it then has to be further processed
for ’matra’ correction. Therefore, this section provides a step
by step explanation of the image to text conversion process.
1) Segmentation
Once the Braille dot positions have been found, the image of
the Braille paragraph has to be segmented into lines, followed
by words, and finally individual Braille cells or characters to
perform Braille character recognition. Therefore, two types of
segmentation, Horizontal segmentation and Vertical segmen-
tation, are implemented.
a. Horizontal Segmentation: This type of segmentation
divides the Braille text into lines. This method involves finding
the difference of y coordinates. On observation, one can see
that the vertical distance between the bottom dot of one Braille
cell and the top dot of the Braille cell below that cell, is
more than the vertical distance between dots in the same
cell. Since similar y-coordinates have been averaged out to
adjust for uniformity, only the difference between consecutive
y-coordinates has to be checked.
A threshold value is used to distinguish between the dots
being part of a Braille cell, and two dots in two vertically con-
secutive Braille cells. If the distance between the consecutive
y-coordinates is greater than the threshold, then that distance is
the distance between two vertically consecutive Braille cells.
A line is then drawn using the average of the two consecutive
y-coordinates and the x-coordinate span for that y-coordinate.
Fig. 9 shows the output after horizontal segmentation.
Fig. 9. Image after horizontal segmentation
b. Vertical Segmentation: A similar approach has been
performed for vertical segmentation just like horizontal seg-
mentation.
To distinguish between the dots being part of a Braille cell,
and two dots in two horizontally consecutive Braille cells, a
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threshold value is considered. If the distance between the con-
secutive x-coordinates is greater than the threshold, then that
distance is the distance between two horizontally consecutive
Braille cells. A line is then drawn using the average of the two
consecutive x-coordinates and the y-coordinate span for that
x-coordinate. The characters are then cropped out and saved
as separate image files.
Fig. 10 shows the output after vertical segmentation.
Fig. 10. Image after vertical segmentation
2) Braille Character Recognition
Once the individual Braille characters have been obtained,
they are mapped to their corresponding Hindi characters by
using either the conventional or the deep learning approach.
I. Conventional Approach: The conventional method deals
with determining a binary sequence for each character, and
mapping that sequence to its corresponding Hindi letter. Before
working on the mapping, each character’s Braille cell is re-
contoured and the image is cropped to incorporate uniform
spacing around the boundaries of the Braille dots. Two types
of conventional approaches, the Contouring Approach and
Support Vector Machine (SVM) Approach, are explained
below.
a. Contouring approach: Each cell is checked for the pres-
ence of a contour corresponding to a dot. If a contour is
present, it is assigned ’1’ else it is assigned ’0’.
b. SVM approach: Support vector machine is a supervised
machine learning algorithm. SVM tries to find a hyperplane
that best separates the two classes. The SVM model is trained
on a dataset of size 1200 images, consisting of 600 images
of dots and 600 blank images. The Gaussian radial basis
function projects the training data to a feature space of higher
dimension. [13].
Fig. 11 shows the raw text output after Braille to text
conversion using the conventional approach and the SVM
approach.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11. Raw text output (a) Contouring, (b) SVM
A binary sequence is generated for every input character,
which is then mapped to its corresponding Hindi letter as
shown in Fig. 12.
 Fig. 14. Text after matra correction

D. Text To Speech Conversion

Fig. 12. Hindi character to binary sequence mapping

II. Deep Learning Approach

A famous convolutional neural network, AlexNet [6] [14],
is trained on a dataset created using the segmented images.
This dataset contains 34,800 images, with 600 images for each
of the 58 characters. The images in a particular class have
varying dot size, shape, and placing, therefore giving a variety
of images to train on.
The dataset is split in two ways: a random train-validation-
test split of 70:15:15. and a stratified train-test-validation split
of 60:20:20. Stratified sampling works well on small datasets
compared to a random train-test split, which introduces sam-
pling bias. But stratified sampling can slightly reduce accuracy, Fig. 15. Text-to-speech flowchart
and for this reason, a random train-test split works well too.
After training and testing the model, the authors found that
stratified sampling gives consistent results, and a random train- Various types of speech synthesis methods exist, and one
test split gives more accurate results. of them is concatenative speech synthesis [8]. This form of
To determine the number of epochs best suited to the speech synthesis deals with stringing together multiple audio
dataset, the model is run for 10, 15, 25, and 60 epochs. The files consisting of phonemes, letters, or words to artificially
authors found that 15 epochs were suitable. produce speech. These audio files are usually extracted from a
bigger pre-recorded audio file. The advantages of the concate-
TABLE I native method are manifold. It also produces the most natural-
Loss and accuracy for Random and Stratified Splits
sounding output. This method is especially ideal in this case,
Trial Loss Accuracy since the authors are working with the Hindi language only,
no. Random Stratified Random Stratified and due to Hindi being an extremely phonetic language, the
1 0.071 0.053 92.87% 94.70%
2 0.053 0.052 94.66% 94.76% corpus required for synthesizing speech is not very large.
3 0.053 0.052 94.66% 94.76% 1) Corpus Creation
4 0.053 0.052 94.76% 94.76%
5 0.052 0.052 94.81% 94.76% The authors recorded a few prose chapters from the NCERT
Avg. 0.056 0.052 94.35% 94.74%
Hindi Textbook for Class 8 [15] in .wav format. From those
files, the authors extracted combinations of consonants and
TABLE II
vowels and created separate audio files for each of those
Macro-averaged performance metrics for Random and Stratified Splits combinations. Lesser-known combinations were recorded sep-
Trial PPV macro avg. TPR macro avg. F1-score macro avg.
arately. For 13 vowels and 33 consonants, the authors made
no. Random Stratified Random Stratified Random Stratified about 790 .mp3 audio files. These files are enough to form
1 92.75% 93.41% 92.86% 94.70% 91.54% 93.66%
2 93.46% 93.46% 94.70% 94.76% 93.72% 93.72%
any Hindi word. Since ending letters of words in Hindi sound
3 93.46% 93.46% 94.70% 94.76% 93.72% 93.72% different from what they sound in the beginning or end, audio
4 93.39% 93.46% 94.72% 94.76% 93.65% 93.72%
5 93.37% 93.46% 94.70% 94.77% 93.62% 93.72%
files signifying the end of a word or sentence were also
Avg. 93.29% 93.45% 94.34% 94.75% 93.25% 93.71% created for all letters. All the files are labeled according to
the corresponding vowel-consonant combination in Hindi.
Fig. 13 shows the raw text output after Braille to text 2) Text Processing And Speech Synthesis
conversion using AlexNet. The output obtained from the first part of the project, i.e.,
Hindi Braille to text, is further split into vowel-consonant
combinations. The files corresponding to the vowel-consonant
combinations are searched for, found, and concatenated to
form words. The words formed, along with a ’silence’ file
Fig. 13. Raw text output from AlexNet approach
indicating pauses, are concatenated to form a sentence. Sub-
sequent concatenation of sentences form the paragraph. Thus
3) Text Processing
the speech produced is the second form of output that we
After getting the raw from all the methods mentioned above,
planned to deliver.
it is processed for matras as shown in Fig. 14.

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 IV. C OMPARISON OF RESULTS
The two approaches used by the authors for the conversion
of Hindi Braille to text are comparable. The conventional
method is a simple approach yielding optimal results, but
excessive processing has to be performed on the images, to
correctly determine the number of contours for making the
binary sequence. SVM was found to be an excellent binary
classifier for classifying the images as dots or no-dots. Even
though the accuracy of SVM is 100%, in comparison to the
overall conventional approach, the accuracy of Braille to text
conversion is not 100%, since SVM is not the only factor
affecting that accuracy. The deep learning approach, which
uses AlexNet, on the other hand, is robust but slightly less
accurate than the conventional method (Table III). The lack of
accuracy can be accounted for by a larger dataset. For both
approaches, the placement of dots must be correct and close
to the original Braille characters, for better recognition, since
some characters have only a slight change in position which
differentiates them from the others.
Comparing the results of the Braille to Text conversion,
the authors found that the output of the SVM approach was
more accurate compared to that of the CNN AlexNet approach
for both kinds of splits. Although the conventional approach’s
output cannot be quantified, on inspection, the resulting text
was very similar.
TABLE III
Comparison of results (macro averaged)
Metric SVM AlexNet AlexNet
approach (random (stratified
split) split)
Accuracy 100% 96.07% 96.47%
PPV 100% 93.29% 93.45%
TPR 100% 94.34% 94.75%
F1-Score 100% 93.25% 93.71%
The authors conducted a survey for 50 samples produced
by the Hindi Text to Speech converter. The average scores
(out of 5) on the basis of clarity (4.142), speech (4.013), and
pronunciation (4.081) were determined.
In [4], contouring is employed for Braille character recogni-
tion. They get an accuracy of 100% with images that have 0-
0.5 degrees of tilt and accuracy drops to 1% for 1.5 degrees tilt.
However, skewness correction on the images results in high
accuracy for images with tilt greater than 1.5 degrees. In [5],
ANN for Braille character recognition is used. For 33 training
and 8 testing images per character in Cyrillic an accuracy of
95% is obtained. In [16], an MLP model is trained to achieve
an accuracy of 98%, but skewness and non-uniform dots are
not considered. Whereas in this proposed work, skewness
correction results in high accuracy for tilt greater than 1.5
degrees. Furthermore, a dataset of 34800 images have been
considered to obtain an accuracy of 96.47%.
V. C ONCLUSION
The authors successfully implemented the conversion of
Braille to speech for Hindi. Two approaches were used,
conventional approach which was further implemented using
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two methods, contouring and SVM and the second approach
was the Deep Learning. The accuracy was found to be better
in case of conventional approach provided the manually set
thresholds don’t have to be changed for every image. Fur-
thermore, contouring was a simpler and reliable method for
conventional approach implementation. In terms of robustness,
deep learning gave good results as there was no need for
manually setting up thresholds. As future work, a real time
application can be implemented.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank PES University for sup-
porting this work.
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