Semester– II

Lecture –I &II

Addis Collage
Argaw Asha (PhD)
Modern Methods of Construction
 Modern construction methods (MMC) are methods that
are developed in construction industry with proper
planning and design so that each project reduces the
construction time, cost and maintain overall
sustainability.
 Common term for offsite methods of construction and
onsite methods of construction
 Offsite MMC are prefabrication elements or parts of
structures, constructed in factory, then transported and
assembled on-site
main advantages of MMC are

 Economic – MMC houses typically have fewer defects

and can be built more quickly.
 Environmental – the houses can be more energy
efficient, may involve less transport of materials, and
produce less waste.
 Social – there may be fewer accidents and less impact
on local residents during construction.
Product Design Activities

 Translate customer wants and needs into

product and service requirements
 Refine existing products and services
 Develop new products and services
 Formulate quality goals
 Formulate cost targets
 Construct and test prototypes
 Document specifications

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 Product Design

 Major factors in design strategy

 Cost
 Quality
 Time-to-market
 Customer satisfaction
 Competitive advantage

Product and service design – or redesign – should be

closely tied to an organization’s strategy

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Reasons for Product Design

 Economic
 Social and demographic
 Political, liability, or legal
 Competitive
 Technological

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Objectives of Product Design
 Main focus
 Customer satisfaction
 Secondary focus
 Function of product/service
 Cost/profit
 Quality
 Appearance
 Ease of production/assembly
 Ease of maintenance/service

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Designers Adhere to Guidelines
 Produce designs that are consistant with the goals of
the company
 Give customers the value they expect
 Make health and safety a primary concern
 Consider potential harm to the environment

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Other Issues in Product Design
 Product/service life cycles
 How much standardization
 Product/service reliability
 Range of operating conditions

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Life Cycles of Products

Saturation

Maturity
Deman

Decline
Growth
d

Introduction

Time

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Standardization
 Standardization
 Extent to which there is an absence of variety in a
product, service or process
 Standardized products are immediately available to
customers

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Advantages of Standardization
 Fewer parts to deal with in inventory & manufacturing
 Design costs are generally lower
 Reduced training costs and time
 More routine purchasing, handling, and inspection
procedures

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Advantages of Standardization (Cont’d)

 Opportunities for long production runs and

automation
 Need for fewer parts justifies increased
expenditures on perfecting designs and
improving quality control procedures.

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Disadvantages of Standardization

 Designs may be frozen with too many

imperfections remaining.
 High cost of design changes increases resistance
to improvements.
 Decreased variety results in less consumer appeal.

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Mass Customization
 Mass customization:
 A strategy of producing standardized goods or
services, but incorporating some degree of
customization
 Delayed differentiation
 Modular design

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Delayed Differentiation
 Delayed differentiation is a postponement tactic
 Producing but not quite completing a product or
service until customer preferences or
specifications are known

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Modular Design
Modular design is a form of standardization in
which component parts are subdivided into
modules that are easily replaced or interchanged. It
allows:
 easier diagnosis and remedy of failures
 easier repair and replacement
 simplification of manufacturing and assembly

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Reliability
 Reliability: The ability of a product, part, or
system to perform its intended function under
a prescribed set of conditions
 Failure: Situation in which a product, part, or
system does not perform as intended
 Normal operating conditions: The set of
conditions under which an item’s reliability is
specified

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 Robust Design

Robust Design: Design that results in

products or services that can function over a
broad range of conditions

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Degree of Newness
1. Modification of an existing product/service
2. Expansion of an existing product/service
3. Clone of a competitor’s product/service
4. New product/service

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Degree of Design Change

Type of Design Newness to the Newness to the

Change organization market
Modification Low Low

Expansion Low Low

Clone High Low

New High High

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Phases in Product Development Process
1. Idea generation
2. Feasibility analysis
3. Product specifications
4. Process specifications
5. Prototype development
6. Design review
7. Market test
8. Product introduction
9. Follow-up evaluation

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Idea Generation
Supply chain based

Ideas Competitor based

Research based

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Reverse Engineering

Reverse engineering is the

dismantling and inspecting
of a competitor’s product to discover
product improvements.

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Research & Development (R&D)
 Organized efforts to increase scientific knowledge or
product innovation & may involve:
 Basic Research advances knowledge about a subject
without near-term expectations of commercial
applications.
 Applied Research achieves commercial applications.
 Development converts results of applied research into
commercial applications.

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Designing for Manufacturing
Beyond the overall objective to achieve customer
satisfaction while making a reasonable profit is:
Design for Manufacturing(DFM)
The designers’ consideration of the organization’s
manufacturing capabilities when designing a product.
The more general term design for operations
encompasses services as well as manufacturing

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Concurrent Engineering

Concurrent engineering
is the bringing together
of engineering design and
manufacturing personnel
early in the design phase.

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 Recycling

 Recycling: recovering materials for future use

 Recycling reasons
 Cost savings
 Environment concerns
 Environment regulations

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Modern Methods of Construction
1. Modern methods of construction is a process
which focuses on off-site construction
techniques, such as mass production and
factory assembly, as alternatives to traditional
building.
2. MMC are ,therefor, more broadly based than a
particular focus on product.
3. They engage people and process to seek
improvement in the delivery and performance of
construction
4. Known as Smart Construction
Modern Methods of Construction
1. Modern methods of construction are about
better products and process. They aim to
improve business efficiency, quality, customer
satisfaction, environmental performance,
sustainability and predictability of delivery
timescales.
2. MMC are ,therefor, more broadly based than a
particular focus on product.
3. They engage people and process to seek
improvement in the delivery and performance of
construction
4. Known as Smart Contruction
Modern Methods of Construction
Modern methods of construction has been
seen as a way to help solve the UK’s housing
crisis as, according to reports, there is ‘...the
potential for a 30% improvement in the speed
of construction of new homes through the
adoption of innovation, with a potential 25%
reduction in costs, as well as the potential for
advances in improving quality and energy
efficiency.’
Different types of Modern Methods of
Construction
Different types of Modern Methods of
Construction
Types of Modern Methods of Construction

1. Precast Flat Panel System.

2. 3D Volumetric Modules.
3. Twin Wall Technology.
4. Concrete Formwork Insulation.
5. Precast Cladding Panels.
6. Concrete Wall and Floors.
7. Prefab Bathroom Pods.
8. Mivan Construction.
9. Double deck technology
Precast Flat Panel System.
 This method of construction involves the procedure of making
floor and wall units off site
 Once the panel units are made as per the design specification
and requirements, they are brought to the site and placed.
 This method is best suited for repetitive construction project
activities.
 The panels manufactured has the services of windows, doors
and the finishes.
 This method also brings building envelope panels which are
provided with insulation and decorative cladding that is fitted
by the factory which can also be used as load – bearing
elements.
Precast Flat Panel System.
Precast Flat Panel System.
Precast Flat Panel System.
 Floor and wall cladding systems are produced off-site in a
factory and erected on-site to form robust structures
 Windows, doors, other services and finishes can be
included within these system
 Building envelope panels with factory fitted insulation and
decorative cladding can also be used as load-bearing
elements
 Precast floor and wall units are manufactured off-site in a
factory and are transported to the site to be erected for
form strong structures
 Precast products can offer higher accuracy and quality as
well as speed of erection on the construction site.
3D Volumetric Construction
 As the name implies, the 3D volumetric construction
involves the manufacture of 3D units in the form of
modules in off site. At the time of installation, they are
brought to the site and assembled module by module.
 Each modular unit manufactured are 3D units, hence this
construction is called as 3D volumetric construction or
modular construction.
 The transportation of the modules can be carried out
in various forms or methods
3D Volumetric Construction
3D Volumetric Construction
 Three-dimensional volumetric construction is a modern method
of building by which large, often room-sized modules are
manufactured in a factory, then transported to site and craned
into place.
 The modules can also be fitted out before reaching site. The
method is suited to buildings with lots of repetitive design such
as houses, hotels, schools and prisons.
 In its purest form, the volumetric modules slot together
like a jigsaw and do not require a separate superstructure or
 extra facades. But the industry has yet to fully embrace the
model, and projects often take a hybrid approach that
 combines offsite and traditional methods. For example,
panels could be attached to a steel, timber or concrete
frame, or
 a brick “skin” added to give the impression that the
building has been conventionally constructed.
Twin Wall Technology
 The twin wall technology is a hybrid solution of wall
system that combines the qualities of erection speed and
precast concrete with the structural integrity of in-situ
concrete. This type of wall system guarantees structural
integrity and waterproof reliability for the structure.
 The twin wall system has two walls slabs that are
separated. The two slabs are separated by a cast in lattice
girders.
Twin Wall Technology
Twin Wall Technology
 The procedure involves:
1. The wall units are placed in the site.
2. The twin units are propped temporarily.
3. The wall units are later joined by means of reinforcing.
4. The gap between the wall units are filled by means of
concrete

 The panels are manufactured to exacting tolerances, have

a high quality finish, and can incorporate cast-in cable
ducts, electrical boxes and service ports. Installation rates
are of up to 100m2 per hour. Twin wall has excellent
inherent fire resistance and acoustic performance.
Twin Wall Technology
 Twin wall construction is a walling system that combines
the speed of erection and quality of precast concrete with
the structural integrity of in-situ concrete to provide a
hybrid solution.
 The prefabricated panels comprise two slabs separated and
connected by cast-in lattice girders. The units are placed,
temporarily propped, then joined by reinforcing and
concreting the cavity on site. Twin wall is usually
employed in association with precast flooring systems.
Insulating Concrete Formwork
 The system of insulating concrete formwork (ICF)
have twin walled panels that are either polystyrene
panels or blocks are employed. These are built quickly
to create the formwork as the wall of the buildings.

 The formwork that is made is filled with concrete. This

concrete is factory produced that have quality assurance so
that a ready – mixed concrete. Mostly the mix is ready
mix concrete
Insulating Concrete Formwork
Insulating Concrete Formwork
 Higher level of thermal insulation is provided by
expanded polystyrene blocks. The concrete core will
provide good robustness and better sound insulation.
 Insulating concrete formwork (ICF) is a building
system that uses lightweight formwork (made from an
insulating material) to support concrete walls whilst
they are being cast in-situ and which is then left in
place as insulation.
Insulating Concrete Formwork
 Insulated concrete formwork consists of twin-walled
expanded polystyrene panels that are stacked together
to create the permanent formwork used to contain the
ready-mixed concrete for the walls.
 The insulated formwork remains in place to provide
complete thermal insulation to the walls of the
finished building.
 It also provides a uniform surface ready for direct
application of most finishes and proprietary cladding
systems.
 Many insulated concrete formwork systems also
incorporate their own flooring system.
Precast Cladding Panels
 The cladding system is the installation of a material
over another that finally act as a skin or a layer. This
system of layer is not only intended for aesthetics, but
it can help in controlling the infiltration of the weather
elements.
 No kind of waterproof condition is provided by the
cladding. Instead, the cladding is a control measure
against water penetration.
 This safely help in directing the water or the wind so
that there is control of the runoff. This helps to
prevent the infiltration into the building structure
Precast Cladding Panels
Precast Cladding Panels
 Precast concrete cladding offers a cost-effective means of
providing a robust, high-quality facade, with a great variety
of durable textures, colors and patterns, including a range
of facing materials such as stone and brick. It is also known
as architectural precast concrete cladding
 Precast concrete cladding can be installed quickly on site
which, with just-in-time delivery, offers significant
construction and programmer benefits. Other benefits
include quality-controlled and pre-determined surfaces, low
waste and material efficiency and high thermal
performance.
Prefab Bathroom Pods.
 Prefabricated bathroom pods, are turnkey bathroom units,
which are setting a trailblazing trend in the future of
offsite construction.
 Pre-designed, pre-engineered and manufactured in
factory-controlled environment, the bath pods are shipped
to the project site, certified ready to plug and play, with all
the fittings and fixtures, including tiles, sanitary
appliances, mechanical and electrical installations
Prefab Bathroom Pods.
Prefab Bathroom Pods.
 Globally, large hoteliers like Sheraton Hotel, Marriot, Star
Wood, Holiday Inn and Hilton are increasingly opting for
smart prefab bathrooms that offer tremendous economies of
scale. In the residential sector in India, prefab bath pods are
a nascent concept and are being fitted in premium
residential complexes and luxury hotel projects, where time
is literally money
Mivan Construction
 Mivan is basically an aluminium formwork
construction technology developed by Mivan
Company from Malaysia, hence the name Mivan
 This is the latest building construction technology
which is becoming popular with its
 increasing demand day by day. The need of using this
technology is soaring due to its fast speed of
construction and
 easy applicability for mass housing besides various
other advantages like good quality and durability of
the structure
Mivan Construction
Mivan Construction
 Mivan is an Aluminum formwork technology where the
whole structure is of RCC ( Reinforced Cement concrete )
and brick walls are not used
 The construction time taken is reduced to a great extent
and also it results in a smooth impeccable finish. Also
‘Mivan’ technology reduces the need for skilled labor,
masonry and rendering work.
 Mivan technology comes out to be reasonably economical
and better equipped for fast construction of mass housing.
 Mivan shuttering is a fast-paced construction
technique which over’s strength and durability to a
building by use of aluminium formworks
Mivan Construction
Bubble-deck technologies
 A-Deck – based construction site at Hung Yen Social
housing under construction
 Construction techniques and external lift for material
handling for
 vertical transportation has been observed.
 Laying of bubble deck units before concrete placement
with color variation.
 Surface mounted service pipe installation.
 Variety of block materials for filling walls.
Bubble-deck technologies
Bubble-deck technologies
 C-Deck – manufacturing plant
 Techniques of fixing the air-balloons using formwork
and hook rebars.
 Details of placing air-balloons at column locations.
 Mesh reinforcement details.
 Repetitive use of simple plywood based formwork
(they informed that it could be used five times).
Bubble-deck technologies
BASEMENTS

“Basements are under ground structures that are linked to the

superstructure and functionally form an integral whole.”

 Methods:
 Open excavation with sloped sides.
 Vertical cuts supported by temporary supports such as sheet piles or
timber.
 Vertical cuts supported by diaphragm walls, along with intermediate piles
& floor slabs which permit top-down construction.
 Vertical cuts supported by diaphragm walls which become a part of the
final basement structure.
 Prefabrication of the basement structure above the ground & sinking it
into the soil.
 BOX CAISSONS:
 A box caisson is open at top and closed at bottom.
 It is merely a variation of the suspended type cofferdam.
 The box caissons may be built of reinforced concrete, steel or timber.

 PNEUMATIC CAISSONS:
 A pneumatic caisson is open at bottom and closed at the top.
 This is useful at location where it is not possible to adopt well.
CABLE ANCHORING
 Anchors are constructed at locations around each caisson.
 At anchor locations soil bearing was carried out by using rotary percussion
type drilling equipment.

Construction:
The required depth of bearing near the caisson location was achieved by using a
standard size of casing pipes of dia 135 mm, length 1500 mm & having thread at
both ends and soil drilling was done by rotary percussion type drilling equipment.
 They are suitable when depth of water is more than 12 m.

 The maximum depth of water up to which pneumatic caisson can be used is

limited from the consideration of health of the workers.

 In this method the compressed air is used to remove from the working chamber
and the foundation work is carried out in dry conditions.

 They can be made of timber, steel.

Thank you