“PROJECT ON BRAIN

DRAIN’’

H.L COLLEGE OF
COMMERCE
Academic Year 2022-2023
 CERTIFICATE
Sr. No Roll University Name Signature
No. Seat No.
1. 621 Kella Vanshita Hitendra
2. 620 Jadeja Urvashiba Dharmendrasinh
3. 120 Vadher Krunal Ratilalbhai
4. 633 Patel Parth Yatinbhai
5. 629 Soni Kajal Jitendrabhai
6. 623 Padsala Krunal Rasikbhai
7. 627 Prajapati Janki Natvarlal
8. 115 Patel Jinal Narendrabhai
9. 123 Senva Akshay Nanjibhai
10. 108 Bavaliya Vishal Bharatbhai
This is to certify that following students of the third year Bachelor of
Commerce have worked satisfactorily for the group project- “A STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS ON BRAIN DRAIN” in the subject of STATISTICS - X – CE –
304(B) as a part of their course curriculum for the academic year 2022-2023.

Prof. P.M. Parmar Dr. Mona Kelshikar

(Head of Dept. of Statistics) (Principal)

External Examiner
 APPENDIX

 Acknowledgement

 Literature review

 Introduction

 Objectives for the study

 Research methodology

 Data analysis & interpretation

 Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
"We would like to extend our heartfelt appreciation to our professor and mentor,
Dr. Parag Shah, for his tireless efforts and unwavering support throughout the
project. His wealth of knowledge, expertise and guidance have been instrumental
in making this project a success.

We would also like to extend our gratitude to Dr. Hiren Doshi, Prof. P.M. Parmar
(Head of Department of Statistics) and our Principal, Dr. Mona Kelshikar Ma'am,
for their invaluable contributions to this project. Their support and encouragement
have been a source of inspiration to us and have helped us to overcome any
obstacles that came our way.

The success of this project would not have been possible without the support of
our mentors, leaders and teammates.

Their commitment to excellence has been a driving force behind our efforts and
has inspired us to push the boundaries. We are grateful for their unwavering
support and look forward to continue our work with them in the future. Thanks for
your contributions to this project and for helping us to make a positive impact in
the world.

LITERATURE REVIEW
 India is one of the largest sources of highly skilled workers in the world,
and has experienced significant levels of brain drain in recent decades. One
of the major reasons for this phenomenon is the lack of job opportunities
and low salaries in certain industries in India, which drives skilled workers
to seek employment abroad.

 A report by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in 2019 estimated that

India loses over $2 billion each year due to the brain drain of skilled
professionals. The report also highlighted the need for India to address the
root causes of brain drain, such as the lack of job opportunities and low
salaries, in order to retain its skilled workforce.

 Another report by the National Association of Software and Services

Companies (NASSCOM) in 2021 found that India is facing a significant
shortage of skilled professionals in key industries, such as technology and
engineering, due to brain drain. The report recommended that India should
invest in education and training programs to build a strong pool of skilled
workers, and also create favorable working conditions to retain these
workers.

References:
“Indian Brain Drain: A Study of Issues, Concerns and Challenges” by Sanjiv P.
Sahni and Archana Dureja, published in the International Journal of Humanities
and Social Science Research in 2011

“Brain Drain from India: Trends and Implications” by the Confederation of

Indian Industry (CII) in 2019.

“Addressing the Brain Drain in India: A Roadmap for Action” by the National
Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) in 2021

INTRODUCTION

Why this topic?

• India ranks number one in the list of migration of the rich and educated
beating China and Philippines that is 65% of the world’s migration
numbers.
• India witnessed the sharpest increase in people migrating overseas, at
nearly 10 million (one crore), between 2000 and 2020, according to the
“International Migration 2020 Highlights’’, a report issued by the
populations Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and
Social Affairs (UN DESA) in January 2021.
• Studies have found that 23,000 Indian millionaires have left India since
2014 and that nearly 7,000 millionaires left in 2019 alone, costing the
country in tax revenue.
• A recent report, by Red Seer Strategy Consultants, predicted that close
to 1.8 million Indians will spend USD 85 billion on pursuing a degree
abroad by 2024.
• At present, 13,24,954 international students are studying in 79 countries,
according to a Ministry of External Affairs 2022 report.
• As per associated chamber of commerce, Indian students studying abroad
cost us around 17 billion dollars per year in lost revenues.
• According to the recent information from the Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA), more than six lakh Indians renounced their citizenship in the past
five years. In 2021, till September 30 around 1,11,287 Indians have given
up their citizenships.
(Extracted from The Times of India dated 13th December,2022)
 What is this situation called as?

• Brain Drain is becoming the burning issue in India. On every other day,
we hear that someone is moving to Canada, U.S.A, U.K, etc. in our
neighbourhood.
• So, Brain drain is the process through which a country loses its most
educated and talented workers to other countries through migration.
• It can also be defined as the loss of the academic and technological
labour force through the moving of human capital to more favourable
geographic, economic, or professional environments.

Causes of Brain drain:

Causes of brain drain can be categorized into push factors and pull factors.
 The push factors are negative characteristics of the home country that
form the impetus for intelligent people to migrate from their home
country. In addition to unemployment and political instability, some other
push factors are the absence of research facilities, employment
discrimination, economic underdevelopment, lack of freedom, and poor
working conditions. Some of the reasons are explained below:

 Lack of higher education opportunities: The increasing cut-offs and

legion of competitive exams make access to higher education difficult in
India. Abroad, they have an advantage over students from other countries
in terms of skills and knowledge.

 Lack of financial research support: India’s Gross domestic expenditure

on research has stayed at 0.7% of the GDP for years. So, the minds in
 Research and Development tend to migrate to other countries to continue
their research.

 Lower-income: Developed countries offer better pay to sectors like

health, research, IT, etc. Income is one of the main triggers of migration
from India.

 Non-recognition of talents: The chances of being recognized in one’s

field are difficult and with conventions preferring the glamour world over
academic talent; bright minds choose foreign countries where their work
is appreciated more.

 Pull factors are the positive characteristics of the developed country

which attracts the individuals to move to that country. Higher paying jobs
and a better quality of life are examples of pull factors. Other pull factors
include superior economic outlook, the prestige of foreign training,
relatively stable political environment, a modernized educational system
to allow for superior training, intellectual freedom, and rich cultures, etc.
we can better understand with this below point.

 Better standard of living: The developed countries provide better living

standards, salaries, tax benefits, etc, which becomes a great attraction for
migration.

 Improved quality of life: It is unarguable that the facilities available

abroad are yet to be matched with by developing countries, and hence till
that level of life quality is achieved, migrations will continue.

 Societal pressure: Indian youth are becoming more liberal and personal
with their life, and the society here is yet to come to terms with the kind
of lifestyle. Hence, the pressure to live a certain way among the Indian
society is curbing the freedom of choice of today’s youths, encouraging
 them to seek western countries where the society is more liberal and non-
interfering.

 Easy migration policies: The developed nations are easing migration

policies to attract talents to boost their economy. They target Asians
specifically to take up intellectual labour.

 Better remuneration: The better pay and living standard offered by

developed countries is, of course, a foremost reason for migration.
 OBJECTIVES
 Retain highly skilled and talented individuals in their home countries, to
support the development and growth of the local economy.
 Promote policies and initiatives to retain and attract skilled individuals,
by improving work conditions and providing incentives.
 To make a foster environment of professional and personal growth in the
home countries, so that individuals have the motivation to stay and
contribute to their own communities.
 To address the negative impact on the home country’s economy;
knowledge base and innovation capacity caused by the migration of the
individuals.
 To enhance the development of the home country by retaining and
leveraging the talents and contributions of its most skilled and educated
citizens.
 To address the social, economic, and political factors that drive the
migration of skilled individuals and to create a more favourable
environment for them to stay and contribute to their home country.
 Reverse the trend of emigration of skilled individuals to developed
countries, where they can contribute to their own countries’ development
instead.
 To study the factors which plays a role in their decision making and the
interrelationship between various factors.
 To make some useful conclusions and help the government in decision
making.
 To know students from which field are migrating more, which country
will they choose and why, which courses are more preferred abroad.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Method of Data Collection:

Data is collected through google forms.
It contained 26 questions.
Questions were of various types including:
 MCQ
 Short answers
 Check Box

We conducted a pilot survey on 83 respondents. After analysing their

responses, we made necessary changes in the questionnaire.

We visited Gujarat University, GLS College, Xavier’s college, Somlalit

College, M.G Science College, L.M College of Pharmacy and requested the
authorities to help and allow us to collect the data and share in their student
groups so that students can fill the form.

We visited various consultancies in the nearby region and requested them to

share the google forms to their students and help us in data collection.

Also, we shared it in our groups and in this way, data was collected
randomly by using simple random and convenient sampling.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Graphs and Cross Tabs:

Age Group:

Row Labels Count of Age Group

18-20 318
20-23 229
23-25 39
Above 25 13

Age Group
350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
18-20 20-23 23-25 Above 25

Maximum respondents belonged to the age group between 18-20 which is

around 53.09%, while minimum respondents belonged to the age group of
above 25 and it constitutes around 2.17%.

Gender:
Row Labels Count of Gender

Female 249

Male 350
58.43% of the respondents were male and around 41.57% of the respondents
were female.

Caste:
Row Labels Count of Caste
Hindu 86
Jain 34
Others 219
Patel 201
Vaishnav 59

Caste
250
219
201
200

150

100 86
59
50 34

0
Hindu Jain Others Patel Vaishnav

Around 70.12% of the respondents were from Patel and other caste, while
people belonging to Jain caste were the least ie 5.68%.

City:
Row Labels Count of City
Ahmedabad 372
Others 173
Surat 54

As it can be concluded from the above pie chart, maximum of the

respondents was from Ahmedabad and the least were from Surat.

Annual Family Income:

 Row Labels Count of Annual Family Income
Less than 6 lakhs 361
6-9 lakhs 138
9-12 lakhs 45
12 - 24 lakhs 29
Above 24 lakhs 26

Annual Family Income

375
325
275
225
175
125
75
25
Less than 6 6 - 9 lakhs 9 - 12 lakhs 12 - 24 lakhs Above 24 lakhs
lakhs
Total 361 138 45 29 26

Majority of the people have annual income less than 6 lakhs i.e. 60.27% and

Course:
Row Labels Count of Course
B. Com 216
B. Sc 62
B. Tech/ B. E 66
BBA 65
Medical 43
Others 147
only 4.34% of the respondents have
 Course
250
216
200

147
150

100
62 66 65
50 43

0
B. Com B. Sc B. Tech/ B.E BBA Medical Others

46.92% of the students were currently pursuing B. Com and B.B.A and around
28.55% students were from B. Sc, B. Tech and medical field.

P.T.G.A (Planning to go abroad):

P.T.G.A.(Planning to go abroad)

48.91% No
51.09%
Yes

293 people were planning to go abroad while 306 people are thinking of
pursuing their further Row Labels Count of P.T.G. A studies in India only.
No 306
Yes 293
Purpose:
Row Labels Count of Purpose
Bachelors 39
Masters 197
Others 12
Professional courses 45
 Purpose
250

197
200

150

100

39 45
50
12
0
Bachelors Masters Others Professional
courses

Majority of the respondents (around 82.59%) are planning to go abroad for their
masters and for pursuing professional courses after completing their bachelors
in India and it can also be seen that very less respondents move abroad for their
bachelors.

Field:
Row Labels Count of Field
Accounting and 36
Finance
Engineering 48
Management 109
Medicine 27
Others 73

Around 53.58% of the students want to do their further studies in either

management or engineering field while other 46.42% of the respondents
preferred courses in accounting and finance, medicine and other field.

Country:
 Row Labels Count of Country
Australia 40
Canada 129
Germany 10
Others 15
UK 55
USA 44

Country
130

110

90

70

50

30

10
Australia Canada Germany Others UK USA
Total 40 129 10 15 55 44

Canada is the most preferred country by the students who are planning to move
abroad (44.03%), while very less students preferred to move to Germany for
their respective purposes (3.41%).

Cross – Tabs
Age group – Gender:

Age Female Mal Grand

e Total
18-20 128 190 318
20-23 97 132 229
Majority of the 23-25 18 21 39 males and
females were from Above 25 6 7 13 the age
group between 18-20 and the least males and females belonged to the above 25
age group.

Age group – Planning to go abroad:

 PTGA
Age No Yes Grand
Total
18-20 170 148 318
20-23 112 117 229
23-25 18 21 39
Above 25 6 7 13

Age Group - P.T.G.A

170

130

90

50

10
18-20 20-23 23-25 Above 25
No 170 112 18 6
Yes 148 117 21 7

Around 90.44% of the people who are planning to move abroad belonged to 18-
23 age group while only 9.56% of the people from above 23 age categories are
planning to move abroad.

Gender – Planning to go abroad:

PTGA
Gender No Yes Grand
Total
Female 142 107 249
Male 164 186 350
 Gender - P.T.G.A
400
350
300
186 Yes
250
No
200 107
150
100 164
142
50
0
Female Male

Around 53.14% of the male respondents are planning to go abroad, while it is

quite opposite in the case of female respondents i.e. around 57.03% of the
female respondents are not planning to go abroad which is even more than the
males who are planning to go abroad.

Gender – Returning to India after Studies:

Returning to India
Gender No Yes Grand
Total
Female 27 59 86
Male 49 105 154

Gender - Returning to India

180
160
140
120 Yes
100 105 No
80
60 59
40
20 49
27
0
Female Male

Only 53 respondents are planning to settle in the foreign country. Out of the
other 240 respondents, 76 will not even return to India after completing their
studies. Around 68.60% females might return to India after completing their
purpose abroad and around 68.18% males might return to India. Hence, it can
be said that the proportion of males and females who might return to India is
almost the same.

Caste – Planning to go Abroad:

PTGA
Caste No Yes Grand
Total
Hindu 60 26 86
Jain 14 20 34
Others 129 90 219
Patel 75 126 201
Vaishnav 28 31 59

Caste - P.T.G.A
140 129 126
120

100 90
No
80 75
Yes
60
60

40 31
26 28
20
20 14

0
Hindu Jain Others Patel Vaishnav

Majority of people from Patel caste are planning to go abroad i.e. 62.69% and
people from Hindu caste are the least who are planning to move abroad i.e.
30.23%.

City – Planning to go Abroad:

PTGA
City No Yes Grand
Total
Ahmedabad 190 182 372
Others 104 69 173
Surat 12 42 54
 City - P.T.G.A
325

225

125

25
Ahmedabad Others Surat
No 190 104 12
Yes 182 69 42

Around 48.92% of the people living in Ahmedabad are planning to move

abroad, while around 77.77% of the people living in Surat are planning to move
abroad.

Annual family income – Planning to go Abroad:

PTGA
Annual Family No Yes Grand
Income Total
Less than 6 203 158 361
lakhs
6 - 9 lakhs 55 83 138
9 - 12 lakhs 23 22 45
12 - 24 lakhs 16 13 29
Above 24 lakhs 9 17 26
 Annual income - P.T.G.A
250

203
200
158
150 No
Yes
100 83
55
50
23 22 16 13 17
9
0
Less than 6 6 - 9 lakhs 9 - 12 lakhs 12 - 24 lakhs Above 24
lakhs lakhs

82.25% of the people who are planning to go abroad have their annual income
below 9 lakhs, while the rest 17.75% of the people who are moving abroad have
their annual family above 9 lakhs.

Annual family income – Planning to take an education loan

PTEL
Annual Family No Yes Grand
Income Total
Less than 6 38 120 158
lakhs
6 - 9 lakhs 19 64 83
9 - 12 lakhs 5 17 22
12 - 24 lakhs 8 5 13
Above 24 9 8 17
lakhs
 Annual income - P.T.E.L
140
120
120

100

80 No
64 Yes
60

38
40
19 17
20
8 9 8
5 5
0
Less than 6 6 - 9 lakhs 9 - 12 lakhs 12 - 24 lakhs Above 24 lakhs
lakhs

Amongst the people who are moving abroad, 73.04% students are planning to
take an educational loan. It can be concluded that people who have their annual
income below 9 lakhs have more tendency to take an educational loan. While
there are less chances of students who take an educational loan whose income is
above 9 lakhs.

Course – Planning to go Abroad:

PTGA
Course No Yes Grand
Total
B. Com 133 83 216
B. Sc 34 28 62
B. Tech/ B. E 27 39 66
BBA 20 45 65
Medical 22 21 43
Others 70 77 147
 Course - P.T.G.A
140 133

120

100
83
77 No
80 70 Yes
60
45
39
40 34
28 27
20 22 21
20

0
B. Com B. Sc B. Tech/ B.E BBA Medical Others

Around 45.56% of the students who are currently pursuing either B. Com or
B.B.A are planning to go abroad, while around 51.46% of the students who are
currently pursuing either B. Sc or B. Tech or M.B.B.S are planning to go abroad
for their further studies.

Fees (Abroad) – Planning to take an education loan:

PTEL
Fees No Yes Grand
Total
Below 10 lakhs 31 45 76
10-20 lakhs 25 88 113
20-30 lakhs 18 56 74
30-40 lakhs 1 11 12
40-50 lakhs 2 6 8
Above 50 lakhs 2 8 10
Grand Total 79 214 293
 Fees(abroad) - P.T.E.L
88
90

80

70
56
60
45 No
50
Yes
40 31
25
30
18
20 11
6 8
10 1 2 2

0
Below 10 10-20 lakhs 20-30 lakhs 30-40 lakhs 40-50 lakhs Above 50
lakhs lakhs

Majority of the courses abroad have their fees between 10-20 lakhs. As the fees
increases, more students prefer to take an educational loan. Around 77.88%
students prefer to take an educational loan if their fees is between 10-20 lakhs,
91.67% students if their fees is between 30-40 lakhs and 80% students prefer to
take a loan if their fees is above 50 lakhs.

 Comparison of two factors:

(1) Gender-Planning to go abroad:
Null hypothesis: Gender doesn’t play a role in decision regarding moving
abroad.
Alternative hypothesis: Gender plays a role in decision regarding moving
abroad.
P.T.G. A
Gender No Yes Total
Female 142 107 249
Male 164 186 350
 χ² Tests
Value d.f. p
χ² 6.02 1 0.01
4
N 599

Here, p=0.014 and p < 0.05, so we reject our null hypothesis

i.e., Gender plays a role in decisions regarding moving abroad.

Plots

(2) Income- planning to go abroad:

Null hypothesis: Income doesn’t play a role in decision regarding moving
abroad.

Alternative hypothesis: Income plays a role in decision regarding moving

abroad.

P.T.G. A
Annual family income No Yes Total
12 - 24 lakhs 16 13 29
6 - 9 lakhs 55 83 138
9 - 12 lakhs 23 22 45
Above 24 lakhs 9 17 26
Less than 6 lakhs 20 158 361
3
 χ² Tests
Value df P
χ 13.8 4 0.008
²
N 599

Here, p=0.008 and p<0.05 so we reject our null hypothesis

i.e., Income plays a role in decisions regarding moving abroad.

(3) Qualification-Planning to go abroad:

Null hypothesis: Qualification doesn’t play a role in decision regarding moving
abroad.

Alternative hypothesis: Qualification plays a role in decision regarding

moving abroad.

P.T.G. A
 Course Yes No Total
B. Com 83 133 216
Others 77 70 147
B. Sc 28 34 62
B. Tech/ B. E 39 27 66
BBA 45 20 65
Medical 21 22 43

χ² Tests
Value df p
χ 24.0 5 < .001
²
N 599
Here, p= <0.001 and p<0.05 so we reject the null hypothesis

i.e., Qualification plays a role in decisions regarding moving abroad.

Plots

(4) Caste – Planning to go abroad:

Null hypothesis: Caste doesn’t play a role in decision regarding moving
abroad.

Alternative hypothesis: Caste plays a role in decision regarding abroad.

 P.T.G.A
Caste Yes No Total
Patel 126 75 201
Hindu 26 60 86
Others 90 129 219
Vaishnav 31 28 59
Jain 20 14 34

χ² Tests
Value Df p
χ 34.3 4 < .00
² 1
N 599

Here, p=<.001 and p< 0.05, so we reject our null hypothesis and conclude that
caste plays a role in decisions regarding moving abroad.

Plots

(5) Gender – Returning to India:

Null hypothesis: Returning to India decisions are not based on gender.

Alternative hypothesis: Returning to India decisions are based on gender.

 Returning to India
Gender Yes No Total
Male 105 49 154
Female 59 27 86

χ² Tests
Value df p
χ 0.00456 1 0.94
² 6
N 240

Here p=0.946 and p>0.05, so we fail to reject our null hypothesis

i.e., Returning to India decisions are not based on gender.

Plots

(6) Preference of country:

Null Hypothesis: All the countries are equally preferred for moving abroad.

Alternative hypothesis: All the countries are not equally preferred for moving
abroad.
Proportion Test

Level Coun Proportion

t
Australia Observed 40 0.1365
Expected 48.8 0.167
Canada Observed 129 0.4403
Expected 48.8 0.167
Others Observed 15 0.0512
Expected 48.8 0.167
Germany Observed 10 0.0341
Expected 48.8 0.167
UK Observed 55 0.1877
Expected 48.8 0.167
USA Observed 44 0.1502
Expected 48.8 0.167

χ² Goodness of Fit
χ² df p
18 5 < .001
9

Here p=<.001 and p<0.05 so we reject the null hypothesis.

i.e., All countries are not equally preferred for moving abroad.

(7) Comparison of Annual income and planning to go

abroad:
Null Hypothesis: Annual family income of people who are not planning to go
abroad is less than or equal to the annual income of people who are planning to
go abroad. i.e., µ(no) ≤ µ(yes)

Alternative Hypothesis: Annual family income of people who are not planning
to go abroad is more than the annual income of people who are planning to go
abroad. i.e., µ(no)>µ(yes)

Assumption check:

Normality Test (Shapiro-wilk)

Null hypothesis: The data follows normal distribution.

Alternative hypothesis: The data doesn’t follow normal distribution.

W p
Annual 0.68 < .001
income 8

Here, p=<0.001 and p<0.05. So, the low p-value suggests that the data is not
normally distributed.

So, we have to go for Mann Whitney U-test, a non-parametric test in

replacement of t-test.

Statistic p
Annual income Mann-Whitney U 40402 0.982

Here p=0.982 and p>0.05 so, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
It can be concluded that the annual family income of people who are
planning to go abroad is more than or equal to the annual income of people
who are not planning to go abroad.

(8) Proportion test:

(a) To check whether the proportion of people belonging to Jain and
Vaishnav caste is equal or not among the people who are planning to go
abroad.

Null Hypothesis: The proportion of people belonging to Jain and Vaishnav

caste is equal among those who are planning to go abroad. i.e., p1= p2

Alternative Hypothesis: The proportion of people belonging to Jain and

Vaishnav caste is not equal among those who are planning to go abroad. i.e., p1≠
p2

Caste
P.T.G.A.
No Yes Grand
Total
Jain 21 23 44
Others 129 90 219
Patel 115 145 260
Vaishnav 41 35 76

[Here, we have divided people belonging to Hindu caste and have added them
to Jain, Patel and Vaishnav caste in their respective ratios.

Yes=26(Hindus) was divided in 10:63:15

No=60(Hindus) were divided in 14:75:28]

Here, sample 1 denotes people belonging to Jain caste and planning to go

abroad. Sample 2 denotes people belonging to Vaishnav caste and planning to
go abroad.
p1 (sample 1 proportion) =23/599=0.0384

n1 (sample 1 size) =599

p2 (sample 2 proportion) =35/599=0.0584

n2 (sample 2 size) =599

z-statistic: -1.6153

p-value: 0.1052

Here, p=0.1052 and p>0.05 so we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, it
can be concluded that the proportion of people belonging to Jain and Vaishnav
caste is equal among those who are planning to go abroad.

(b) To check whether the proportion of people choosing UK and USA as a

country while moving abroad is equal or not.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference among the proportion of

people who choose UK or USA while moving abroad. i.e., p1= p2.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant difference among the proportion

of people who chose UK or USA while moving abroad. i.e., p1≠ p2.

Row Count of
Labels Country
Australi 40
a
Canada 129
German 10
y
Others 15
UK 55
USA 44
Here, sample 1 denotes people choosing UK and sample 2 denotes people
choosing USA while moving abroad.

p1 (sample 1 proportion) =55/599 =0.0918

n1 (sample 1 size) =599
p2 (sample 2 proportion) =44/599=0.0735
n2 (sample 2 size) =599
z-statistic: 1.1502
p-value: 0.25
Here, p=0.25 and p>0.05 so, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, it can
be said that the proportion of people who choose UK or USA while moving
abroad is equal.

(c) To check the proportion of engineering and medical students.

Null Hypothesis: The proportion of engineering students planning to go abroad
is more or equal to than the medical students planning to move abroad.

i.e., p1≥ p2.

Alternative Hypothesis: The proportion of engineering students moving abroad

is less than the medical students who are planning to move abroad.

i.e., p1< p2.

Course P.T.G.A.
Row Labels No Yes Grand
Total
B. Com 133 83 216
B. Sc 34 28 62
B. Tech/ B. E 27 39 66
BBA 20 45 65
Medical 22 21 43
Others 70 77 147

Here, sample 1 denotes engineering students and sample 2 denotes medical

students.
p1 (sample 1 proportion) =39/599 = 0.0651
n1 (sample 1 size) =599
p2 (sample 2 proportion) =21/599 = 0.0351
n2 (sample 2 size) =599
z-statistic: 2.3843
p-value: 0.0087
Here, p=0.0087 and p<0.05 so, we reject the null hypothesis. It can be
concluded that the proportion of engineering students moving abroad is less
than the proportion of medical students moving abroad.

(9) Linear Correlation:

Null Hypothesis: There is a positive correlation between fees in India and fees
abroad.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is not a positive correlation between fees in
India and fees abroad.
Descriptives
Fees abroad Fees in India
N 293 293
Mean 1.89e+6 675674
Median 1589000 431000
Standard deviation 1.24e+6 629383

Correlation Matrix
Fees abroad Fees in India
Fees abroad Pearson's r —
p-value —
Fees in Pearson's r 0.373 —
India
p-value 1.000 —
Here p=1 and p>0.05 so, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. It can be said that
there is a positive correlation between fees in India and fees abroad.

(10) Time series:

Year Net Migration Growth Rate

Rate (in %)
2011 -0.4 -3.61
2012 -0.384 -4
2013 -0.369 -3.91
2014 -0.374 1.36
2015 -0.38 1.6
2016 -0.385 1.32
2017 -0.391 1.56
2018 -0.396 1.28
2019 -0.383 -3.28
2020 -0.369 -3.66
2021 -0.356 -3.52
2022 -0.342 -3.93
2023 -0.329 -3.8
(Reference: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IND/india/net-migration)
 Graph representing net migration rate and growth rate(in
%)
2

0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

Net Migration Rate Growth Rate (in %)

Calculate Fitting straight line - Curve fitting using Least square method

X Y (Net Migration Rate)

2011 -0.4
2012 -0.384
2013 -0.369
2014 -0.374
2015 -0.38
2016 -0.385
2017 -0.391
2018 -0.396
2019 -0.383
2020 -0.369
2021 -0.356
2022 -0.342
2023 -0.329

Also Estimate y for x = 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028.

Solution:
Straight line equation is y = a + bx.

The normal equations are

∑y = an + b ∑x

∑xy = a∑x+b∑x2

The values are calculated using the following table

2
X y x=(X-2017) x xy
2011 -0.4 -6 36 2.4
2012 -0.384 -5 25 1.92
2013 -0.369 -4 16 1.476
2014 -0.374 -3 9 1.122
2015 -0.38 -2 4 0.76
2016 -0.385 -1 1 0.385
2017 -0.391 0 0 0
2018 -0.396 1 1 -0.396
2019 -0.383 2 4 -0.766
2020 -0.369 3 9 -1.107
2021 -0.356 4 16 -1.424
2022 -0.342 5 25 -1.71
2023 -0.329 6 36 -1.974
∑X=26221 ∑y=- ∑x=0 ∑x2=18 ∑xy=0.686
4.858 2

Substituting these values in the normal equations

13a+0b=-4.858

0a+182b=0.686
Solving these two equations using Elimination method,
13a=-4.858

and 182b=0.686

∴182b=0.69

13a=-4.858→(1)

182b=0.686→(2)

Taking equation (1), we have

⇒13a=-4.858

−4.858
⇒a= 13

⇒a= -0.3737→(3)

Taking equation (2), we have

⇒182b=0.686

0.686
⇒b= 182

⇒b=0.0038→(4)

a= -0.3737 and b=0.0038

Now substituting this values in the equation is y=a+bx, we get

y=-0.3737+0.0038x

∴y=-0.3737+0.0038(X-2017)

Now, Estimate y for x=2024

y(2024)=-0.3737+0.0038(2024-2017)

∴y(2024)=-0.3737+0.0038(7)
∴y(2024)=-0.3737+0.0264

∴y(2024)=-0.3473

Estimate y for x=2025

y (2025) = -0.3737+0.0038(2025-2017)

∴y (2025) = -0.3737+0.0038(8)

∴y (2025) = -0.3737+0.0304

∴y (2025) = -0.3433

Estimate y for x=2026

y (2026) = -0.3737+0.0038(2026-2017)

∴y (2026) = -0.3737+0.0038(9)

∴y (2026) = -0.3737+0.0342
∴y (2026) =-0.3395

Estimate y for x=2027

y (2027) = -0.3737+0.0038(2027-2017)

∴y (2027) = -0.3737+0.0038(10)

∴y (2027) = -0.3737+0.038

∴y (2027) = -0.3357

Estimate y for x=2028

y (2028) =-0.3737+0.0038(2028-2017)

∴y (2028) =-0.3737+0.0038(11)

∴y (2028) =-0.3737+0.0418

∴y (2028) =-0.3319
(11) Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA):
Null Hypothesis: Income in different countries do no differ significantly.

Alternative Hypothesis: Income in different countries differ significantly.

Normality Test:

Null Hypothesis: The data follows normal distribution.

Alternative Hypothesis: The data doesn’t follow normal distribution.

Normality Test (Shapiro-Wilk)

W p
Annual income random value 0.721 < .00
1

Here p<0.001 and p<0.05 so we reject our null hypothesis

i.e., The data doesn’t follow normal distribution.

So, we have to go for Kruskal Wallis test, a non-parametric test in replacement

of One-way ANOVA.

Kruskal-Wallis
χ² df p
Annual income random value 17.4 5 0.00
4

Here, p=0.004 and p<0.05, so we reject our null hypothesis.

i.e., Income in different countries differ significantly.

 CONCLUSIONS
 Studies have shown that factors such as political instability, lack of
opportunities, and poor working conditions can contribute to brain drain.
On the other hand, countries with stable political systems, high levels of
economic development, and favourable living conditions are more likely
to attract skilled workers.
 The effects of brain drain on the country of origin can be significant. It
can lead to a shortage of skilled professionals, reduced competitiveness,
and a decrease in the standard of living. This can further perpetuate a
cycle of migration as the remaining population becomes increasingly
disillusioned with the situation in their home country.
 However, brain drain can also have positive impacts on the receiving
country. Skilled workers can bring new ideas, technologies, and
 expertise, which can stimulate economic growth and improve the
standard of living. Moreover, the remittances sent back by the migrants
can have a positive impact on the economy of the country of origin.
 In conclusion, while brain drain is a complex issue with both positive and
negative consequences, it is important for countries to address the root
causes that drive their citizens to leave. By investing in education,
innovation, and creating favourable working conditions, countries can
stem the flow of brain drain and retain their skilled workers.
 Several countries across the globe are facing the problem of brain drain
and the government of these countries are taking certain measures to
control the same however the problem still persists. Better plans need to
be put in to place to control this issue.

 Around 67.1% students want to go abroad for doing masters in various

field.
 Around 45% students believe that there will be better future in foreign
country than India.
 Around 25.59% students believe that they will get better pay abroad for
the services they provide than in India. Around 17% students believe that
there are more and better employment opportunities abroad.
 The income level of family plays a role in decisions regarding planning to
move abroad. The income level of family is also affecting the decisions
regarding taking education loan for studying abroad.
 Around 81% students prefer countries like Canada, USA, UK and
Australia than the other countries.
 Around 72.9% students want to take education loan for studying abroad.
 Gender doesn’t affect the decision regarding returning back to India after
completion of their course.
 50% students have their relatives in foreign country.
 48.8% students want to settle in foreign country.
 Around 43% of the people who are planning to move abroad belong to
Patel caste.
 Modal value of fees abroad is 10-20 lakhs.
 Recently, the trend of moving Canada is going on and one of the reasons
behind it is, it provides PR easily.
 10 people have their siblings studying abroad out of the total people
moving to Australia and of them 70% chose Australia as their siblings
have already settled there while 30% chose countries other than Australia.
 39 people have their siblings studying abroad out of the total people
moving to Canada and of them 31 chose Canada (79.49%) as their
siblings have already settled there while 8 (20.51% approximately) chose
countries other than Canada.
 12 people have their siblings studying abroad out of the total people
moving to USA and of them 11 chose USA (approximately 92%) as their
siblings have already settled there while only 8% chose other country.
 Around 69.44% students prefer Canada and UK for pursuing their further
studies in the field of accounting and finance. 77.08% students prefer
Australia, Canada and USA for doing either bachelors or masters in
engineering. Around 65% students choose Canada and UK for pursuing
their degree in management. Around 37% students choose Canada for
doing their further studies in Medicine.
 Majority of courses in the field of accounting and finance have fees
below 20 lakhs abroad while it has fees below 5 lakhs in India. Majority
of engineering courses have fees between 10-30 lakhs abroad while in
India, it is below 10 lakhs. Majority of management courses have fees
below 30 lakhs abroad while in India, the fees is below 15 lakhs. Majority
 of courses in medical field have fees below 30 lakhs abroad while it is
below 10 lakhs in India.
 Around 41.27% students want to pursue their further studies in
management because their fathers are businessmen.
 Around 82.25% of the students who are planning to go abroad have their
annual income below 9 lakhs.