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sc Choose the correct answers about regulation of food intake:
a) the sensation of hunger is associated with rhythmical contractions of the
stomach;
b) ghrelin increases feeding;
c) α-MSH increases feeding;
d) leptin increases feeding;
e)! appetite is useful in helping to choose the quality of the food to be eaten;
sc Choose the correct answers about regulation of food intake:
a) the sensation of hunger is associated with craving for food;
b) ghrelin decreases feeding;
c) orexins decreases feeding;
d) leptin decreases feeding;
e) appetite is a desire for a particular type of food;

mc Choose the factors that increase feeding:

leptin
ghrelin
cholecystokinin
insulin
orexin

mc Choose the factors that decrease feeding:

leptin
ghrelin
cholecystokinin
insulin
orexin

sc Choose the correct answer about available energy in each gram of carbohydrate,
fat, protein:

a) carbohydrate 4.0, fat 9.0, protein 4.0 kcal/g;

b) carbohydrate 5.0, fat 12.0, protein 5.0 kcal/g;
c) carbohydrate 4.0, fat 4.0, protein 4.0 kcal/g;
d) carbohydrate 9.0, fat 9.0, protein 9.0 kcal/g;
e) carbohydrate 18.0, fat 10.0, protein 12.0 kcal/g;

mc. Choose the correct answers about respiratory quotient (RQ):

a) RQ is the ratio of CO2 production to O2 utilization;

b) RQ is the ratio of O2 utilization to CO2 production;
c) RQ for carbohydrates is 0.7, fats - 1, proteins - 0.8;
d) RQ for carbohydrates is 1, fats - 0.7, proteins - 0.8;
e) RQ for carbohydrates is 0.8, fats - 0.7, proteins - 1;

mc Choose the INCORRECT answers about respiratory quotient (RQ):

a) RQ is the ratio of CO2 production to O2 utilization;
b) RQ is the ratio of O2 utilization to CO2 production;
c) RQ for carbohydrates is 0.7, fats - 1, proteins - 0.8;
d) RQ for carbohydrates is 1, fats - 0.7, proteins - 0.8;
e) RQ for carbohydrates is 0.8, fats - 0.7, proteins - 1;

mc Choose the correct answers about regulation of food intake:

a) the lateral nuclei of hypothalamus serve as the feeding center;
b) the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus serve as the satiety center;
c) the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus serve as the feeding center;
d) the lateral nuclei of hypothalamus serve as a satiety center;
e) the posterior nuclei of hypothalamus serve as a satiety center;

mc Choose the INCORRECT answers about regulation of food intake:

a) the lateral nuclei of hypothalamus serve as the feeding center;
b) the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus serve as the satiety center;
c) the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus serve as the feeding center;
d) the lateral nuclei of hypothalamus serve as a satiety center;
e) the posterior nuclei of hypothalamus serve as a satiety center;

sc Choose the correct answer about factors that regulate quantity of food intake:
a) a decrease in blood glucose level increases food intake;
b) an increase in blood glucose level increases food intake;
c) an increase in blood amino acids level increases of food intake;
d) a decreasing in blood amino acids level decreases food intake;
e) an increase in blood fatty acids level increases food intake;

sc Choose the correct answer about factors that regulate quantity of food intake:
a) a decrease in blood glucose level decreases food intake;
b) an increase in blood glucose level decreases food intake;
c) an increase in blood amino acids level increases of food intake;
d) a decreasing in blood amino acids level decreases food intake;
e) an increase in blood fatty acids level increases food intake;

sc Choose the correct answer about factors that regulate quantity of food intake:
a) a decrease in blood glucose level decreases food intake;
b) an increase in blood glucose level increases food intake;
c) an increase in blood amino acids level decreases food intake;
d) a decrease in blood amino acids level decreases food intake;
e) an increase in blood fatty acids level increases food intake;
sc Choose the correct answer about factors that regulate quantity of food intake:
a) a decrease in blood glucose level decreases food intake;
b) an increase in blood glucose level increases food intake;
c) an increase in blood amino acids level increases food intake;
d) a decrease in blood amino acids level increases food intake;
e) an increase in blood fatty acids level increases food intake;

sc Choose the correct answer about factors that regulate quantity of food intake:
a) a decrease in blood glucose level decreases food intake;
b) an increase in blood glucose level increases food intake;
c) an increase in blood amino acids level increases food intake;
d) a decrease in blood amino acids level decreases food intake;
e) an increase in blood fatty acids level decreases food intake;

cs What type of gastric cells secrete pepsinogen?

a) parietal;
b) peptic;
c) mucous cells;
d) G cells;
e) serous cells;

cs What type of gastric cells secrete pepsinogen?

a) parietal;
b) chief cells;
c) mucous cells;
d) G cells;
e) serous cells;

ms What type of gastric cells secrete pepsinogen?

a) parietal;
b) chief cells;
c) mucous cells;
d) peptic cells;
e) serous cells;

cs What type of stomach cells secrete HCl?

a) peptic cells;
b) mucous cells;
c) oxyntic cells;
d) G cells;
e) serous cells;

cs What type of stomach cells secrete HCl?

a) peptic cells;
b) mucous cells;
c) parietal cells;
d) G cells;
e) serous cells;

cm What type of stomach cells secrete HCl?

a) peptic cells;
b) mucous cells;
c) parietal cells;
d) oxyntic cells;
e) serous cells;

cs What type of stomach cells secrete mucus?

a) oxyntic cells;
b) mucous neck cells;
c) peptic cells;
d) G cells;
e) serous cells;

cs What type of food needs maximal acidity in gastric secretion?

a) sugar;
b) milk;
c) meat;
d) bread;
e) fruits;

cs Where is gastrin secreted?

a) oral cavity;
b) pyloric glands of stomach;
c) duodenum;
d) pancreas;
e) oxyntic glands of stomach;

cs What is the function of enterokinase?

a) activates trypsinogen;
b) hydrolyze proteins;
c) activates lipase;
d) hydrolyze fats;
e) activates chymotrypsinogen;

cs Choose the correct pH value of pancreatic secretion:

a) 7.0-7.8;
b) 6.5-7.0;
c) 7.8-8.4;
d) 1.8-2.5;
e) 8.8-9.0;

cs Chose the enzyme that is NOT present in pancreatic juice:

a) amylase;
b) trypsin;
c) chymotrypsin;
d) carboxypolypeptidase;
e) pepsin;

cs Regulation of pancreatic secretion is provided by:

a) somatic nervous system;

b) sympathetic nervous system only;
c) parasympathetic nervous system only;
d) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system only;
e) there is no nervous regulation of pancreatic secretion;

cm The humoral control of pancreatic secretion is provided by:

a) secretin;
b) gastrin;
c) cholecystokinin;
d) glucagon;
e) insulin;
cm The pancreatic secretion contains following type of enzymes:

a) proteases;
b) lipase;
c) amylase;
d) aminopeptidase;
e) dipeptidase;

cm What enzymes are secreted in inactive form?

a) pepsin;
b) trypsin;
c) chymotrypsin;
d) lipase;
e) amylase;

cs As the food is mixed with gastric juice, the result is called:

a) bolus;
b) chyme;
c) zymogen;
d) stool;
e) flatus;

cm Factors that regulate stomach emptying:

a) acidity of the duodenal and gastric chyme;
b) irritation of the duodenal mucosa;
c) osmolarity in the chyme;
d) glucose quantity in the chyme;
e) temperature of the chyme;

cm Functions of bile salts:

a) detergent action on the fat particles;
b) absorption of fatty acids;
c) formation of micelles;
d) hydrolysis of fats;
e) hydrolysis of proteins;

cs Bile pigments are result of degradation of:

a) platelets;
b) leucocytes;
c) hemoglobin;
d) bile salts;
e) chylomicrons;

cs Maximal absorption of water in the digestive tube takes place in:

a) stomach;
b) large intestine;
c) esophagus;
d) oral cavity;
e) small intestine;

cm What substances are actively absorbed?

a) glucose;
b) amino acids;
c) Ca++;
d) water;
e) Cl-;

cm Select the intestinal hormones:

a) GIP;
b) CCK;
c) VIP;
d) ANP;
e) ADH;

cm What is the sort of glucose after absorption?

a) glycogen synthesis;
b) conversion to fats;
c) oxidation;
d) conversion to amino acids;
e) conversion to starch;

cm Choose the substances that inhibit pancreatic secretion:

a) atropine;
b) acetylcholine;
c) gastrin;
d) epinephrine;
e) norepinephrine;

cs What is the stimulus that triggers defecation?

a) sympathetic excitation of the large intestine;
b) emptying of urinary bladder;
c) distension of the rectal wall by feces;
d) contraction of abdominal muscles;
e) contraction of diaphragm;

cm Choose the types of movement in the small intestine:

a) peristalsis;
b) mixing movements;
c) propulsive movements;
d) receptive relaxation;
e) mass movements;

cs Choose the type of movement that is NOT present in the small intestine:
a) peristalsis;
b) mixing movements;
c) propulsive movements;
d) receptive relaxation;
e) segmentation;

cs Choose the type of movement that is NOT present in the small intestine:
a) peristalsis;
b) mixing movements;
c) propulsive movements;
d) mass movements;
e) segmentation;

cm Which vitamins are synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine?

a) vitamin K;
b) vitamin B12;
c) vitamin D;
d) vitamin C;
e) vitamin A;

cs The factor that inhibits motility of the small intestine:

a) gastrin;
b) cholecystokinin;
c) secretin;
d) insulin;
e) serotonin;

cs How much of gastric secretion is released in cephalic phase?

a) 10%;
b) 20 %;
c) 40%;
d) 50%;
e) 5%;.

cm What of the listed functions do NOT belong to gastric HCl?

a) HCl creates optimal pH for gastric enzymes;

b) HCl hydrolyze starch;
c) HCl activates pepsinogen;
d) HCl hydrolyze lipids;
e) HCL denaturates proteins;

cm What enzymes are NOT present in gastric secretion?

a) ptyalin;
b) pepsinogen;
c) lipase;
d) chymosin;
e) maltase;

cm Which digestive secretion DOES NOT have digestive enzymes?

a) secretion of submandibular glands;
b) bile;
c) secretion of small intestine;
d) secretion of sublingual glands;
e) secretion of large intestine;

cm Choose the effects of cholecystokinin on the bile secretion:

a) relaxes the gallbladder;
b) closes sphincter of Oddi;
c) contracts the gallbladder;
d) relaxes sphincter of Oddi;
e) increases synthesis of bile pigments;

cm Proteins can be digested:

a) in the oral cavity;
b) in the stomach;
c) in the small intestine;
d) in the large intestine;
e) in the esophagus;

cm Functions of GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide):

a) inhibits pancreatic secretion;
b) inhibits gastric secretion;
c) inhibits intestinal motor function;
d) inhibits gastric motor function;
e) inhibits absorption of glucose;

cm Cholesterol is secreted with:

a) saliva;
b) gastric secretion;
c) bile;
d) pancreatic secretion;
e) intestinal secretion;

cs Choose the INCORRECT answer about pancreatic secretion:

a) pH of pancreatic secretion is 8,0;
b) pancreatic secretion contain high amount of bicarbonates;
c) pancreatic secretion is 1500 ml per day;
d) pancreatic secretion contain cholesterol esterase;
e) pancreatic secretion is regulated only by nervous mechanisms;
cs The gastric secretion is stimulated by following factors, EXCEPT:
a) acetylcholine;
b) caffeine;
c) gastrin;
d) histamine;
e) norepinephrine;

cm The trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by:

a) enterokinase;
b) carboxypeptidase;
c) pancreatic lipase;
d) trypsin;
e) HCl;

cm The protection of pancreatic tissue from self-digestion is provided by:

a) secretion of enzymes in non active state;
b) secretion of anti-enzymes;
c) inactivation of pepsin;
d) high concentration of bicarbonates;
e) slow action of enzymes;

cm Choose the correct answers about motilin:

a) is secreted in the small intestine;
b) inhibits gastric movements;
c) stimulates movements of the small intestine;
d) is secreted in stomach;
e) increases propulsion of chyme;

cm The decrease of pH in the duodenum has following effects:

a) decreases gastric secretion;
b) increases gastric secretion;
c) decreases stomach emptying ;
d) increases stomach emptying;
e) increases contraction of sphincter of Oddi;

cm Choose the vitamin that is NOT synthesized by bacteria in the colon:

a) K;
b) B1;
c) B2;
d) B12;
e) D;

cs In case of vagotomy, what phase of gastric secretion is absent?

a) gastric and cephalic;
b) cephalic;
c) gastric;
d) intestinal;
e) all phases;

cs The gallbladder contraction is stimulated by:

a) GIP;
b) cholecystokinin;
c) insulin;
d) glucagon;
e) secretin;

cs The gastrin is secreted by:

a) neurons from hypothalamus;
b) parietal cells in the stomach;
c) G cells in the stomach;
d) chief cells in the stomach;
e) petic cells in the stomach;

cs Choose the factor that inhibits stomach movements:

a) acetylcholine;
b) motilin;
c) gastrin;
d) secretin;
e) histamine;

cs When H+ is secreted by parietal cells in the lumen of stomach, it is exchanged

for:

a) K+;
b) Cl-;
c) HCO3-;
d) Ca2+;
e) Na+;

cs The gastric digestion is most important for:

a) proteins;
b) lipids;
c) carbohydrates;;
d) vitamins;
e) ions;

cs The intrinsic factor (IF) is secreted by:

a) chief cells;
b) parietal cells;
c) peptic cells;
d) G cells in duodenum;
e) G cells in stomach;

cs Choose the INCORRECT answer about hunger contractions of the stomach:

a) hunger contractions begin when the stomach has been empty for several hours;
b) hunger contractions can last 2 to 3 minutes;
c) hunger contractions cause hunger pangs;
d) hunger contractions are most intense in older people;
e) hunger contraction are increased when glucose blood level is low;

cs Choose the INCORRECT answer about hunger contractions of the stomach:

a) hunger contractions begin when the stomach has been empty for several hours;
b) hunger contractions can last 20 to 30 minutes;
c) hunger contractions cause hunger pangs;
d) hunger contractions are most intense in young people;
e) hunger contraction are increased when glucose blood level is low;

cs Choose the INCORRECT answer about hunger contractions of the stomach:

a) hunger contractions begin when the stomach has been empty for 30 minutes;
b) hunger contractions can last 2 to 3 minutes;
c) hunger contractions cause hunger pangs;
d) hunger contractions are most intense in older people;
e) hunger contraction are increased when glucose blood level is low;
cs Choose the event that DOES NOT occur in the colon:
a) absorption of water;
b) synthesis of vitamin B1;
c) formation of NH3;
d) secretion of mucin and K+;
e) absorption of Fe2+;

cm Choose the correct answers about functions of liver:

a) storage of vitamins;
b) storage of Fe2+;
c) storage of hormones;
d) storage of albumins;
e) storage of carbohydrates;

cm Choose the enzymes of the intestinal brush border:

a) aminopeptidase;
b) collagenase;
c) elastase;
d) carboxipeptidase;
e) dipeptidase;

cm The plasma of adult person:

a) is 10% from body weight;
b) has osmotic pressure of 290 mOsm;
c) contains 140 mmol/l of Na+;
d) contains 40-45 g/l of albumins;
e) contains 50 mmol/l of K+;

cm Normal red blood cells:

a) contain 2 g of Hb per cell;
b) have no nucleus;
c) are formed in the red bone marrow;
d) have reticulocytes as precursor;
e) are alive for 10 days;

cm In a healthy adult person:

a) total blood volume is 5 l;
b) blood pH is 7,0;
CM Choose the INCORRECT statements about the pneumotaxic center:
a) its injury produces the inspiratory apnea
b) ! its injury produces tachypnea
c) its injury produces bradypnea
d) its injury reduces the duration of inspiration
e)! its injury reduces tidal volumes
CM. Choose the correct statements about the PaO2 of blood from the left atrium:
a) is equal with PaO2 of alveoli
b) is lower than PaO2 of alveoli
c) is 95 mm Hg
d) exceeds the PaO2 of alveoli
e) is 104 mm Hg

CS. Choose the correct statement concerning the gradient of pO2:

a) is 5 to 6 mm Hg between capillaries and alveoli
b) is 5 to 6 mm Hg between capillaries and tissue
c) is 64 mm Hg between alveoli and capillaries
d) is 25 mm Hg between capillaries and tissuei
e) is 25 mm Hg between capillaries and alveoli

CM. Choose the correct statements about the importance of surfactant:

a) its deficiency increases pulmonary compliance
b) its deficiency reduces surface tension
c) its deficiency reduces pulmonary compliance
d) its deficiency reduces pulmonary elastic recoil
e) its deficiency increases pulmonary elastic recoil

CM. Choose the INCORRECT statements about the stimulatory effect of increased
PaCO2 on ventilation:
a) is caused by the increased H + in cerebrospinal fluid
b) is enhanced by increasing of the blood pH
c) is enhanced by hypoxia
d) is caused by the increased HCO3- in cerebrospinal fluid
e) is caused by the action of the H + on central and peripheral receptor

CS. Choose the correct statement about the blood capacity for O2:
a) is determined more by O2 solubility
b) is determined more by the amount of Hb
c) is determined more by blood pH
d) is determined more by CO2 in erythrocytes
e) is determined more by blood temperature

CM. Choose the correct statements about the effects of hypoventilation:

a) cerebral vasodilation
b) cerebral vasoconstriction
c) reduces alveolar pO2
d) reduces alveolar pCO2
e) increases alveolar pO2

CM. Choose the correct statements about the peripheral chemoreceptors (involved
in regulation of respiration):
a) are stimulated by PaO2 80-90 mm Hg
b) are stimulated by arterial pH 7.25
c) are stimulated by arterial pH 7.4
d) are stimulated by Pa O2 <60 mm Hg
e) are stimulated directly by CO2

CM. Choose the INCORRECT statements about the gas exchanges in tissues:
a) decreasing of the pCO2 increases the pH
b) increasing of the pCO2 produces vasodilation
c) increasing of the PCO2 increases the pH
d) increasing of the PCO2 increases the affinity of Hb for O2
e) increasing of the PCO2 reduces the affinity of Hb for O2

CS. Choose the correct statement concerning the diffusion coefficient of O2:
a) is greater than that of CO2, because O2 is combined with Hb
b) is higher than that of CO2, because O2 has a higher pressure gradient
c) is lower than that of CO2, because O2 is less soluble
d) is not different from that of CO2
e) is higher than that of CO2, because O2 is transported by facilitated diffusion

CS. Choose the correct statement about the CO2 concentration:

a) is the lowest in anatomic dead space at the end of inspiration
b) is the lowest in anatomic dead space at the end of expiration
c) is the lowest in the alveoli at the end of expiration
d) is the lowest in the alveoli at the end of inspiration
e) is the lowest in the arterial blood

CS. Choose the correct statement about the concentration of O2:

a) is the highest in anatomic dead space at the end of expiration
b) is highest in anatomic dead space at the end of inspiration
c) is the highest in the alveoli at the end of expiration
d) is the highest in the alveoli at the end inspiration
e) is the highest in the arterial blood
CM. Choose the correct statements about the HbO2 dissociation curve:
a) shift to the left can be produced by increasing the pH
b) shift to the left can be produced by lowering pH
c) shift to the left can be produced by increasing temperature, pCO2, 2,3-BPG
d) shift to the left can be caused by decreased PaN2
e) shift to the left can be produced by lowering the temperature, pCO2, 2,3-BPG

CM. Choose the correct statements about the HbO2 dissociation curve:
a) shift to the right can be produced by increasing the pH
b) shift to the right can be produced by lowering pH
c) shift to the right can be produced by increasing temperature, pCO2, 2,3-BPG
d) shift to the right can be produced by lowering the temperature, pCO2, 2,3-BPG
e) shift to the right can be caused by decreased PaN2

CM. Choose the correct statements about the ventilation with tidal volume of 200
ml at a frequency of 30 breaths / minute:
a) ensures gas homeostasis
b) can cause hypoxemia
c) hypercapnia with respiratory acidosis can occur
d) can cause oxygen poisoning
e) may cause hypocapnia with respiratory alkalosis

CM. Choose the INCORRECT statements about the spirography:

a) allows to estimate the tidal volume
b) allows to estimate residual volume
c) allows to estimate vital capacity
d) allows to estimate functonal residual capacity
e) allows to estimate inspiratory capacity

CS. Hypoxia stimulates the breathing by:

a) stimulation of peripheral and central chemoreceptors
b) cerebral hypoxia
c) pH lowering in cerebrospinal fluid
d) stimulation of the aortic and carotid bodies by low blood PaO2
e) stimulation of the aortic and carotid bodies by lower blood pH

CM. The Hering-Breuer reflex in adults:

a) involves pulmonary chemoreceptors
b) stops inspiration when inspired volume is higher than tidal volume
c) starts from pulmonary mechanoreceptors
d) involves central and peripheral chemoreceptors
e) stops inspiration wnen inspired volume is equal to tidal volume

CS. Choose the correct statement about apneustic center:

a) is essential to provide the basic respiratory rhythm
b) can produce a prolonged inspiration in some circumstances
c) causes rapid shallow breathing in animal with vagotomia
d) causes rapid shallow breathing in animal with vagotomia and middle-pons
transection
e) reduces the duration of inspiration

CM. Choose INCORRECT statements about the medullary respiratory center:

a) receives impulses from chemoreceptors
b) is not modulated by neither stimulatory nor inhibitory suprapontine influences
c) is the main source of respiratory rate
d) receives impulses from mechanoreceptors
e) its activity is increased in "Ondine's curse"

CS. They are NOT involved in the reflex regulation of breathing:

a) alveolar receptors
b) vascular baroreceptors
c) visceral receptors in kidneys and liver
d) muscle proprioceptors
e) vascular chemoreceptors

CM. Wakefulness in comparison with slow-wave sleep:

a) does not influence the pulmonary ventilation
b) reduces pulmonary ventilation
c) increases suprapontine control on breath
d) reduces indices of respiratory variability
e) increases pulmonary ventilation

CS. The exclusive voluntary control of breathing is manifested:

a) in the posture reactions
b) in hyperthermia and fever
c) directly via corticospinal pathways
d) in swallowing
e) in reflexes of coughing and sneezing

CM. Choose the correct statements about the apneustic center:

a) is located in the lower pons

b) is located in the upper pons
c) stops the inspiration, controling the inspired volume and the respiratory rate
d) its destruction produces a deep breath with inspiratory apnea
e) stimulates the inspiration

CM. Choose the correct statements about the pneumotaxic center:

a) is located in the lower pons
b) is located in the upper pons
c) stimulates inspiration
d) stops the inspiration, controlling the inspired volume and the respiratory rate
e) its excitation produces a deep breath with inspiratory apnea

CS. Choose the INCORRECT statement about the dorsal respiratory group:
a) receives afferent impulses by vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
b) is responsible mainly for forced expiration
c) is involved in generating the main respiratory rhythm
d) sends efferent impulses via phrenic motor neurons
e) its activity is modulated by impulses from chemoreceptors and
mechanoreceptors

CS. Choose the INCORRECT statement about the ventral respiratory group:
a) contains inspiratory and expiratory neurons
b) is responsible for active expiration
c) is responsible for passive expiration
d) is responsible for increased ventilation
e) involves auxiliary respiratory muscles

CS. Choose the correct statement about the dorsal respiratory group:

a) consists mainly from expiratory neurons

b) is responsible more for forced expiration
c) is involved in generating the basic respiratory rhythm
d) sends impulses to auxiliary respiratory motor neurons
e) its activity is not modulated by pneumotaxic center

CS. Choose the correct statement about the factor that does not affect directly
HbO2 formation:
a) pO2
b) pCO2
c) velocity of circulation
d) 2,3-BPG and pH
e) temperature

CS Choose the correct statement about the normal breathing rate in adult at rest:

a) 40-60 resp / min

b) 30-40 resp / min
c) 12-16 resp / min
d) 22-26 resp / min
e) 20-22 resp / min

CS. The volume of air involved in gas exchange at rest is formed from:

a) inspiratory capacity minus the dead space volume

b) tidal volume and functional residual capacity minus dead space volume
c) tidal and residual volumes minus dead space volume
d) expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes minus dead space volume
e) total pulmonary capacity minus dead space volume.

CM Choose the correct statements about factors affecting diffusion of O2 in the

lungs:

a) is done according to pO2 gradient between atmospheric air and blood

b) is affected by blood pH
c) is done according to pO2 gradient between alveolar air and blood
d) is affected by diffusion area of respiratory membrane
e) is affected by the quantity of bisphosphoglycerate (2,3 - BPG)

CM Choose the correct statements about pleural pressure:

a) it is equal to transpulmonary pressure
b) the difference with intra-alveolar pressure results in transpulmonary pressure
c) it is more negative during inspiration
d) the difference with atmospheric pressure results in transpulmonary pressure
e) the difference with intra-alveolar pressure results in hysteresis

CS Choose the INCORRECT statement about the transport of CO2 in tissue

capillaries:

a) HCO3 exits from RBC and Cl- passes into RBC

b) H2O and Cl- pass from RBC into plasma
c) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 in tissue capillaries
d) Hb binds H + dissotiated from H2CO3
e) carbaminic compounds transport 23% of CO2

CS Choose the INCORRECT statement about the transport of CO2 in lung

capillaries:

a) HCO3- is transported into RBC and Cl- out of RBC in lung capillaries
b) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 in the lungs
c) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of H2O and CO2 in the lungs
d) hemoglobin releases H +
e) salts of the carbonic acid transport 70% of CO2

CS. Central chemoreceptors (involved in the regulation of respiration) are sensible

to:

a) changes of pH in arterial blood

b) changes of H + concentration in cerebrospinal fluid
c) changes of CO2 in cerebrospinal fluid
d) changes of HCO3- in cerebrospinal fluid
e) changes of pO2 in arterial blood

CM Choose INCORRECT statements:

a) iron from hem binds O2

b) CO is weakly bound with iron of hem , which shifts HbO2 dissociation curve to
the left
c) CO2 binds to the NH2 group what increases the affinity of Hb for O2
d) in acidosis H+ ionizes amino radicals and consequently decreases the formation
of carbaminohemoglobin
e) bisphosphoglycerate (2,3 - BPG) decreases affinity of Hb for O2

CS Choose the respiratory change which occurs in case of injury of spinal cord at
C1 segment:
a) apnea
b) tachypnea
c) bradypnea
d) breathing doesn't change
e) the duration of expiration increases

CS Choose the correct statement about the mechanism of breathing at rest:

a) only inspiration is active

b) only expiration is active
c) both phases are active
d) both phases are passive
e) inspiration is active only in orthostatic position

CS The lungs follow the chest movements as a result of:

a) surfactant
b) decrease of pleural pressure
c) decrease of pulmonary pressure
d) elasticity of lung tissue
e) bronchial tonus

CM Choose the correct statements about chemoreceptors sensible to hypoxia:

a) are located in the respiratory muscles
b) are located in carotid and aortic bodies
c) afferent impulses are conducted by vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
d) are located in organs with intense metabolism
e) are located in the medulla oblongata

CS. Apnea occurs in the case of transection of CNS:

a) between pons and medulla oblongata
b) below C5 spinal segment
c) at the lower bulbar level (below decussation of pyramids)
d) the middle pontine level
e) between corpora quadrigemena with vagotomy

CM Apnea DOES NOT occur if the section is performed:

a) between pons and medulla oblongata
b) below decussation of pyramids (the lower bulbar level)
c) the middle pontine level
d) below the spinal segment C5
e) at the spinal segment C1

CS Choose the correct statement about gas exchange in lungs and tissues:
a) by osmosis
b) by diffusion
c) by filtration
d) by active transport
e) by facilitated diffusion

CS Choose the correct statement about the pneumotaxic center:

a) is located in the anterior hypothalamus

b) parabrochial nucleus is located in the upper part of pons
c) is located in the ventrolateral region of the medulla oblongata
d) is located in the dorsal region of the medulla oblongata
e) is located in the inferior part of the pons

CS Choose INCORRECT statement about pneumothorax:

a) was used (artificial one) in order to cure tuberculous cavities
b) pleural pressure is equal to atmosferic pressure in open pneumothorax
c) pleural pressure can be higher than atmospheric in valvular pneumothorax
d) can cause mediastinal shift of the organs
e) pleural pressure is greater than atmosheric in open pneumothorax

CS Choose the correct statement about the intra-alveolar pressure:

a) is lower than atmospheric pressure during inspiration and expiration
b) is lower than atmospheric pressure during expiration
c) is equal to atmospheric pressure during expiration
d) is lower than atmospheric pressure during inspiration
e) is higher than atmospheric pressure during expiration and inspiration
CS Choose the correct statement about the mechanism of forced breathing:
a) only inspiration is active
b) only expiration is active
c) both phases are passive
d) both phases are are active
e) expiration is passive when the person is lying

CM Choose the correct statements about the mechanism of quiet expiration:

a) is due to contraction of thoracic and abdominal muscle
b) involves elasticity of ligaments and cartilages of rib cage
c) is due to contraction of internal intercostal and diaphragmal muscles
d) is due to lung elasticity
e) expiration is passive only in standing position

CS Choose the correct statement about the changes produced by hypoventilation:

a) hypoxia, hypocapnia and respiratory acidosis
b) normocapnia and hypoxia
c) hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis
d) hypoxia, hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis
e) hyperoxia and metabolic acidosis

CM Choose normal values of partial pressures pO2 and pCO2:

a) alveolar pO2 110 mm Hg - venous blood pO2 70 mm Hg
b) alveolar pCO2 40 mm Hg - venous blood pCO2 46 mm Hg
c) alveolar pCO2 46 mm Hg - venous blood pCO2 40 mm Hg
d) alveolar PO2 104 mm Hg - venous blood pO2 40 mm Hg
e) arterial blood pO2 95 mm Hg - tissue pO2 46 mm Hg

CM Choose normal values of partial pressures pO2 and pCO2:

a) arterial pO2 95 mm Hg - tissue pO2 40 mm Hg
b) alveolar pCO2 40 mm Hg - venous blood pCO2 20 mm Hg
c) alveolar pCO2 46 mm Hg - venous blood pCO2 40 mm Hg
d) arterial blood pO2 95 mm Hg - tissue pO2 46 mm Hg
e) arterial blood in pulmonary capillaries pO2 104 mmHg - left atrial blood pO2 95
mm Hg

CM Choose INCORRECT statements about the effects produced by increased

amount of CO2:
a) decreased of hemoglobin affinity for O2
b) increased pH
c) decreased pH
d) increased hemoglobin affinity for O2
e) vasodilation in tissues

CM The increase of temperature in tissues DOES NOT lead to:

a) HbO2 dissociation
b) Haldane effect
c) vasodilatation
d) vasoconstriction
e) increased affinity of Hb for O2

CM Choose factors that shift oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to right:

a) increased amount of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
b) reduced amount of 2,3-biphosphoglycerate
c) increase of pCO2
d) decrease of pCO2
e) decrease of temperature

CS Choose that factor DOES NOT affect directly the gas diffusion rate across the
respiratory membrane:
a) membrane thickness
b) membrane area
c) volume of anatomic dead space
d) alveolo-capillary diffusion coefficient
e) partial pressure gradients of respiratory gases between alveoli and capillary
blood

CM Choose INCORRECT statements about residual volume:

a) forms residual functional capacity, together with expiratory reserve volume
b) consists of air from non-perfused alveoli that do not participate in gas exchange
c) can be measured by the spirometer at maximal expiration
d) is expelled partially from the lungs when the chest cavity is open
e) is the air remaining in the alveoli after maximal expiration

CM Choose the correct statements concerning the breathing mechanism:

a) abdominal muscles are involved in normal expiration
b) external intercostal muscles are involved in normal inspiration
c) diaphragm is involved only in forceful expiration
d) internal intercostal muscles are involved in normal and forceful inspiration
e) internal intercostal muscles are involved only in forceful expiration

CM Choose factors that increase pulmonary ventilation:

a) epinephrine in small doses;
b) increased partial pressure of O2 in the blood;
c) high partial pressure of CO2 in the blood;
d) increased concentration of H + ions in cerebrospinal fluid;
e) low concentration of H + ions in the blood;

CM Choose the correct statements about the sympathetic effect on the lung:
a) it increases resistance to air flow through bronchoconstriction
b) it reduces resistance to air flow through bronchodilation
c) it dilates pulmonary vessels
d) it reduces the volume of dead space, thereby increasing alveolar ventilation
e) it constricts the pulmonary vessels

CM Choose the correct statements about total lung capacity:

a) includes expiratory reserve volume
b) includes current volume
c) does not include the volume of dead space volume
d) includes residual volume
e) does not include residual volume

CS Choose the correct statement about intrapleural pressure during inspiration:

a) remains the same as before inspiration

b) becomes more negative
c) becomes more positive
d) is equal to alveolar pressure
e) is equal to atmospheric pressure

CM Choose the correct statements about the shift to left of the HbO2 dissociation
curve:

a) is produced by increased amount of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

b) HbO2 affinity is reduced
c) shows the changes in binding O2 in lungs
d) is produced by decreasing pH
e) indicates increased Hb affinity for O2

CM Choose the muscles involved in forced expiration:

a) internal intercostal muscles
b) diaphragm
c) abdominal muscles
d) scalene muscles
e) sternocleidomastoid muscles

CM The spirograph can be used to estimate:

a) functional residual capacity

b) forced expiratory volume per second
c) residual volume
d) total lung capacity
e) expiratory reserve volume

CM During normal inspiration there is:

a) decrease of pleural pressure
b) increase of alveolar pressure
c) the chest returns to the initial size
d) relaxation of diaphragm
e) decrease of alveolar pressure

CM. Choose the correct statements about contraction of the diaphragm:

a) decreases pleural pressure
b) increases pleural pressure
c) increases anteroposterior diameter of abdomen
d) decreases value of the lung recoil
e) decreases intra-abdominal pressure

CM. Choose the correct statements about normal inspiration:

a) alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
b) alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural
c) intrapleural pressure is less than atmospheric
CamScanner
 85 .me Choice the non correct answers about respiratory coefficient (RC):
A. RC it's rate of CO2 realised to 02 used in oxidation;
8. 1 RC it's rate of 02 used to CO2 realised in oxidation;
C. ! RC it's rate of 02 realized to CO2 used in oxidation;
D. RC for carbohydrate is I, fat - 0,71, protein - 0,83;
E. ! RC for carbohydrates, fats , protein is I;