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1.A duty of care is a legal duty requiring the professional to act with a standard of care and skill when
dealing with their client. If you have a written contract with the professional, the duty that they have will be
set out there. It could also be included in the professional’s initial terms and conditions.The aspects over
which a professional owes you a duty, again, are not always clear. Your contract or other documents
should clarify this.A member shall at all times take all reasonable care to ensure that their work and the
products of their work constitute no avoidable danger of death or injury or ill-health to any person.The
essence of professional conduct and standards is that they embody more than the narrow pursuit of the
interests of the client or the professional himself. The notion of professional standards indicates the
existence of wider obligations, one aspect of which is the recognition of the impact which an activity has
on the public. On examination, all professions that justify such a description share, as one of their aims, the
maintenance of the public interest, the nature of that interest depending on the activities in question. Thus,
the public interest element in the medical profession is obvious enough, although now recognised as
involving many ethical con icts, such as the allocation of limited medical resources.The legal professions, as
an important part of their function, have to safeguard the pubic interest in the proper administration of
justice, expressed through long-standing professional rules. Some of these are currently under public
debate, including the question of rights of audience in the higher Courts. Also guring prominently in
recent months are the nancial services professions, whose activities can now be seen to encompass a
major public interest element in the maintenance of con dence in the free market system. In each of these
cases, and others too, it is necessary to identify the nature and extent of the public interest and the
corresponding public duty which can be said to fall on the profession. The engineering profession is,
therefore, in no special position except, perhaps, in having so far avoided public debate on its ethical
codes, at least in the UK.At the present time each of the UK engineering institutions maintains its own
almost entirely autonomous rules and procedures for maintaining professional and ethical standards.The
codes cover a range of topics dealing with matters of competence, integrity and generally upholding the
dignity and standing of the profession. Of particular interest, for the purpose of this article, are rules dealing
with public interest issues.It may be noted that the various codes differ in the language chosen to express
the requirement of each institution. Whether this is intended to be signi cant is debatable. It would
normally be presumed that different language is intended to convey a different meaning; but equally it is
difficult to understand how the public interest should be protected in a materially different manner by, for
example, a civil engineer as compared with a structural engineer, or a mechanical engineer as compared
with an electrical engineer, or an engineer working in the UK as opposed to one working in Canada or
Australia.In both Canada and Australia there is but one recognised profession of engineering and in
Australia one uni ed institution. In Canada, however, the profession operates on a provincial basis, with
each province having its own legislation and engineering institute. Differences between provincial statutes
and provincial institutional rules have recently led to a recommendation by the Canadian Academy of
Engineering that uniform legislation be established for the whole Canadian engineering profession, in the
public interest.The same issue was addressed, against some opposition, by the UK Engineering Council as
one of its last acts before re-organisation. Attempts to produce a uni ed code of conduct were
unsuccessful, but a document was drawn up setting out guidelines on issues to be covered in institutional
codes.

2.a.)Fundamental Canons:-

Engineers, in the ful llment of their professional duties, shall:

Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.Perform services only in areas of their
competence.Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.Act for each employer or
client as faithful agents or trustees.Avoid deceptive acts.Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly,
ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.

b.)Rules of Practice:-

Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public:

If engineers' judgment is overruled under circumstances that endanger life or property, they shall notify
their employer or client and such other authority as may be appropriate.Engineers shall approve only those
engineering documents that are in conformity with applicable standards.

Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence:

Engineers shall undertake assignments only when quali ed by education or experience in the speci c
technical elds involved.Engineers shall not affix their signatures to any plans or documents dealing with
subject matter in which they lack competence, nor to any plan or document not prepared under their
direction and control.

Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner:

Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony. They shall
include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports, statements, or testimony, which should bear
the date indicating when it was current.

Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees:

Engineers shall disclose all known or potential con icts of interest that could in uence or appear to
in uence their judgment or the quality of their services.Engineers shall not accept compensation, nancial
or otherwise, from more than one party for services on the same project, or for services pertaining to the
same project, unless the circumstances are fully disclosed and agreed to by all interested parties.

Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts:

Engineers shall not falsify their quali cations or permit misrepresentation of their or their associates'
quali cations. They shall not misrepresent or exaggerate their responsibility in or for the subject matter of
prior assignments. Brochures or other presentations incident to the solicitation of employment shall not
misrepresent pertinent facts concerning employers, employees, associates, joint venturers, or past
accomplishments.

3.)Professional Obligations:

Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of honesty and integrity:

Engineers shall acknowledge their errors and shall not distort or alter the facts.Engineers shall advise their
clients or employers when they believe a project will not be successful.Engineers shall not accept outside
employment to the detriment of their regular work or interest. Before accepting any outside engineering
employment, they will notify their employers.

Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the public interest:

Engineers are encouraged to participate in civic affairs; career guidance for youths; and work for the
advancement of the safety, health, and well-being of their community.Engineers shall not complete, sign,
or seal plans and/or speci cations that are not in conformity with applicable engineering standards. If the
client or employer insists on such unprofessional conduct, they shall notify the proper authorities and
withdraw from further service on the project.Engineers are encouraged to extend public knowledge and
appreciation of engineering and its achievements.

Engineers shall avoid all conduct or practice that deceives the public:

Engineers shall avoid the use of statements containing a material misrepresentation of fact or omitting a
material fact.Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may advertise for recruitment of personnel.

Engineers shall not be in uenced in their professional duties by con icting interests:

Engineers shall not accept nancial or other considerations, including free engineering designs, from
material or equipment suppliers for specifying their product.Engineers shall not accept commissions or
allowances, directly or indirectly, from contractors or other parties dealing with clients or employers of the
engineer in connection with work for which the engineer is responsible.

Engineers shall not attempt to obtain employment or advancement or professional engagements by

untruthfully criticizing other engineers, or by other improper or questionable methods:

Engineers shall not request, propose, or accept a commission on a contingent basis under circumstances in
which their judgment may be compromised.Engineers in salaried positions shall accept part-time
engineering work only to the extent consistent with policies of the employer and in accordance with ethical
considerations.Engineers shall not, without consent, use equipment, supplies, laboratory, or office facilities
of an employer to carry on outside private practice.

Engineers shall give credit for engineering work to those to whom credit is due, and will recognize the
proprietary interests of others.

Engineers shall, whenever possible, name the person or persons who may be individually responsible for
designs, inventions, writings, or other accomplishments.Engineers using designs supplied by a client
recognize that the designs remain the property of the client and may not be duplicated by the engineer for
others without express permission.Engineers, before undertaking work for others in connection with which
the engineer may make improvements, plans, designs, inventions, or other records that may justify
copyrights or patents, should enter into a positive agreement regarding ownership.Engineers' designs,
data, records, and notes referring exclusively to an employer's work are the employer's property. The
employer should indemnify the engineer for use of the information for any purpose other than the original
purpose.

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