Chapter Name: Fundamentals of Wireless Communication

Topic Name: FDMA and TDMA

Multiple access schemes are used to allow many Multiple access are spectrum
mobile users to share simultaneously a finite amount efficient.
of radio spectrum
To increase the capacity of the channel.

These include mainly the following:

• FDMA
• TDMA
• Spread Spectrum multiple access
• Space Division multiple access
• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
• Code Division multiple access
• Every user is given part of the frequency
spectrum.
• Every other user is given part of the other
frequency spectrum.
• Entire spectrum are divided in to small bands
given to multiple users.
• We can accommodate many users in a single
spectrum.
• Each user is allocated with a unique frequency
band. So that there is no interference among
multiple users.
• If the frequency continuously alerted to a
single user he may not be using the entire
time hence the frequency goes waste.
• To solve this problem user demands a
frequency allocation whenever he needs to
make a call.
• That’s how multiple users can use the
spectrum because the spectrum is limited.
• The frequency are divided into multiple slots in
the same time.
• Every user simultaneously transmitting and
receiving at the same time.
• Because the channel/frequencies they are
using are different.
• Because the frequency is unique to one
single user.
• Narrowband channel are given to fit
multiple users.
• Bandpass filters are used to remove the
radiation of other circuits and other
users.
• RF filtering is needed to avoid the
adjacent channel interference.
• A single antenna is used in the base
station and the MS transmits and
receives simultaneously costly duplex
circuits are also included to separate the
frequency properly.
• One frequency channel is divided into
multiple time slots and given to different users
and every user use that slot in theirs
respective time.
• Buffer and burst method is a discontinuous
method of transmitting the data.
• In FDMA data is continuously transmitted.
• To maintain the buffer and burst method,
digital modulation is required.
• Hence the data first needs to be converted
into digital form. Then modulated using digital
modulation technique.
• In figure, the user are divided on the
timeline and frequency axis remains
constant.
• Example, if we have 1 kHz frequency and 8
time slots in which 8 different users can
transmit their data. After that 8 time slots,
that is an entire frame, again we will have 8
time slots in which users can transmit their
data.
• Handoff is easy because if the user is
transmitting in one time slot, the mobile
remains idle for other time slots and
that time slot can be used to identify the
power levels of neighboring base station
. If the power levels are than the current
base station then handoff procedures
may begin.
• Overhead used in the time frame is very
high because we need to identify or give
the address to every single data.
• Guards slot are necessary to avoid the
overlap the data of two users.
• TDMA is an efficient method because on
a single frequency we can have multiple
users and there is no user some other
user can use the time slots. Hence on
demand supply makes it more efficient.