Lemma

pef
,

Lot R be
aring with / particalar
I

a ,

R is dvsicu ring Let diR A of rings

'

Let I be an
ideal ofR 计 a
→
bea homomorphism , ,

II conteins a adit in R then the

only idals ofR yd is called oa monomorphism if disH .

{ od R
called
are or

then I R :
a ) d is an
epimorpism if discnto
Pel $1 d is called an isomorphism if d is 1 H & one
, ,

Lel R R
berings Iet¢ : → R ' beafanclion We say thot is isomarpfic t R
R

.
, R

We
say
that d R i5s : -
→ a ring
homamarphism ,
if there xists ,
an isamorphism , fram R te R
this denoted
R

Bruh .
is
by R 三
Thm ( irstIsormurphismTheorem)

Lemma Let 4 R → R be :
a homomophism , of riugs ,

fet d :
R7 -
R be a homorslorphismofrings , Then , kerd≈ Ind asjings ,

¢ ) the. isomorphism
isgiven byrikerd day
d) cc = o ,
aid ,

dtal - dca) for any CGR =

Kevffr
sldla b) dtal dcb )forany ab R
-
=
-
ε ,
IId is onte then , Rkerd ≡ R
pef ,
Thm ( Sacond
,
Isomorphism Theerem )
Let d :
R → R be a homomorphism ,

ofriugs ,
Let R be a
rin SisasbiingofR , IoR .
StI is a
nbingofR
Lot Ind { dcr) | rER} ER Let s be
suhring of R and IoR subring cf
=
a IcR Iisa CR , t )

Kerd { R / dia) JER =

r= = 0
Then SAI is an ideal ofS ,
SEStI Iis a
sabgroup f SI t ] ,

Indis calladthe
imageafd stI is o

subiingofR .
VrER VGEI ,
raE [ ,
artI ,

Kerd is calead theKernalodd I is an idea| fStI

0
In particalar ,
VNESTI ,
VGEI JGEI , GNGI
and SSNI 左
Lemma ,
≡ 3t as
iing SaI StI <

Lotd : Rokbea homomiorphism . o rings ,

30
',
StIis a
rjng hamomerphism ,
Let H= A
:Hi : }
3 S
左
subringof Rand
/ 7 ×

aringhomcmeorphism
x
then Ind is
,

is G

isaiughomomorphim
,

a
θ>
SI

Ker isan idenlcfR a 1

”

Lemma
suppose
,

d
iats座α= yfI , forsome y SfI
H
1

rings
is -

Let d R→ k bea homomorphism

,

:
, of . =

i 计 xokerd
then Kerd { } = o
d is - H
¢[x) = 0 ,
d( =d c ,
d (x )= dia) Y Xfi for some XES WGI :
,
,

Since d is H = X = O >α= ytI XtifI x+ I Hx) = = =

sokerd { } = a

Thm ( Correspondence Tpm )

Letd : Rsk be aHomomorphism of oings wewiile 1 { dlalla ] If

Morrerer if ds ε
S T is subring ofR
,

Suppose d onto and TIKerd

!

,
is then we have ¢cs)
,
=
{

If s 'isasubringof andlet s dlis ' anidealofR

-
k' ") = { rtRldorlos Nolethat if }

' 5' is st d (T) 5

,
=

thens is smbringof
contoining kerd a R than ,
s -
dlis) is an iodeal of R than T =
S