CRIMINAL.

DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

Criminal Investigation-an art, as well as science which deals with the identity and location of the offender then
proving his guilt Trough criminal proceeding.

Investigator-one who conducts inquiry on a certain case or issue.

Police science – is a scientific study of the cause and effects of human action and relation

Crime scene investigation - the conduct of processes, more particularly the recognition, search, collection, handling
preservation and documentation of physical evidence.

Investigation-derived from the Latin word “investigatus” which means to trace or t

- the act or process of carefully inquiry or research and systematic examination of some scientific detail. Derive also
from another Latin word “vestigium” which literally means footprint

Formal investigation-official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort to uncover facts

And determining the truth.

Inquest-an effort to search the basic cause of an incident and also to describe a form of judicial inquiry.

Inquisition-historical description than a current usage to describe penetrating investigation concerning religious issue.

Probe-similar to formal investigation but it is an exterisive, searching inquiry conducted by a government. Agency

Research-refers to the careful, patient investigation done by an scientist or scholars.

Investigative reporting-recent type of investigamen conducted by the member of the press.

Jonathan Wild-London’s most effective criminal investigator and employing a thief to catch a thief.

Eugene Francois Vidoeg-former convict who became a Paris investigator and introduced the “trade
Protection policy” which became the forerunner of the credit card system.

Allan Pinkerton-America’s most famous private investigator, and he is also the founder of american. Criminal
investigation system

Alphonse Bertillon-father of anthropometric measurement and the founder of criminal identification.

Dr. Arthur Conan Doyle-popularized scientific criminal investigation by creating the fictional desoctive “sherlock
holmes”.

Dr. Paul Kirk-one of the best known american criminalist.

“Trichotomy of criminal investigation”

1. Training-the academic and technical preparation of criminal investigators.

2. Tools the devices and equipment used in criminal investigation.
3. Technique – the unique means and processes applied in dealing with varied crimes and incident.

Rule of Law-the heart of criminal investigation process:

Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine – evidence obtained as a result of an illegal operation

Due Process-defined as. It hears before it condemns.

Six(6) cardinal principle of investigation
1. What 4. Where
2. How 5. When
3. Who 6. Why

Crime prevention-this is the first line defense, manned by uniformed personnel.

Criminal investigation-the second line of defense.

“Modes of Investigation”

1. Reactive responses-addresses crimes that have already occurred.

2. Proactive responses-conducted before the crime is committed..
3. Preventive responses-through deterrence is sometimes achieved by arresting the criminal and by aggressive
prosecution.

Primary purpose of criminal investigation-the establishment of facts and the removing of doubts.

Criminals bad luck-unconscious or subliminal act aiming at self-betrayal a.k.a. “vebrecherpech”.

Caution-other items found at the crime scene may be misleading clues as part of the plan of the perpetrators

Preliminary(initial) investigation-focuses in identifying the perpetrators or suspects.

In-depth(follow- v-up) investigation-focuses in tracing, locating and eventually arresting suspects.
Final(concluding) Investigation-focuses in evaluating and presenting evidence to prove the criminal guilt of the
accused.

The Crime Scene-the place or location were the crime was alleged to have been committed or it is the specific location
of the commission of the crime.

2 kinds of reasoning
1. Deductive reasoning-reasoning from general to particular.
2. Inductive reasoning-drawing of general conclusion from particular facts.

Reconstruction-it is an effort made to determine the appearance of the place and the objects as to what
Actually occurred and the circumstances of the crime.
Physical reconstruction-based of the description of the witnesses.
Mental reconstruction-conclusions can be made concerning the consistency of the accounts of the various witnesses

Relevant-having any value as tending to prove any fact.

Material-it is directed to prove a fact in issue.
Competent-not excluded by law in a particular case.

Fact-the truth or effect of evidence.

Reasonable doubt-it is the state of the case.

Two(2) kinds of criminals identified by witnesses

1. Known fugitives-police records and pictures are available.

2. Unknown criminals-idemification of unknown criminal by eye witnesses.

Types of suspect identification.

1. Positive identification-uses information that identifies an individual beyond question

 2. Tracing identification involves the use of all other information that maybe indicative of the personal identify of
individual.

Associative evidence pieces of physical evidence which may identify by means of clues or personal properties

Tracing evidence those articles which assist the investigator in locating the suspect.

Undercover or Roping the investigator should utilize ways and means to cover his true identity för him

To infiltrate the source. Cover any device utilized by person, organization to insure that one who does not have the right
to know must not be aware of the real purpose of the mission.

Cover story biographical data through fictional which will portray the personality of the agent he assumed. The
investigator assumes another identity,

Cover support-agent assigned in targes arcas and to support the cover story.

Four(4) types of cover

1. Natural cover-using natural background.

2. Artificial-creating the story other than natural background.

3. Cover with a cover justification of existence.

4. Multiple cover-any cover you wish

Surveillance-coverts observation of person, places and things for the purpose of obtaining information.

Information is the most important among the tools of investigation.

Interview -the casual questioning of a person or persons who poses knowledge or facts.

Interrogations systematic questioning or forceful questioning of a person.

“Police Interviewer qualification”

1. Rapport good relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee. 2. Forceful personality induce trust
and confidence by the strenght of his character.

2. Breadth of interest interviewer and suspect must develop meeting ground. 4. Salesman, an Actor and
Psychologist possess insights, intelligence and persuasiveness and voice

Should be suited to the situation.

Direct Approach is the most effective for willing witnesses.

Emotional Appeal-combining the character of an actor and a practical psychologist. Sympathetic listening to the subject
story of his troubles, fight and unfortunate situation.

Friendliness-being friendly may induce the subject to confess.

Stern method-strict judicious act.