FUNDAMENTALS

OF INVESTIGATION
AND
INTELLIGENCE
 INTRODUC
A TION
criminal investigationis
an art which deals with the
identity and location of the
offender and provides
evidence of guilt through
criminal proceedings.
 If a crime has been committed, the investigators
shall be establish the THREE FOLD AIMS
1. Identify the guilty party
2. To locate the guilty party
3. Provide the EVIDENCE of his guilt
MARY JOB OF AN INVESTIGAT
The primary job of the investigator is to
discover whether or not an offense has
been commited under the law, after
determining WHAT specific offense has
been committed, he must discover HOW
it was committed, by WHOM, WHERE it
was committed, WHEN and WHY it was
committed (Cardinal points of
Investigation 5W’s and 1H)
 WHAT ARE THE QUALITIES OF A
GOOD INVESTIGATOR
1. Perseverance- continues effort despite
difficulties
2.Intelligence- Knowledge on investigative
skills
3. Honest- adherence to the facts
4. Keen power of observation- ability
to notice and pay close attention to the things
 TYPES OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATIONS
• HOMICIDE- investigating the killing of one
person by another.
• CYBERCRIME- investigation onvolving
computer crimes such as identity theft, illegal
firearms sales, online drug trafficking, and online
harrassment.
• FORENSIC INVESTIGATION- investigation
involving scientific analysis on evidence from
crime scenes to piece together the truth about
what happened and who committed the crime.
 TYPES OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATIONS
• FRAUD- an investigation againts someone who
intentionally uses false information to scam a
person or company, usually for financial gain.
• FAMILY AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE-
investigation related to domestic violence abuse
sexual assault and child abuse or neglect
• CRIME AGAINTS PROPERTY- includes
investigations of bulgary, theft and vandalism
 TYPES OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATIONS
• COLD CASES- investigation which involves
reviewing past evidence, searching for new clues
and using updated forensics technology so that
justice can hopefully be served no matter how
much time has passed.
• NARCOTICS- investigation on drug related
crime.
 INITIALS STEPS ON CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
a) Identify and possible, retain for
questioning the person who first
notified the police.
b) Determine the perpetrator by direct
inquiry or observe him, if his identity is
immediately apparent.
c) Detain all persons present at the scene.
d) Summon assistance, if necessary
 INITIALS STEPS ON CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
e). Safeguard the area by physically
isolating it.
f). Subsequently, permit only authorized
persons to enter the area.
g). Seperate the witnesses in order to
obtain independent statements.
h). Do not touch move any object.
i). Definitely assign the duties of the
search if assistance are presents.
One of the Golden Rule
“Do Not Touch or Move any object”
What should then be the primary job of an
investigator before applying this rule?
• If the victim is still alive, try to gather
information from the victim while calling for
assistance for an ambulance. Then measure,
sketch and photograph the crime scene
immediately after the victim is removed and
brought to the hospital.
• If the victim is dead, the body should be
removed only after the crime scene is
measured, sketched and photographed
OOLS IN INVESTIGATIO
INFORMATION
INTERVIEW
INSTRUMENTS
INFORMATION- it is the knowledge/ data
which an investigator acquires from
records and persons.
Regualr source - is acquired from
open sources, records, files,
Cultivated source - are information
furnished by informants/informers,
Grapevine source - are information
given by the underworld characters such
as prisoners or criminals.
1. INFORMANT- any person who gives
information to the police authorities
relative to a crime.

2.INFORMER-is a person who

provides information to the police on
a regular basis. They are either paid
regularly or in a case-to-case basis,
or none at all.
METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING
INFORMATION
1. Elicitation
• Obtain information through the process of
direct communication
• One or more of the parties to the
communication is/are unaware of the
specific purpose of the conversation.
2.CASING
• It literally means putting a thing or place in a
case
• Methods:
a. Personal reconnaissance
b. Map reconnaissance
c. Research
d. Prior information
e. Hearsay
3. SURVEILLANCE
• consist of keeping persons, place or other
targets under physical observation
DIFINATION OF TERMS
a.Pre-surveillance Conference-
is a conference held before a surveillance is
conducted.
b.Stake-out-is the observation of places or
areas from a fixed point.
c.Tailing or Shadowing-is the observation
of a person’s movement
d.Undercover man-is a person trained to
observe and penetrate certain organization
suspected of illegal activities
e.Liaison Program-is the assignment of
trained intelligence personnel to other agencies
in order to obtain information.
f.Safe house-is a place, building, enclosed
mobile, or an apartment,where police
undercover men meet his action agent.
g.Drop-is a convenient, secured, and
unsuspecting place where agents can leave
notes, small package or envelope.
h.Convoy- is an accomplice or associate of
the subject.
i.Decoy-any person almost similar to the
subject used to avoid or elude surveillance.
j.Contact-refers to any person whom the
subject picks or deals with while he is under
surveillance.
k.Made- occurs the operation was
compromised.
l.Lost-happens when the agent do not know
the where abouts of their subjects.
m.Rabbit (hare)-is a term referring to the
subject of shadowing and tailing.
n.Test or Tailing- is the common trick of
the subject when he becomes conscious that
he is being tailed.
INTERVIEW
 Is a conversation with a purpose,
motivated by a desire to obtain
certain infromation from the person
being interviewed as to what was
either done, seen, felt, heard,
tasted, smell or known.
This is to questioning of a person
believed to possessknowledge that is
in official interest to investigator.
 I.R.O.N.I.C FORMAT
Identity- Prior to the commencement of
an interview, the investigator should identify
himself to the to the subject by name, rank
and agency.
Rapport- it is good to get positive feeling
of the subject towards the investigators,
such as friendly atmosphere is a vital for
both the subjecct and the investigator to
have a better interaction.
Opening Statement- the investigator must
have to indicate why the subject is being contracted.
Narration- the witness should be allowed to tell all
he knows with little interruptions from the investigator.
 Inquiry- after all the information have been given
by the subject, that is the time for the investigator to
ask question to clarify him about the case under
investigation
Conclusion- after the interview, it is but proper to
close the interview with outmost courtesy and thanking
the subject for his cooperation.
INFORMATION- is a
questioning of a person suspected if
having committed an offense or a
person who is reluctant to make full
disclosure of information in his
possesion which is pertinent to the
investigation.
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS OF
INTERROGATION
The statement of the subject must
be obtained voluntarily and
trustworthy and not by means or use
of threat, fear, coercion, duress or
any improper tactics which will
vitiate the free will of the
subject.Remember RA 7438
RA 7438-otherwiseknown as “AN ACT
DEFINING CERTAIN RIGHTS OF
PERSON ARRESTED, DETAINED OR
UNDERCUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION AS
WELL AS THE DUTIES OF THE
ARRESTING,DETAINING AND
INVESTIGATING OFFICERS, AND
PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR
VIOLATIONS THEREOF”, was enacted
into law.
 INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES
Emotional Appeal- place the subject in
the proper frame of mind. The investigator
should provide emoional stimuli that will
prompt the subject to unburden himself by
confiding. Analyze the subject’s personality
and decide what motivation would prompt him
to tell the truth, then provide those motives
through appropriate emotional appeals.
 INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES
Sympathetic appeal- the suspect may feel
the need for sympathy or friendship. He is
apparently in trouble. Gesture of friendship may
win his cooperartion
Kindness- the simplest technique is to
assume that the suspect will confess if he is
treated in a kind and friendly manner
 INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES
Shifting the blame- the interrogator makes
clear his belief that the subject obviously not
the sort of person who usually gets mixed up in
a crime like this. The interrogator could tell from
the start that he was not dealing with a fellow
who is a criminal by nature and choice.
Extenuation- the investigator indicates he
does not consider his subject indiscretion a
grave offense.
 INTERROGATION
MUTT and JEFF
TECHNIQUES
Two (2) agents are employed
MUTT- the relentless investigator, who is
not going to waste any time because he
knows the subject is guilty.
JEFF- on the other hand, obviously a kind-
hearted man.
 INTERROGATION
Bluff on a Split Pair- this is
TECHNIQUES applicable
when there are more than one suspect. The
suspect are seperated and one is informed that
other has talked.
Pretense in Physical Evidence- the
investigator may pretend that certain physical
evidence has found by laboratoty experts
againts him.
 INTERROGATION
TECHNIQUES
Jolting- maybe applied to calm and nervous
subjects, by constantly observing the suspects,
the investigator chooses a propitious moment
to shout a pertinent question and appear as
though he is beside himself with rage. The
subject maybe unnerved to the extent of
confessing.
 PHILOSOPHY OF
INTERVIEW AND
“The INTERROGATION
RIGHT officer asking the
RIGHT question in the RIGHT
manner at the RIGHT time and
in the RIGHT place will get the
RIGHT answers”
INSTRUMANTATION- it is
the application of instruments and
methods of physical science to the
detection of crimes. In cases where
there are no significant physical
evidence to be found, then the use of
instrumentation is relatively
unimportant.
CONFESSION-is the direct
acknowledgement of guilt arising from
the commission of a crime.
TYPES OF
Extra JudicialCONFESSION
Confession-those made by the
suspect during custodial investigation
Judicial Confession-those made by the accused
open court. The Plea of guilt may be during
arraignment or in any stage of the proceedings
where the accused changes his plea of not guilty to
guilty.
ADMISSION-is a self-incriminatory
statement by the subject falling short of
an acknowledgement of guilt. It is an
acknowledgement of a fact or
circumtances frim which guilt maybe
inferred. It implicates but does not
incrminate. It is also an
acknowledgement that a fact, action or
circumtances are true which strongly
infer or directly admit guilt but lacks the
detail of the elements of the crime.
 NAME THE METHODS OF
IDENTIFICATION BY WITNESSES
 Verbal Description- the value of the
description must depend on the capacity of the
witness to describe the criminal.
 Photographic Files(Rogue’s Gallery)- the
witness may be taken to the headquarters to
examine the photograph file.
 EVIDENCE
 Evidence- is the means, sanctioned by the
rules of Court, of ascertaining in a judicial
proceeding, the truth respecting a matter of
fact.
 Proof- the result of evidence
 Burden of Proof- Lies on the prosecution
 CLASSIFICATION OF
 Object- directly
EVIDENCE
addressed to the senses of
the court, referred to as a real evidence or
evidence by “autoptic preference”
 Documentary- consist of writing or any
material containing modes of written
expression.
 Testimonial- submitted to the court through
testimony or desposiyion of a witness
 OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF
EVIDENCE
 Direct- proves the fact in dispute without aid
of any inferrence or presumption.
 Circumtancial- is identification estbalished
indirectly by providing other facts or
circumtances from which either alone or in
connection with other facts, the identity of this
perpetrator can be inferred.
 OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF
EVIDENCE
 Cumulative- evidence of the same kind and
to the same state.
 Corroborative- additional evidence of a
different character to the same point.
 Prima Facie- that which standing alone is
sufficient to maintain the proposition
affirmeed.
What must be inferred to prove identity by
Circumstantial Evidence?
• MOTIVE- it maybe inferred from
circumtances and from the witnesses that the
suspect has been motivated by a desire for
revenge or personal gain.
• INTENT- is a result or accomplish of the act.
• OPPORTUNITY- this is the physical
possibility that the suspect could have
committed the crime. It may be deduced from
the following:
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO IDENTIFY
CRIMINALS
• Physical Evidence- these are the
articles and materials which re-
found in connection with the
investigation and aid in
establishing the identity of the
subject.
 TYPES OF PHYSICAL
• Corpus Delicti- is the body
EVIDENCE of the crime or
fact of specific loss or injury sustained. It
constitute the essentials parts or elements in the
commission of the crime.
• Associative Evidence- these are the pieces
of that will link the suspect to the crime scene. the
suspect may leave some clues at the scene such
as weapons, tools, garments or prints.
• Tracing Evidence- articles which assist the
investigator in locating the criminal. Stolen goods
in the possession of the suspect in an example of
tracing evidence.
 GARTHERING OF PHYSICAL
• Plaster EVIDENCE
Cast - It is sometimes necessary at a
crime scene to make a cast of footwear or tire
mark impression in soil. Plaster of Paris can be
used to make a quick-drying and -setting cast of
an impression. This preserves the mark for later
examination by a forensic scientist
• Tape Recording- The imprint on the magnetic
tape is direct effect of the relevant sounds. Like a
photograph of a relevant incident, a
contemporaneous tape record of a relevant
conversation is a relevant fact and is admissible.
an example of tracing evidence.
CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION- it is the
conduct of processes, more
particularly, the recognation,
handling, preservation, and
documentation of physical
evidence to include the
identification and interview of
witnesses and the arrest of
What constitue a Crime Scene?
 all areas in which the criminal,
any possible victim, and any
eyewitness move during the time
the crime was committed.
Composition of CSI Team:
• Team Leader
• Evidence Collector
• City or Municipal/Health Officer
• Crime Scene Photographer
• Sktecher/Measurer
• Evidence Custodian/Security
Officer
• Security and Protection of the
crime scene.
First Responder shall:
• Cordon off crime scene with whatever
available materials like ropes, straw,
human barricade, police line;
• Evacuate injured persons to the
nearest hospital;
• Prepare to take the “dying
declaration” severely injured person if
any;
• Prevent entry/exit persons within
cordoned area, and;
• Prepare to brief the CSI Team Leader
Designation of a Command Post:
Command Post- an area which, ideally
located adjacent to the crime scene where the
CSI Evidence Custodian stays and receives the
pieces of evidence turned over to him for
safekeeping by the other evidence collectors
Initiation of Preliminary Survey Team
Laeder of CSI or SOCO;
 Makes general assessment
 Take a cautious walk-through
 Takes down extensive note to document
important factors
 Establishes the evidence most likely to
encountered.
 Defines the extent of the area
 Determines the personnel and equipment
needed, and makes specific assignments
 From his assessments, he develops a general
theory of the crime scene
CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY
Main Objective- to create an
accurate objective visual record of
the crime scene before any item is
removed as possible physical
evidence.
Three Major Types of Pictorial
Views
Long Range Photograph of the over
all scene.
Distance: from the doorway to the room and
other corners of the room.
Mid Range Photograph
Distance-Eight or Ten feet from the victim
Close up Photograph
CRIME SCENE SKETCHES
• A rough sketch is prepared indicating the
actual measurements of things with scale
and proportion observed and oriented to
North Pole. All necessary information are
placed in the sketch
• Rough is made at the crime scene.
Finished sketch is for court presentation.
SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCH
• LOCALITY-give picture of the scene, the
crime and its environs, including neighboring
buildings, roads etc.
• GROUND-picture of the scene of the crime
with its nearest physical surrounding.
• DETAILS-the immediate scene only
• Exploded/Cross Projection-gives th clear
information of the scene in cases where blood
stains or bullet holes are found.
MECHANICS OF SEARCH
• Strip Method- the searches (A,B and C)
proceed slowly at the same pace along the
path parallel to one side of the rectangle. T the
end of the rectangle, the searcher turns and
proceeds back along new lanes but parallel to
the first movement.
• Spiral Method-the searcher folloe each other
in the path of the spiral, beginning in the
outside and spiraling towards the scene
MECHANICS OF SEARCH
• Zone Method- the area to be searched is
divided into quadrants and each searcher is
assigned to one quadrant.
• Wheel Method-if the area to be searched is
approximately circular or oval, the wheel
method maybe used. The searchers gather at
the center and proceed outward along radio or
spokes.
• Conduct Of Final Survey- the team leader
make a final review on the crime scene to
determine whether or not the processing has
been completed.
• Release the crime scene- the release of
the crime scene is done if the investigator
is satisfied that all pieces of evidence
have been removed.
What is meant of by reconstruction
of the crime?
An effort be made to determine from
the appearance of the place and its
objects what actually occured and
what the circumtances of a crime
were.
KINDS
• Physical Reconstruction-the physical
appearnce of the crime scene is
reconstructed from the description of
witnesses and the indication of the physical
evidence.
• Mental Reconstruction-from the physical
reconstruction, some conclusions can be
made concerning the consistency of the
accounts of various witnesses.
What is Chain of Custody?
It is the number of persons who
handle the evidence between the
time of the commission of the
offense and the ultimate disposition
of the case and should be kept
minimum.
As a general rules; in all criminal investigation or
proceedings probable cause must be well established
without probable cause, police cannot arrest a person not
avail the issuance of warrant of arrest or search of
warrant.

Phases of Criminal Investigation

1. The identification of criminal
2. The criminal is traced, located and arrested
3.The pieces of evidence to prove the guilt of
the accused are gathered
4.Pieces of evidence is presented to court