TOOLS, PHASES

AND PRINCIPLES
IN
INFORMATION-It is the
knowledge or facts which the
investigator had gathered or
acquiredfrompersons or
documents, which are pertinent
or relevant concerning the
commission of the crime or
criminal activities.
A.CLASSIFICATION OF
INFORMATION AS TO ITS
SOURCES;
 Regular Sources
 Cultivated Sources
 Grapevines Sources
B. METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING
INFORMATION
1. Elicitation
• Obtain information through the
process of direct communication
• One or more of the parties to the
communication is/are unaware of
the specific purpose of the
2.CASING
• It literally means putting a thing
or place in a case
• Methods:
a. Personal reconnaissance
b. Map reconnaissance
c. Research
d. Prior information
e. Hearsay
3.
SURVEILLANCE
• consist of keeping
persons, place or
other targets under
DIFINATION OF TERMS
a.Pre-surveillance Conference-
is a conference held before a
surveillance is conducted.
b.Stake-out-is the observation of
places or areas from a fixed point.
c.Tailing or Shadowing-is the
observation of a person’s movement
d.Undercover man-is a person trained
to observe and penetrate certain
organization suspected of illegal activities
e.Liaison Program-is the assignment of
trained intelligence personnel to
other agencies in order to obtain
information.
f.Safe house-is a place, building,
enclosed mobile, or an apartment,
where police undercover men meet his
action agent.
g.Drop-is a convenient, secured, and
unsuspecting place where
agents can leave notes, small package or
envelope.
h.Convoy- is an accomplice or associate
of the subject.
i.Decoy-any person almost similar to the
subject used to avoid or
elude surveillance.
j.Contact-refers to any person whom the
subject picks or deals with
while he is under surveillance.
k.Made- occurs the operation was
compromised.
l.Lost-happens when the agent do not
know the where abouts of their subjects.
m.Rabbit (hare)-is a term referring to
the subject of shadowing and tailing.
n.Test or Tailing- is the common trick
of the subject when he becomes conscious
that he is being tailed.
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
a. According to Intensity and Sensitivity
• Discreet
• Close
• Loose
b. According to Methods
• Stationary
• Moving
• Technical
1. INFORMANT- any person who
gives information to the police
authorities relative to a crime.

2.INFORMER-is a person who

provides information to the police
on a regular basis. They are
either paid regularly or in a case-
to-case basis, or none at all.
 INTERVIEW
A. Interview-is the simple
questioning of a person who
cooperates with the
investigator.
B. Cognitive Interview-conduct of
interview upon willing and cooperative
witnesses, to narrate their accounts
without interruption.
C. Question and Answer-interview
style whereby after each question by
the investigator, the interviewee is
required to answer.
D. The Golden Rule in Interview
“Never conduct or let anyone conduct
an interview if the interviewer has not
gone to the crime scene.”
E. Qualities of a Good
Interviewer
• Rapport
• Conversational Tone of Voice
• Knowledge of Human Behavior
 Interview Format
1. IDENTIFY
(IRONIC)
The investigator should identify himself to the
witness by name, rank and agency.
2. RAPPORT
3. OPENING STATEMENT
4. NARRATION
Allowing the witness to present in a narrative
form without injecting
questions.
5. INQUIRY
After the witness has told the story, the
investigator can make clarifying
inquiries.
6. CONCLUSION
The interview should be concluded
when the witness has nothing
pertinent to offer.
 STAGES OF HANDLING THE
• Preparation –investigator should review
INTERVIEW
thefacts in order that he would be ready for
the questioning.
• Approach – investigator must carefully
select his kind of approach.
• Warming Up –clear the atmosphere,
promote a conducive ground for cordiality,
respect and trust for each other.
•
Cognitive Interview
RULES IN QUESTIONING A PERSON
INVOLVED IN A CRIME;
1. Ask Question at a Time
2. Avoid Implied Answers
3. Questions should be clearly stated
4. Saving Faces
5. Yes and No Answers are not
Allowed
TYPES OF WITNESSES
ACCORDING TO THEIR ATTITUDE;
1. Know-nothing Type
2. Disinterested Type
3. The Drunken Type
4. Talkative Type
5. Honest Witnesses
6. Timid Witnesses
7. Witnesses who refuse to answer
 INTERROGAT
Definition of Terms
ION
1. Interrogation-is the vigorous and
confrontational questioning of a reluctant
suspect about his participation in a crime
2. Custodial Interrogation or
Investigation-is the investigation
conducted by the investigator on the
suspect who is under police custody.
3. Debreifing-is the interrogation of a
friendly interrogee who has information at
the direction of or under the control of
friendly unintelligence service.
4. Interrogation Report-is an oral or
written statement of information by the
questioning of an interrogee.
5. Interrogator-is a person who does the
questioning
6. Interrogee-refers to any person
subjected to the interrogation process.
7. Screening- is the initial examination of
an interrogee to determine the extent of his
knowledge.
8. Source-refers to any person who for
any reason submits information of
intelligence interest usually on a voluntary
basis.
9. Suspect -refers to any person believed
to be associated with prohibited activity.
10. Witness- refers to any person who has
directs knowledge of facts concerning an
event or activity.

FORMS OF INTERROGATION
1.Direct- the subject is aware but he may
not learn the true objectives of the
2.Indirect- the subject is aware
PHASES OF INTERROGATION
1.Planning of Interrogation
2.Approach- The first meeting in which it
is extremely critical because the outcome
may depend on the initial impression
created by the interrogator
3.Questioning-This is the heart of the
interrogation.
4.Termination- The termination of the
interrogation will depend on various factors
such as the physical condition of the
subject.
5.Recording-The interrogator should take
notes in cryptic if possible.
6.Reporting-The end product of an
interrogation is the Tactical
InterrogationReport containing the
information gained. Report must be made
 INTERROGATION
MUTT and JEFF
TECHNIQUES
Two (2) agents are employed
MUTT- the relentless investigator,
who is not going to waste any time
because he knows the subject is
guilty.
JEFF- on the other hand, obviously a
kind-hearted man.
CONFFESSION- is the direct
acknowldgement of guilt arising from the
commission of crime.
TYPES OF CONFESSION:
Extrs Judicial Confession-those made
by the suspect during custodial investigation.
Judicial Confession-those made by the
accused in open court.The Plea of Guilt may
be during arraignment or in any stage of
proceeding where the accused changes his
plea of not guilty to guilty.
ADMISSION- is a self-incriminatory
statement by the subject falling short of an
acknowledgement of guilt. It is an
acknowledgement of a fact or
circumtances from which guilt maybe
inferred. It implicates but does not
incriminate. It is also an acknowledgement
that a fact, action or circumtances are true
which strongly infer or directly admit guilt
but lacks the details of the elements of the
crime.
MODERN TECHNIQUES OF
1. Rationalization- use of reasons
INTERROGATION
2. Projection- putting the blame to other
persons, not alone to the suspect
3.Minimization- It is the act of
minimizing the culpability of the suspect.
INSTRUMENTATION
● It is sometimes called CRIMINALISTIC
● It is the process of applying
instruments or tools of the police
sciences in criminal investigation and
detection.
● This is the use of the Police
Laboratory in the examination of
physical evidences.
The different divisions of forensic
science include:
1. POLYGRAPHY OR LIE DETECTION
TEST-focused in detecting deception
2. POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY-division of
forensic science focused in providing
pictorial record of the crime scene.
3. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY- It involves the
use of the science of chemistry in the
examination of fibers, hairs, powder burns,
blood, stain, paints, poisonous substances and
other matters in their relevance to the
investigation.
4. FORENSIC MEDICINE-used to determine
the cause of death as one of the elements of
corpus delicti and it could also approximate the
time of death and other pertinent and relevant
matters in the investigation.
5. FORENSIC BALLISTICS or
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION- This is the
science of firearms identification.
6. DACTYLOSCOPY or PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION- This is otherwise known
as the science of fingerprint identification
7. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
EXAMINATION-establish if there is
alteration,superimposition, or erasures, either
mutually or chemically of a document.
8. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY- The remove
of dentures are of paramount importance in the
identification of unknown bodies especially
when other means of identification is lost.
9. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY- This is a very
recent science in the field of criminal
investigation and detection.
10. FORENSIC COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY-
This is the age of advancedinformation
technology.
 PHASES IN
1. The identification of criminal.
INVESTIGATION
2. The criminal is traced, located and
arrested.
3. The facts or evidence to prove the
guilt of the accused are gathered.
4. Pieces of evidence are presented in
court.