NOTES ON BIOLOGY B.

Changes in an Organism's Habitat

Numerous strategies allow organisms to adapt to their surroundings, allowing them to live,
procreate, and flourish in certain settings. These modifications may be physiological,
behavioural, or anatomical:

The physical characteristics of an organism that aid in its survival are known as structural
adaptations. For example, fish have streamlined bodies for fast swimming in water, and
Arctic foxes use their dense fur as protection in freezing conditions.
Adaptations in behaviour are the measures organisms take to ensure their survival.
Examples include the winter migration patterns of birds to warmer climes and the nocturnal
behaviours of desert animals to avoid the heat during the day.
Internal processes known as physiological adaptations aid in an organism's survival.
Examples are the antifreeze proteins in Antarctic fish that keep their blood from freezing
and the capacity of camels to metabolise fat in their humps for water and energy.

Distribution of Species
Historical and contemporary ecological variables affect the distribution of species on Earth.
Whereas present influences include habitat features, interactions with other species (such
as competition and predation), and human impacts, historical causes include geological
changes, such as the shifting of continents, and climatic changes. Models of species
distribution are essential for conservation efforts because they enable ecologists to
anticipate potential habitats for a certain species in the present or future.

Formation of Coral Reefs

The skeletons of coral polyps made of calcium carbonate are what create dynamic
ecosystems known as coral reefs. In addition to being biodiverse ecosystems, these
structures offer crucial ecosystem services including food production, tourism, and coastal
protection. Formation of coral reefs entails:

Coral larvae locate themselves on hard surfaces in areas with ideal light, temperature, and
salt levels.
Skeleton construction: Over thousands of years, corals that have settled down release
calcium carbonate to strengthen their skeletons. This process progressively forms reefs.
Corals with a particular kind of algae called zooxanthellae share a symbiotic interaction. The
substances required for photosynthesis and a safe environment are supplied by the coral to
the algae. In exchange, the algae assist the coral expel waste and create oxygen.
Ocean acidification, pollution, overfishing, and damaging fishing methods are some of the
dangers facing coral reefs. For the purpose of managing and conserving reefs, it is essential
to comprehend the intricate interactions between various elements.