SELFCHARGI

NGSOLARSURVEI
LLANCEDRONE
APr
ojectSur
veyr
epor
tsubmi
tt
edt
o
JAWAHARLALNEHRUTECHNOLOGI
CALUNI
VERSI
TY,
KAKI
NADA
i
npar
ti
alf
ulf
il
lmentoft
her
equi
rement
sfort
heawar
doft
hedegr
eeof

BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGY
I
n
MECHANI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG
Submi
tt
edby
K.
Prav
een 18761A03D1
P.
Prasannakumar 18761A03F0
K.
Leel
aLakshmanaKumar 18761A03D5
G.
Har
shav
ardhan 18761A03C4
Undert
heGui
danceof

Mr
.S.
SRI
NIVASAREDDY Associ
atePr
ofessor

DEPARTMENTOFMECHANI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG
LAKI
REDDYBALIREDDYCOLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
(
AUTONOMOUS)
L.
B.ReddyNagar
,My
lav
aram –521230.Kr
ishnaDt
I
SO9001:
2015Cert
ifi
ed&Accredi
tedbyNAACwit
h“B++”Gr
ade,
(Appr
ovedbyAICTE,Af
fi
li
atedtoJNTUK,
Kaki
nada)

Nov
ember–2022

1
 I
NDEX
Pg.No

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03.I
NTRODUCTI
ON.
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04.
BLOCKDI
AGRAMS.
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05.COMPONENETS&APPPLI
CATI
ONS.
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06.ADVANTAGES&DI
SADVANTAGES.
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11

08.
REFERENCES.
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.12

1
 ABSTRACT
Dr onesareacommonsi ghttodayandarebeingusedi nawiderangeofappl icat
ions.
From sel f
iesto pestici
de sprayi
ng to mil
i
tarysurvei
ll
ance.Wellthe problem wi t
h
surveil
l
ance/monitori
ngisthatmanyappl i
cati
onsrequir
elongti
mesurvei
llance.Drones
dopr ovideagoodv i
ew forsurvei
l
lancemonitor
ingbuthav eahugedrawback.Thi si s
thedronebat t
eryl
ife.
Themaj orfearadr onepil
otfacesi nsur
veill
anceisthatt hebat t
erymayr unoutand
dronemayl andonat reeorbuil
dingorsomei naccessibleareafrom wherei tcannotbe
retr
ievedandt huscannotbechar ged.Thisisalsothecasei nmi l
i
tarysurveil
lance,the
possibil
ityofbatt
eryl i
ferunni
ngoutanddr onebeingi naccessi
blecr eat
esl i
mi t
ations
fordr onepi l
otsdur i
ngsurveil
l
ance/monitori
ng.Wel lweher edev el
opadr onewi th
soluti
ont otheseproblemsusingsolarpowertoconstant l
ycharget hedronet oincrease
i
tsf li
ghtt i
measwel lastheabi l
it
ytolandt hedroneany whereandaut omat i
cal
lyits
batteryremotelyt
ot akefl
i
ghtlater.
Thi
swi l
lleadt
oi mpr
ovedfli
ghtt
imeaswellasaut
omat
icbatt
erychar
gingofdr
onesi
n
i
naccessi
bleareassothati
tcantakeof
ffr
om t
hesamespotonchargi
ng.
Dronesareav er
yusef ulpieceoft echnol ogy.Theyhav emanyf uncti
onali
ti
esandt hey
areusedindiff
erentf i
elds.Forexampl e,sur veil
lance,medi calassi
stanceorev enasa
hobby.However,amaj orlimi t
ationtodr onesist heirbatteryli
fe.Theaveragebatteryli
fe
ofadr oneis20mi nutes.Wi tht hi
sbat terylife,asur veil
l
ancedr onef orexampl e,can
onlycoveracert
ainar eabef oreneedi ngtogobackt ot heownerf orabatterychangeor
tocharge.Oursolut i
oni st ocr eatechar gingst ations,wher edronescansel f
-charge
wheneveriti
srequiredandt hencont i
nuewi tht heirtask.Thesechar gi
ngstationswi l
lbe
placedhighenoughsot hatt hedr onesar eun- i
nt er
rupted,andt heywi l
lalway sbe
chargi
ngthebatter
ies, sotheyar eavai l
ablewhenev erneeded.
KeyWor
ds:Bat
ter
y,Char
ging,
Drone,
Stat
ion,
Swap

2
 CHAPTER-
1
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
2.
1Backgr
ound:
Dr onesorunmannedaer i
alv ehicles(UAVs)at tracttheattent i
onofbusi ness,mi li
tary
andci vi
li
andi vi
sionst hroughoutt hewor l
df orbeingasour ceofobser vationandmeet s
theirr equirement s.Fori nstance,anexami nati
onper for
medbyBr it
ishPet roleum on
dronest o obser v
et hepi pelinesand empl oymentbyt hegov ernmentofNepalt o
i
nv estigatet hedamagedr egionscausedbyanear t
hquakeof2015( Ki
ma, Lima&Chob,
2018) .Suchexampl esdemonst r
atethatUAVsordr onescanbeoper atedatanyt ime
andanyt emper atur e.Moni t
oringandi nspect i
onar eessentialinspeci fi
cl arger egions
forr oadwat chi
ng, livestocki nvestigat
ion,andhomesaf ety
.Dr onescanexecut et helike
missi onsast heycant ravelindependent l
yi ninspecti
onregi onswi t
houtbei ngst opped
byt heear t
hlyhindr ances.Thet i
mespanoff li
ghtofthesedr onesi st her ealissue.I thas
beenobser vedt hatausualdr onecanf l
yf or10mi nuteswi tht hel atestbat ter y,Li
-Po
batteries.Thi sbat teryt i
mi ngmakest heusageofaUAVi mpr acticalspeci fi
cal l
yi nt he
fi
eldsofmedi ci
neandsur veil
lance.Thischapt erincl
udesapr oblem st atement ,soluti
on
tot hepr oblem andt heideagener at
ion.Thegoal sandobj ecti
vesoft hepr ojectar e
enlistedi nt hi
schapt er.Al so,SWOTanal yseshav ebeenper formedf ort hepr ojectas
well asf orthepr ojectt eam.
2.
2Pr
obl
em St
atement
2.
2.1Pr
obl
em
Dr onesar ecommonl yusedi nmedi cineandobser vation.Themostf r
equentusesof
dronesi nmedi cinei ncludet hesuppl yofcr i
sisev aluationsint heunav ailabili
tyofot her
sour cesofr each;di stri
butingmedi cines,hel ppackages,bl ood,v accinesandot her
kindsofcl i
nical stuff( Balasubramani am, Reshma&Janar danan, etal.2018) .Inaddi t
ion,
drones of fermany adv antages concer ni
ng sur v ei
ll
ance — f orexampl e,of fense
prosecut i
ons, t
raf fi
cmoni toring,andbor dermoni toring, et
c.Nev er t
heless, int hecur r
ent
ti
mes,ev ent hemostdev el
opeddr oneshav eaf lightdur ati
onr angingf rom 20t o25
mi nutes.Theshor tbat teryli
feofdr onescr eatespr oblemsdur i
ngsur vei
llanceandmake
theusageoft hesedr onesasi mpr acticabl einallfields.Duet ot he3ext ensi veusageof
dronesi nsur veil
lanceandmedi cine,i tisessent ialt olookf orawaybywhi cht hefli
ght
dur ati
onoft hesedr onescanbei ncr easedwi thouti nterr
upt i
ngt hef lights.Usual ly,
dronesoper atet hroughonboar dbat ter i
eswhi chhav er estri
ctedcapaci t
ies( Tseng,
Chau,El bassioni& Khonj i
,2017) .Nonet heless,t hese dr ones ar e ant icipated to
accompl ishv it
alandl ongermi ssions.Ther efor
e,t herei saneedf oranaut onomous

3
mechani
sm bywhichthef
li
ghtti
meofdronescanbeenhanced,andthemissi
onscan
becomplet
edwit
houtanyeff
ect
.Itai
dsi
nextendi
ngt
heworkingdurat
ionofdr
ones.
2.
2.2Sol
uti
on
Self–chargi
ngdronesarethesol uti
ont otheshortbat
teryt i
mingofdrones.Agr i
dof
full
ychargedbat
teri
escanof fermaxi mum fli
ghtdurat
iont othedronesbyt aki
ngthe
placeofconsumedbatter
ies.Forinstance,whenthebatteryofadronegetsexhausted,
thedronecanreplacethi
sexhaust edbat t
erwithacompl etel
ychargedbatteryf
rom a
nearbypoleandcont i
nueitsmi ssionwi t
houtbeingaffectedbythedepletionofthe
batter
y.
2.
3Ai
msandObj
ect
ivesoft
hePr
oject
2.
3.1Ai
ms
•Todesi
gnadr
onechar
gingst
ati
on
•Toar
mthest
ati
onwi
thabat
ter
yswapf
unct
ional
i
ty
•Tomai
ntai
nhi
ghdr
oneupt
ime
2.
3.2Obj
ect
ives
I.Toencour
agetheimplementat
ionofmountedbatt
eri
esforenhanci
ngfl
i
ghtdur at
ion
ofdrones.II.To devel
op chargi
ng st
ati
ons f
ordr ones wherethey can charge
themsel
vesandexecut
ethetaskswit
houtbei
ngdist
urbed.
I
II
.Tomakeef
fi
cientuseofsol
arener
gyt
ochar
get
hebat
ter
ies.

4
Bl
ockDi
agr
ams:

Fr
ontVi
ew

Si
deVi
ew

5
Dronesareacommonsi ghttodayandarebeingusedi nawiderangeofappl icat
ions.
From selfi
est o pestici
de sprayi
ng to mil
i
tarysurvei
ll
ance.Wellthe problem wi t
h
survei
ll
ance/monitori
ngist hatmanyappli
cati
onsrequir
elongti
mesurvei
llance.Drones
dopr ovi
deagoodv i
ew forsurvei
ll
ancemonitor
ingbuthav eahugedrawback.Thi si s
thedronebatter
ylife.
Themaj orfearadronepil
otf acesinsur v
eill
anceisthatthebatterymayr unoutand
dronemayl andonat r
eeorbui l
dingorsomei naccessi
bleareafr
om wherei tcannotbe
retr
ievedandt huscannotbechar ged.Thisisalsothecasei nmil
itar
ysurveil
lance,the
possibil
i
t yofbatter
yli
ferunningoutanddr onebeinginaccessi
blecreat
esl i
mi t
ations
fordronepilotsduri
ngsur
veil
lance/monitori
ng.
Wellweher edev el
opadr onewi t
hsol ut
iont otheseproblemsusingsol arpowert o
constant
lychargethedronet oi ncreaseit
sf l
ightti
measwel lastheabil
it
ytol andthe
droneanywhereandaut omat i
callyitsbatt
eryremot el
ytotakef l
i
ghtlat
er.Thiswilll
ead
toimprovedfl
ightti
measwel lasaut omaticbatt
erychargingofdronesininaccessibl
e
areassothatitcantakeofffrom thesamespotonchar gi
ng.
Thi
ssol
arpower
eddr
onepr
ovi
dest
hef
oll
owi
ngadv
ant
ages:
•I
ncr
easedf
li
ghtt
ime
•Sol
archangi
ngcapabi
l
ity
•Any
wher
eday
timechar
gingwi
thoutchar
ger
s
•EasyToUseandnomanual
eff
ort
s
•Nowor
ri
esofbat
ter
yrunoutov
eri
naccessi
blear
eas

Thedroneisaquadr otordronet hatmakesuseof4xhighpowereddronemotorswi

th
propel
ler
stoprovi
der equi
redlifttothedrone.Thedr
onebodyisint
egrat
edwithsol
ar
panelsforhigheff
ici
encychar gingduri
ngi dl
etimeaswellasduringfl
ightt
imefor
i
mpr ovedfl
i
ghtti
mes.
Thedr oneisintegrat
edwi thawi f
icamerat hatcanbemoni tor
edov eranandr oi
d
smartphoneusingwi ficonnecti
on.Itmakesuseofar cremotecont
rollert
or eceiv
e
cont
rolcommandsf ortheuser.Thedroneonboardrcrecei
veri
susedtor ecei
vecontrol
commandsf rom theuserandoper at
edronemot orst
oachievedesi
redf
light.

6
Component
s:
•Dr
oneMot
ors
•Sol
arCel
l
s
•Wi
fiCamer
a
•RCRecei
ver
•RCCont
rol
l
er
•Dr
oneBody
•Cont
rol
l
ingCi
rcui
tr
y
•But
tons&Swi
tches
•El
ect
ri
cal
&Wi
ri
ngs
•Mount
sandJoi
nts
•Suppor
ti
ngFr
ame
•Scr
ewsandFi
tt
ings

Appl
icat
ions:
•Fi
l
ming&Vi
deogr
aphy
•Mi
l
itar
y&Ot
herSur
vei
l
lance

7
Adv
ant
ages:
•I
ncr
easedf
li
ghtt
ime
•Sol
archangi
ngcapabi
l
ity
•Any
wher
eday
timechar
gingwi
thoutchar
ger
s
•EasyToUseandnomanual
eff
ort
s
•Nowor
ri
esofbat
ter
yrunoutov
eri
naccessi
blear
eas

Di
sadv
ant
ages:
•I
tcannotchar
geasmuchasi
sdi
schar
geddur
ingf
li
ght
•I
trequi
ressunl
i
ghtf
orchar
ging

8
 CHAPTER-
2
LI
TERATUREREVI
EW:
Hi
stor
icalBackgr
ound:

Ther ehasbeenar apidgrowt hi ndr oneswi ththeadvancementi nthet echnologyand

theirincorporat
ioninconsumerel ectronics.Thesearetheair
craftswhi chwer ebuil
tf or
ful
f i
ll
ingli
mi tar
ypur posesor i
ginal l
y.Int hestart,t
heywereusedasweaponssuchas
missi l
essot hattheycouldbecont roll
edwi ththeremotecontrol
st hroughr adiowav es.
Ther eareal otofapplicat
ionsi nwhi cht hesedronescanbeusednowast heirfunct
ions
nowal soincl
udemoni t
ori
ngoft hechangei ncli
mat eanddeli
veri
ngi t
emsf orthesearch
oper ati
ons.Theor iginoft hesedr onest ookplacei ntheyear1894whenVeni cewas
attackedbyAust r
iausingexpl osives.Howev er,t
heywer ei
nthef orm ofbal l
oonswhi ch
donotmeetwi tht hecurrentst andar dsofdr onesthatworki nt hef orm ofpi l
oted
air
cr aftf
orshoot i
ngmi ssi
les.
Alt
houghor i
ginal
l
ybuil
tformili
tar
ypur poses,dr
oneshaveseenr
api
dgr
owt
hand
advancementsandmadeabreaktoconsumerelect
roni
cs.
Thei
rorigi
nalusewasasweapons,i nt hefor
m ofremotely
-gui
ded aer
ialmi
ssil
e
depl
oyer
s.However,t
oday,droneshavefoundawi der
angeofappli
cat
ionsforci
vi
li
an
use,
especi
all
yint
heform ofsmallquadcopter
sandoct
ocopt
ers.
Today,dronesar eusedf orawi derangeoff unct i
ons,i
ncludingmoni tor
ingclimate
change,deli
veri
nggoods,ai dinginsearchandr esuceoperations,andi nfil
mingand
photogr
aphy.Ofcour se,UAVsar ealsoanincreasinglyi
mpor t
antpar tofthemi l
it
aryin
manycount ri
es.Amer i
canar medf or
cesalonehav eaf l
eetoft ensoft housandsof
dronestoday,compar edtoj ustafew twentyyearsago.Thi sisdwar ved,however,by
thenumberofdr onesi npr
ivateuse.Accor
dingtot heFAA,therewer e1.1mill
iondrones
regi
ster
edintheU. S.in2019.
Whati
sconsi
der
edt
obeadr
one?
Bef
orewegetint
othenitt
y-gr
it
tyofthehist
oryofdrones,i
tmi ghtbeusef
ultoact
ual
l
y
def
inewhatwearet
alki
ngabout.Accordi
ngtovari
ousdi ct
ionari
es,adr
onetendst
obe
def
inedas:
-
"Anunmannedai rcraf
torshipguidedbyr emotecont r
oloronboardcomput ers."-
Merri
am Webster.
Whi l
etheter
m al
sohasothermeanings,f
orthecont
extofthi
sarticle,
adroneis,i
neffect,anunmannedfly
ingobjectei
thercont
rol
l
edr emot
elyoroperating
complet
elyaut
onomousl y.

9
"Adrone,intechnologi
calterms,isanunmannedai r
craft
...
.Essenti
all
y,adroneisa
fl
yi
ngr obotthatcanber emotelycontr
oll
edorf l
yaut onomouslythroughsoft
ware-
contr
oll
edfli
ghtplansintheirembeddedsystems,worki
nginconjuncti
onwithonboar
d
sensorsandGPS."-Inter
netofThingsAgenda.
Theconceptofdronesmaywel ldat
ebackto1849,whenAustri
aatt
ackedVeniceusi
ng
unmanned bal
loons st
uffed wit
h expl
osi
ves.Austr
ian f
orces,who were besi
egi
ng
Veni
ceattheti
me, l
aunchedaround200ofthesei
ncendi
aryball
oonsovert
hecity.
Eachball
ooncarriedanywherebetween24( 11kg)to30( 14kg)poundsofbombs.
Onceinpositi
on,
thesebombswer edroppedfrom t
hei
rcarr
ierbal
loonstowr eakhavoc
onthecit
ybelow.Fort
unatel
yfortheVeneti
ans,onl
yonebombf ounditsmar k,asmost
ofthebal
loonswereblownoff-
courseduetoasuddenchangeinwinddirect
ion.
Asinnovati
veasthi
seventwasinthefiel
dofmi l
it
arytechnol
ogy
,theuseofbal
l
oons
doesnotreall
ymeett
hecurr
entdef
ini
ti
onofdrones,especi
all
ymil
i
tarydr
ones.
Thatbeingsai d,itisveryinterestingtoseet hebasi cconceptofdr oneswasbei ng
consi
deredbymi l
itar
ytechnologistsmor ethan170y earsago.Itisthiskindofthinking
thatwoul d dr
ive drone technologicaldevelopmentov erthe coming centur
iesand
decades.Onecommonf eatureofmanymoder ncommer ci
aldr
onesi sthequadcopt er
confi
gurati
on.Earlydev el
opmentoft hi
stechnologyappear edin1907,whenbr others
JacquesandLoui sBr éguet,wit
hhel pofFrenchphy siologistPr
ofessorCharlesRi chet
,
devel
opedanear l
yexampl ewitht heirgy
ropl
ane,af orerunnerofthehelicopt
er.
Fori
tsti
me, thedesignofthecopt
erwasv i
sionar
y.Alt
houghitachi
evedthefi
rstascent
ofavert
ical
-fl
ightai
rcraf
twit
hapilot
,itonl
yreachedaheightof0.6meters.I
twasal so
notafr
eef l
i
ght ,asf
ourmenwer eneededtosteadythest
ruct
ure.
Aft
erWW1, UAVtechnol
ogicaldevel
opmentsconti
nuedunabated.I
nthe1930s,theU.
S.
Navy began exper
iment
ing wi thradi
o-cont
rol
l
ed air
craft
,whi ch resul
ted inthe
devel
opmentofCurt
issN2C-2Dr onei
n1937.
I
n1935,t
heBr
it
ishdeveloped“
QueenBee”,ar
adio-
contr
oll
edtargetdr
one,
whi
chisal
so
bel
i
evedt
ohaveledt
ot heuseoft
erm“drone,
”forr
adio-
contr
oll
edunmannedai
rcr
aft
s.
Radi
oplane OQ- 2,a remote-
contr
oll
ed modelair
plane dev
eloped by Br
it
ish actor
Regi
naldDennyandengi neerWalterRi
ghteri
nthe1930s,actuall
ybecamet hefi
rst
mass-producedUAVpr oductintheU.S.Nearl
y15,
000droneswer emanufacturedfor
themil
it
aryduringthewar.
Howev er,t
heactualcr
editforinvent
ingar adi
o-contr
oll
edaircr
aftt
hatcouldflyoutof
sightgoest oEdwardM.Sor ensen,whopat ent
edani nventi
onthatusedagr ound
terminaltotrackthemov ementsoft heair
plane.Befor
et hi
sdevelopment,earl
yRC
aircr
aftcoul
donlyoper
atewi t
hinthevisualsi
ghtofthecontr
olli
ngpi
lot.

10
TheuseofDI Ydronesisalsobecomi ngmor epopul
ar.Becauseoft hei
rsmal
lersi
zeand
port
abil
it
y,DIYdroneshav ethepot ent
ialtobeusedbypol iceforcesandfir
eservices
forsurvei
ll
ance.Howev er,the growing use ofunr egul
ated UAVs has also r
aised
questi
onsaboutprivacyandphysicalsafet
y.
Whati
sthef
utur
eofdr
ones?
Thef utureofdr onesl ookshi ghl ypromi sing.Gar t
nerpr edictst hatthegl obaldr one
marketwi llgrowsubst anti
all
yov erthenextf ewy ears."Dronegr owthwilloccuracr oss
thefourmai nsegment softheent er
priseindustry:Agr icul
ture, constr
uctionandmi ning,
i
nsurance,and medi a and telecommuni cat
ions,"t old Busi ness Insi
der.Formi l
itary
appl
ications,dronesar eexpect edt obecomesmal lerandl ighterwithmuchl onger
batt
eryl i
feandf l
ighttimes.Ther ewi llalsobedev elopment sini mprovi
ngdr oneopt ics
andot hercapabilit
iesf ur
ther
.Int heci v
ili
anmar ket,dev elopment sinimpr ovingflight
ti
mesar eallowi
ngt hem toser veasdel iveryplatforms,f orusei nemer gencyser vices,
andf ordat acoll
ect i
oni nanumberofar east oodanger ousf orhumans,suchasi n
powerpl antsorfi
res.
Droneshav ealsobeendepl oyedf orhomesecur it
yandcr owdcont rol i
nsomecount ri
es.
Whi leawor r
yingdev el
opment ,author i
ti
esi nsomear easar el i
kelyt ocont i
nuet heuse
ofdr onesf ort hi
stypeofsur v ei
ll
ance.Mi ni aturi
zationisal sol i
kelyt opl ayamassi ve
roleint hef utureofdr ones.Ascomponent sar emadesmal lerandsmal ler,dr oneswi ll
also bedr amat i
cal
lyr educed i n size.Iti
snoti nconcei vablet hatmi cr o-droneswi ll
becomecommonpl acei nmi l
itaryandcommer cial
/industrialapplicationsi nt henott oo
distantf uture.Muchl i
ket herecentpocket -sizeddronesr ecentlycommi ssionedbyt he
U.S.Ar my .Despi tethegr eatpot entialfordronest obeusedasaweapon,anumberof
groupshav eal soraisedquest i
onsaboutt heet hi
csoft hist ypeofr emot eweaponr y,
givent hepossi bi
li
tyofer rorsresultingi nthedeat hsofci vil
iansbecauseofi naccurate
data.Whi lesomecl aimt hatUAVsar eat hreatt oprivacyandsaf et y,other sbel ievethat
thisisout wei ghedbyt heirpotent i
altobeusedf orthebet ter.What ev ertheopi nionsar e,
dronesar eexpect edt oincreasei nnumberast heybecomesmar terandmor ecapabl e,
andf indusesi nawi dernumberofi ndustri
esandawi dernumberofr olesi nt hef ut
ure.

11
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