STA1507 2021 Project A

Research Report
STA1507 Project A
Assignment 4

Name: Thokozani Phiwayinkosi Goba

Student number: 11775149
Topic: Water and Sanitation in Rural Areas

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Table of Content
Topic Pages

Introduction 3

Research Question 3

Literature Review 4

Methodology 6

Ethical Consideration 8

Reference 8

Questionnaire 9

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1. Introduction
Water sanitation and hygiene refers to the process of cleaning and purify water so it is
safe for use (Finder, 2020). People tend to leave their home and walk a very long
distance to fetch water from the rivers, well and dams. People from the developing area
don’t have infrastructure so that they deliver water from people’s home. Another issue
will be pollution where humans threw waste in the river and the industrial material into
the river and water that people has access to be not safe for drinking. The sanitation
crises is huge worldwide because although there is lack of safe sanitation (Nations,
2021).

The research problems

According to the global citizen, “Millions of people still struggling to get access to clean
water and good sanitation” (Citizen, 2016) and also “Almost 8 out of 10 people from the
rural area have no improved water and that is 663 million people would be easier, safer
and healthier if they have access to clean water” (Citizen, 2016). The main problem is
that if there is no clean water, there will be inadequate sanitation. It is tough for people
that people live in the rural areas have a lack of sanitation facility. Many people from the
rural areas including the schools have access to pit latrine. The pit latrine is not safe in
schools because it is unhygienic, kids can fall into those toilets and ended up dying and
the structure of the latrine are not good which is not safe and may fall apart. According
to the Inside Education, “About 4000 South African public schools still use the pit
latrines” (Molele, 2020). One scenario where a learner from Mahlodumela Primary
School(Limpopo) name Michael Komape died in 2014, he was drowned in the pit latrine.
The poor sanitation can lead to life threatening illness like diarrhea and cholera. Many
children are vulnerable to diarrhea and which many children are likely died due to
diarrhea. Many women and children travels to long distance to sanitation facility which
can lead to physical and sexual harassment. (Citizen, 2016)

2. Research Question
 Is there access to water and sanitation to the different settlement
 Is there any improvement for water and sanitation to the developing and
developed areas
 Is there a sanitation facility in different settlement
 What percentage of households have access to water infrastructure
 What percentage of different settlement have access of sanitation facility
 If there is lack of access of water and sanitation in your area, how will you
access water and sanitation
 How will you get access to water infrastructure

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 How will you get access to sanitation facility

 What type of diseases if the water and sanitation is not properly maintained

3. Literature review
Topic: Water and Sanitation in rural and urban areas and hygiene
According to Montgomery (Montgomery, Bartram, & Elimelech, 2009), lack of universal
access to water and sanitation leads in well over a million needless deaths each year,
and there is a significant need for increased sustainability both in water and sanitation
industries. Montgomery describe the main components, and from existing literature
(Montgomery, Bartram, & Elimelech, 2009), they harvested the required as well as
ubiquitous sustainability indicators for rural water and sanitation supplies, which are
effective community demand, local financing and cost recovery, and dynamic operation
and maintenance (Montgomery, Bartram, & Elimelech, 2009). They show how to do it in
a nutshell using samples from the field how the presence of these components ensures
long-term water and sanitation supplies, whereas their absence jeopardizes long-term
viability. They encourage engineers, scientists, and field practitioners to adopt these
three components as a starting point for thorough research into the long-term
sustainability of water and sanitation supplies. Improving the sustainability of water and
sanitation supplies will, in the end, result in significant and long-term improvements in
health and economic growth across Africa (Montgomery, Bartram, & Elimelech, 2009)
Ill health linked to insufficient water supply and sanitation infrastructure, according to
Tumwine and colleague(Tumwine, et al., 2002), is among the most important
challenges in many developing countries. Diarrhoea is one of the most common
ailments in poorer nations, as Timwine and colleague mentioned (Tumwine, et al.,
2002). The proportion of the population with access to 'at least sufficient excreta
disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and bug contact with
excreta' is known to as sanitation facilities coverage. The fraction of the population who
has appropriate access to safe drinking water in a residence or in a location is referred
to as "water supply coverage." within a reasonable distance of the user's home. Fair
access means the householder does not have to spend an excessive amount of time
obtaining water for the family's demands (Tumwine, et al., 2002).
The COVID-19 pandemic has put a light on handwashing as an inexpensive, widely
applicable response measure, according to Giné-Garriga (Giné-Garriga, et al., 2022).
As a result, most governments have made steps to ensure that everyone has access to
water and sanitation services. This paper provides an overview of countries' activities
and interventions during the first months of the COVID-19 response. Initiatives were
discovered in 84 nations throughout the world, and they were divided into two
categories: those aiming at ensuring universal access to water, sanitation, and hygiene
(WASH) and those targeted at providing WASH to a select group of people to offer

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service providers with technical and financial assistance The pandemic has not affected
all countries equally. Support for vulnerable households to promote basic access to
WASH services at scale was lacking (38 percent of nations) or implemented locally (25
percent), necessitating more attention, especially in rural and small towns. In addition, in
order to ensure the financial sustainability and continuity of services, parallel support in
the form of cash transfers should be offered to service providers or households
themselves. All of the lessons learnt during the pandemic should be used to improve the
enabling environment for more resilient services in the future. The development of
particular pandemic response strategies and plans, as well as enhancing coordination
and implementing emergency financial assistance mechanisms for water operators
(Giné-Garriga, et al., 2022), should be areas of focus.
In conclusion, due to lack of water may lead to inadequate sanitation. Which lead to
people are getting sick. The government make sure that the developing areas get the
sanitation facility and clean water. Due to this pandemic, many have less access to
hand sanitizer and water to protect themselves from COVID-19. They support the
people who has been in financial crises

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4. Methodology
The population of this research proposal consist is the people who has access to water
infrastructure in the rural area. The sampling data is convenience sampling because people or
element are selected based on their availability.
The variable are the Age of people participate in the research, Settlement type, Main source of
water, Sanitation facility, Distance from home to fetch water and back and the Number of people in
the household

Variable name Description Measurement scale Possible values

Age of people Age categorical for the Ordinal 16 – 20, 21 – 25, 26 –

participate in the people in 30, 31 – 35, 36 – 40,
research 41 – 45, 46 – 50, 51 –
55, 56 – 60, 61 – 65,
over 66.
Settlement type In what kind of Nominal Rural, Urban and
settlement do they live Traditional
Main source of water Where they access Nominal Taps, public taps, river,
water raindrop collections,
tanker truck, neighbor
tap
Sanitation facility Where they access to Nominal Septic tank, pit latrine,
sanitation facility built- in toilet, outdoor,
etc
Distance from home to How far do you go and Ordinal Number
fetch water and back fetch water
Number of people in How many people in the Ordinal Number
the household household

To answer this research question, we use the descriptive statistics and the bar graph

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5. Ethical Considerations
An ethical clearance will be obtained from the organization for which the research is
conducted, according to their polices on research ethics, before the data collection starts. The
right to voluntary participation and informed consent is explained to all participants and in the
questionnaire. The questionnaire collected will be kept secure and will be destroyed after the
research has been completed
The evaluation for ethical consideration is to: inform consent, voluntary participation, do not
harm

6. Reference
1. Montgomery, M. A., Bartram, J., & Elimelech, M. (2009). Environmental Engineering Science,
Vol, 26. Increasing Functional Sustainability of Water and Sanitation Supplies in Rural Sub-
Saharan Africa, 26.

2. Tumwine, J., Thompson, J., Katua-Katua, M., Mujwajuzi, M., Johnstone, N., Wood , E., & Porras,
I. (2002). Wiley Online Library. Diarrhoea and effects of different water sources, sanitation and
hygiene behaviour in East Africa, 750-765. Retrieved from Diarrhoea and effects of different
water sources, sanitation and hygiene behaviour in East Africa.

3. Giné-Garriga R, Delepiere A, Ward R, Alvarez-Sala J, Alvarez-Murillo I, Mariezcurrena V,

Sandberg HG, Saikia P, Avello P, Thakar K, Ibrahim E, Nouvellon A, El Hattab O, Hutton G,
Jiménez A. COVID-19 water, sanitation, and hygiene response: Review of measures and
initiatives adopted by governments, regulators, utilities, and other stakeholders in 84 countries.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Nov 15;795:148789. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148789. Epub 2021 Jul
3. PMID: 34243010; PMCID: PMC8254381.
4. Citizen, G. (2016, August 23). Access to clean water and sanitation. (Global Citizen) Retrieved
November 14, 2021, from www.youtube.com/watch?v=KihgZDYSfks

5. Finder, W. (2020). Your dictionary. Retrieved November 14, 2021, from

https://www.yourdictionary.com/water-sanitation

6. Molele, C. (2020, August 3). Angie Motshekga Admits Over 4 000 South African Public Schools
Still Use Pit Latrines. (Inside Education) Retrieved November 15, 2021, from
https://insideeducation.co.za/2020/08/03/angie-motshekga-admits-over-4-000-south-african-
public-schools-still-use-pit-latrines/

7. Nations, U. (2021). Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all. Retrieved November
14, 2021, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/

8. Cleaniness and Hygiene for a Healthy Life. (2004, June 14). Retrieved from Weebly:
http://becleanbehealthy.weebly.com/questionnaire.html

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7. Questionnaire
8. How many members in your household
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
f. 6 or more
9. What is your age to participate in this research
a. 18 years – 35 years
b. 36 years – 45 years
c. 46 years- 55 years
d. 55 years or more
10. What type of settlement in your household
a. Rural area
b. Urban area
c. Tradition
11. What type of sanitation facility do you use in your household
a. Pit latrine
b. Built-in toilets
c. Outdoors
d. Septic tank
e. Others
12. How did you get access to water in your household
a. River
b. Vertical water tank
c. Taps
d. Rain water collection
e. Dug Well
13. How long does it take you to fetch water in your household and back
a. A minute
b. 30 minutes
c. A hour
d. Water on premise
14. If there is a water shortage in your area, how would you get access to water
a. Tanker truck
b. Rain water
c. Rivers
d. Other
15. What is the main source of water in your household
a. Taps
b. Surface water( rivers, dams and wells)

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c. Raindrop collection
d. Public taps
e. Other

16. What can you do to make the water safe for drinking
a. Boil the water
b. Add bleach
c. Strain through the cloth
d. Solar disinfect
e. Other
17. Do you share the facility in your household
a. Yes
b. No
18. Which disease are spread by not maintaining the proper sanitation
a. Cholera
b. Hepatitis B
c. Dengue
d. All of the above

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