CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter will cover both foreign and local research related to the topic being

investigated. On the topic of this research in the related literature, it includes Journal

websites, PDFs, and other research materials. These resources are useful for conducting the

investigation and completing the analysis.

Related Studies

1. Foreign

According to Bandura et al. (2001), an individual’s environment, talents, skills,

and academic achievement exert an influence on career choice. Research shows homes,

schools and the social setup influence an individual’s career choice. According to

Brenda et al. (2020), choosing a senior high school career or tracks to pursue is one of the

most challenging decision any junior high school student may undertake. variable interest

was found to have the strongest influence on students' course preferences. Diverse career

selection factors have statistically significant effects on students' senior high school

career choices. A study conducted in Florida reports 99% females opted for

cosmetology fields and 100% males chose to be plumbers (Greenberger, 2002)

Choices that people make related to their career can be categorized to be influenced

by two factors that are psychological and social. Social factors are part of an individual’s

social bonds, their parents, family, history and other characteristics of their environment.

Psychological factors can be an individual’s perception, cognitive and effective intentions,

beliefs, ideas, personality and assessments related to forthcoming business environment

(Ozen, 2011).

The term "career" is a combination of French and Latin roots. Geciki (2002) defines it

simply as "the occupational, commercial, or industrial activity that a person may engage in

during his educational life or in some other part or until his death." Career is defined by

Redman and Wilkinson (2001) as the application of a person's cognition and capabilities,

providing command over profession, timely work expertise, and a foundation for developing

and improving business networks. Individuals chose career planning to pursue professional

goals, such as staying informed about upcoming opportunities, their outcomes, and timely

evaluations. It is regarded as a starting point in the stages of career choices, but it is still

crucial.

According to Brown Vaghela (2019) the process of choosing a career is

described as one of estimating one’s ability and skills required for success in a given

occupation, and estimating the work values that will be satisfied by the various

occupational alternatives available. Furthermore, Brown added that, the essence of who

the student is willing to be in future, revolve around what the student wants to do with their

life-long work. Parents, teachers, the society, and the government as the whole recognize the

needs for the proper career guidance and development. Students are concerned about

future work and occupations but are not sure which factors like money or prestige

should influence one’s choice for job; in fact, career information which is obtained at

school through career programs can help many students to make right career decisions

and pursue subject combinations which can lead them to their dreams (Vaghela, 2019)
 Abbasi and Sarwat’s, (2014) study on Pakistani graduates shows that they give

significant focus on growth opportunities while deci-ding a career. This is confirmed by the

study of My-burgh, (2005) which found that promotion and career advancement are two of

the most influential career choice factors for students. Prestige as an inherent quality; It

is sensed that certain jobs are more worth-while than others, without being able to

pinpoint exactly why. Eremie, (2014) has done a study on Nigerian students. This study

based in Nigeria shows that both male and female students consider the relative prestige

of the profession while choosing their career choice.

2. Local

The studies presented are important to the present study since the studies explain the

importance of taking parents’ advice and permission in choosing a college course. Respect

for family is one of the most influential factors that impact Filipino students’ career

decisions. It is concurred that “Out of respect and loyalty, it may not be appropriate to

express personal desires; rather, one may alter one’s interests to maintain harmony.” As a

sign of respect, Filipino children want to do well for the sake of the family, follow parents’

advice about choosing a job or major in college and lastly, make sacrifices for the family

[12]. For practicality reasons, it is also reported that parents usually encourage careers that

will not cost much money, but at the same time, are stable sources of income. Careers in

nursing, accounting, and engineering are highly popular for Filipino families [8]. These

writings discuss that the family decides in what college course students should take is also

associated with the financial status of the family.

According to Abarro (2016), there are factors that affect the career choice of the

students. First is financial status, because the students tend to choose the affordable course
rather than choosing their passion. Second is parent’s decision, parents have a big role

influencing their child decision making. Furthermore, Borchert (2002), stated that

environment career students choose. For example, students who have lived on an island may

choose a career dealing with the water, or they may choose to leave the island behind, never

to have anything to do with water again. He also added that Parent’s educational background

might influence students view on whether or not to continue their education. According to

him, students have seen themselves in a role in which personality is a determining

factor may influence a chosen career. Some career demand that you have the personality to

match the qualities of the occupation.Splaver (1977) said “personality” plays an important

role in the choosing of the right career. A student’s personality must be a self-motivated type,

as to investigate career possibilities from early on in their lives, and not the procrastinating

type that waits until they are compelled to decide. Students must take the seriously the role

grades play in limiting opportunities in the future. Splaver went on to say, “It is important for

you to have a good understanding of yourself, your personality, if you are to make intelligent

career plans” (Splaver 1997). Parents want their children to find happiness and success in life

and one factor, which influences happiness and success, is career choice

In the study of Wildman and Torres(2002),”family and friends are considered to be

An influential part of the students choice of major. Parents with an agriculture background

most often have an impact in where students go to college. Family role models have more of

an Influence on what students major in.There are many people in a students’ life who can

influence their career decision. Most of the time, parents and friends play a large role, but

coaches and Teacher can also have a huge impact on a students’ life”. Also in the study of

Wildman Torres(2002)this talks about economic stability it says that “Many students believe

that to live a Comfortable lifestyle they need to be economically stable”. When these students
look into a major or a career path, they seek out the higher salary jobs or they look for major

that involves the most job security .According also to Beggs,et.al 2008,Financial aspects that

students consider includes high earning potential, benefit and opportunities for advancement.

According to Ferry(2006)further asserts that adolescent occupational choice is influenced by

many factors including the context, personal aptitudes, and educational attainment. He

contends further that whether college-bound or work-bound, meeting the challenge of this

development milestone is ethical in adolescents line’. Students all over the world usually

fared with the tasks of career decision making the choice of careers, subjects and courses of

study in school and of subsequent paths to follow is always difficult problems facing

prospective under graduates. Often choosing the right subject combination reading to the

right profession can make the difference between enjoying and detecting the career in the

future. Dedicating oneself to career choices that are unattainable leads to frustration. Each

individual undertaking the process is influenced by manyfactors,including the context in

which they live their personal aptitudes, and educational attainment.(Bandusa,et.al,2001)

According to Supeer (2005), the students should first become aware of the

need for a career. So every graduating student needs a wise choice in decision

making. Bautista (1997) stated that at this stage, a student must take important and

vital decision in the selection of a career which will determine his/her future success

According to Gramsci (1999), the ones who need the ends, need the means. Are the

means provided are scientific and supportive to the wanted ends of the students? Or they

are captives or prisoners of tyranny of educational system that steal their freedom to

choose their own path? The need to find out the factors affecting the career preferences

among senior high school students gave the impetus to this study
Related Literatures

1. Foreign

Howard stressed out that whenever students are in their high school experience, they

are the center of learning.In a traditional high school, the center of the system is the content

or subject, not student learning. Howard and Ill present a system to promote the shift from

traditional content or subject centered high schools to student-centered high schools which is

called as Collaborative Career Pathways a system of organizing the student learning interests

and aptitudes around career paths. It provides a structure for students to reference their

learning and comment each year of their high school experience. It allows students to plan

and practice their skills while creating a smooth and successful transition to a post-secondary

option.

Goffredson’s Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations describes how

people become attracted to certain occupations. Self-concept in vocational development is the

key factor to career selection and people want jobs that are compatible with their self-image.

The key determinants of self-concept are one’s social class, level of intelligence, and

experiences with sex-typing. Roe’s need approach emphasized that early childhood

experiences play an important role in finding satisfaction in one’s chosen field.The need

structure of the individual, according to Roe, would be greatly influenced by early childhood

frustrations and satisfactions. According to John Holland , individuals are attracted to a given

career by their particular personalities and numerous variables that constitute their

backgrounds. First of all, career choice is an expression of, or an extension of personality into

the world of work followed by subsequent identification with specific occupational

stereotypes. Acc
 According to the study conducted by Garcez (2007) , it was found out that by

increasing career development activities, which includes setting career goals, students had a

higher self- esteem. Maybe even more important, however, is that students were more

satisfied about the education they were receiving. This will, in turn, hopefully lead to students

having a deeper desire and commitment to succeed in their education. Another outcome of a

higher self-esteem, is that those students chose more difficult goals than students with low

self-esteems.She noted that excellent detailed plan for teaching parents and teachers how to

teach young students to set career goals. The plan requires a total community effort through

educators, parents, and businesses. Students must be given an opportunity to identify and

explore their desired careers.They can accomplish this through the “School to Work

Transition” or “Job Shadowing Program. ” Through the cooperative efforts of the entire

community, students can identify career choices, set career goals, and have higher self-

esteems at an early age.Ultimately, they will further their education and have a better chance

of succeeding in the “do or die” world in which we live.

2. Local

According to Elmer (1989), career planning is life goal-setting. Without such a plan, it

is like making a journey to an unfamiliar destination without a map. He proposed a Career

Planning Guide that will help the students in choosing their appropriate course from planning

a career, steps in planning career, goal-setting and self-understanding.Also, it reveals that

guidance and counseling is intervention of underemployment individuals and career

preparedness must be initiated.

 According to the study conducted by Siguan Jr. (1994), it was found out that the

students' self-concept showed no significant influence on their career preferences.The

academic achievements of students proved to be significant related to their career

preferences. The school were students came from had no influence on their choice of career.

He recommends that a more improved and functional guidance provided in school to help

students make sound career choices. The guidance services in school must be collaborative

efforts of the administrator, guidance counselors, and teachers.Classroom teachers are

encouraged to do their best in improving teaching learning processes, considering that

academic achievement of student influences their career preferences. Another tudy conducted

by Almerino (2003), it was found out that a big picture of a big family with low educational

attainment and inadequate investment was the sole foundation of choosing a course, which

was psychologically motivated.