GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC

JALGAON

Department of information TECHNOLOGY

Course: - Data Communication
Project Name:- Data communication of analog and digital
signal

Submitted by

Roll No. Name

3 Mamta nandu mahajan
27 Kalyani kiran patil
37 Mansi Sandip baviskar
41 Payal mohan patil

Guided By
Mrs. R. D. Kalambe
(Lecturer in IT)
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON

(0018)
Program Name and Code : Information Technology (IF3I)
Course Name and Code : Data Communication (22322)
Academic Year : 2023-24
Semester : Third
A MICRO PROJECT
On
Data communication of analog and digital signal

Submitted by
Sr.No. Roll No. Name of student Enrollment No. Seat No.

1 3 Mamta nandu mahajan 2200180333

2 27 Kalyani kiran patil 2200180362

3 37 Mansi Sandip baviskar 2200180373

4 41 Payal mohan patil 2200180380

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mamta mahajan, Kalyani patil, Mansi baviskar & Payal
patil Roll No. 3,27,37,41 of IF3I of Diploma In Information Technology,
Government Polytechnic, Jalgaon (Code:0018) completed the Micro Project
satisfactorily in the course Data Communication for the Academic Year 2023-24 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Jalgaon Enrollment No: 2200180333, 2200180362,

2200180373, 2200180380

Date: Exam Seat No:

Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institution
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
JALGAON

-SUBMISSION-

We Mamta mahajan, Kalyani patil, Mansi baviskar & Payal patil Roll No.
3,27,37,41 as a students of IF3I of the Programme Information Technology humbly
submit that we have completed the Micro-Project work time to time as described in this
report by our own skills and study in the academic year 2023 – 24 as per instructions and
guidance of Mrs. R. D. Kalambe Mam. We have not copied the report or its any
appreciable part from any other literature in contravention of the academic ethics.

Date: Signature of Student

 INDEX

Sr No. Contents Page No.

1 Introduction 2

2 history 3

3 Analog signal 4

4 Digital signal 5

5 Analog and Digital data 6

6 Analog and Digital transmission 7

7 Analog and Digital conversion 8

8 Advantages 9

9 Disadvantages 10

10 Applications 11

11 Conclusion 12

12 References 13

1
 Introduction

The term “Data Communication” comprises two words: Data and Communication. Data can be any text,
image, audio, video, and multimedia files. Communication is an act of sending or receiving data. Thus,
data communication refers to the exchange of data between two or more networked or connected
devices. These devices must be capable of sending and receiving data over a communication medium.

Data communication is the process of exchanging information between two or more devices through
transmission media such as wires, cables, optical fibers, or wireless connections. It forms the foundation
of modern telecommunications and enables the transfer of data, voice, video, and other forms of
information across various distances. This communication can be categorized into local communication
(within a limited range) and long-distance communication (across significant distances). Here's an in-
depth introduction to data communication.

2
 history

The history of data communications dates back to prehistoric cavemen. Data communications has
been an important part of society since its creation, and continues to grow day by day. This essay will
inform the reader about the history of data communications from the nineteenth century to the present.
In the nineteenth century there were inventions in data communications that we still use today.
In eighteen thirty-seven Samuel Morse invented the first electronic communication device called the
telegraph machine. The telegraph machine was used by railroads to help prevent head-on collisions. In
eighteen seventy-four Emil Baudot, the forerunner of many data processing codes, created a constant
length code that used five signals to represent a character. Alexander Graham Bell invented the
telephone in eighteen seventy-six, and the telephone is still used to this day for data communications.
Gulielmo Marconi created a wireless telegraph in eighteen ninety-six. The wireless telegraph was a
major breakthrough in the development of broadcast communications.
The twentieth century advanced data communications to new heights with many technological
breakthroughs. In nineteen ten the teleprinter service was introduced. Teleprinter service was automatic
telegraph equipment used by the postal service. In nineteen twenty the world's first radio broadcast was
transmitted by KDKA.

3
 Analog Signal

An Analog signal is a us signal in which information is encoded as the continuous variable. In an

analog signal, one time-varying variable such as voltage, pressure, etc., represents another time-varying
variable.

In general terms, an Analog is an adjective that describes the continuous process of something or
transmission with two different variables. Analog represents an object that provides the original or
actual value, such as an analog hand-clock is an analog device because the clock indicates the time of
day at each instant of time. We live in an analog world, as the sound we hear, the smells that we can
smell, etc., all these are infinite and continuous in nature and hence said as analog values.Analog and
Digital terms are commonly used together but in contrast with each other. The digital term has come
with computers as a computer only understand the digital values, and every computer device is digital,
whereas human experiences are said as analog.

4
 Digital signal

A digital signal is one which is used to represent the data as a series of distinct values at any given time.
It can only take one of a limited number of possible values. A real number inside a fixed range of values
is represented by this form of signal.

The data in a digital signal is expressed as a series of discrete values. A digital signal can only take one
value from a finite set of possible values at any one time.

A digital signal is a way of transmitting data that converts the data to discrete values, usually based
on the binary code that computer systems work upon, which consists of packets of information coded as
strings of ones and zeros. Using digital signalling allows for an accurate and nearly identical copying of
certain types of information like numbers, letters, or the individual pixel colors that make up images,
and this information can be stored without long-term degradation of its quality.

Digital signal waveform

5
 Analog and digital data

 Analog data
Analogue data is represented by the use of continuous variable physical quantities such as voltages.
Most natural events of our Earth- temperature, pressure and light- occur and change smoothly and
slowly. This can also be shown with an analogue clock where the seconds hands is constantly ticking
and the minutes and hours’ hands move respectively. Sound, videos and images as well as many other
similar formats are in analogue form.

 Digital data

On the other hand, “digital data is represented using discrete measurements” in the form of (numerical)
digits or numbers. This is exemplified in a digital clock where the time is represented as hours and
minutes where the time isn't changing continuously but in certain series of steps. Examples of where
digital data is used is in cell phones or in MP3 players. Numbers, text and other characters and symbols
are naturally in a digital form.

6
 Analog transmission

Analogue data transmission consists of sending information over a physical transmission medium in the
form of a wave. In an analog transmission system, signals propagate through the medium as
continuously varying electromagnetic waves. Data is transmitted via a carrier wave, a simple wave
whose only purpose is to transport data by modification of one of its characteristics (amplitude,
frequency or phase), and for this reason analogue transmission is generally called carrier wave
modulation transmission.

Digital transmission

Digital transmission is the sending of information over a physical communications media in the form of
digital signals. Transmission of signals that vary discretely with time between two values of some
physical quantity, one value representing the binary number 0 and the other representing 1.

Digital signals use discrete values for the transmission of binary information over a communication
medium such as a network cable or a telecommunications link. On a serial transmission line, a digital
signal is transmitted 1 bit at a time.

7
 Analog and digital conversion

Analog and digital conversion is a fundamental aspect of data communication systems, enabling the
seamless exchange of information between devices that use varying modes of data representation.
Analog signals are continuous waveforms that represent data by continuously varying voltage or current
levels over time. They are well-suited for depicting real-world phenomena that change smoothly, such as
sound, temperature, or the output from analog sensors like thermistors or photoresistors. Analog signals
have theoretically infinite resolution since they can represent an extensive range of values.

In contrast, digital signals represent data as discrete values, typically binary 0s and 1s, transmitted in
discrete time intervals. Digital signals offer advantages in terms of noise immunity and interference
resistance, making them suitable for high-speed and long-distance communication. However, digital
signals inherently possess finite resolution due to their discrete nature.

8
 Advantages of analog and digital communication

Analog communication advantage

 Smooth Transmission: Analog signals provide continuous and smooth representation, ideal for
applications like audio and video.
 No Digitization Loss: There is no loss of fidelity during signal conversion, ensuring accurate
transmission of information.
 Low Latency: Analog communication typically has lower latency since it doesn't require encoding
and decoding processes.
 Compatibility: Analog systems can work with older equipment and legacy systems, offering
backward compatibility.
 Simpler Hardware: Analog systems often require less complex hardware, reducing costs and
simplifying maintenance.

Digital communication advantage

 Error Detection and Correction: Digital signals can be error-checked and corrected, ensuring data
integrity.
 Efficient Bandwidth Usage: Digital signals can carry more information in less bandwidth, making
efficient use of resources.
 Noise Immunity: Digital signals are less susceptible to noise, resulting in clearer and more reliable
communication.
 Multiple Data Types: Digital communication can transmit various data types (voice, video, text)
using the same infrastructure.
 Compression: Digital data can be compressed to reduce storage and transmission requirements.

9
 Disadvantages of analog and digital communication

Analog communication disadvantages

 Signal Degradation: Analog signals are susceptible to degradation over long distances, resulting in
loss of quality.
 Limited Noise Immunity: Analog signals are more vulnerable to interference and noise, reducing
signal clarity.
 No Error Correction: Analog signals lack error-detection and correction mechanisms, leading to
potential data loss.
 Limited Data Types: Analog communication is less versatile in handling different types of data
compared to digital.
 Inefficient Bandwidth Usage: Analog signals often require more bandwidth to transmit the same
information as digital signals.

Digital communication disadvantages

 Complexity: Digital systems can be more complex to design and maintain than analog systems.
 Compatibility Issues: Transitioning to digital can create Higher Initial Cost: Implementing
digital infrastructure can be costlier due to the need for specialized equipment.
 Bandwidth Demands: Digital communication often requires higher bandwidth, which can be
costly to provide.
 Latency: Digital processing can introduce latency, which may not be suitable for real-time
applications.
 compatibility problems with older analog systems.

10
 applications

 Analog Sensors: Many sensors, like temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and light sensors,
generate analog signals that need to be transmitted for monitoring and control applications.
 Music Production: Analog signals are often used in professional audio recording and music
production equipment, such as analog synthesizers and mixing consoles, to capture and manipulate
sound
 Analog Televisions (Obsolete): While analog television broadcasting has mostly been phased out,
older analog TVs and legacy systems may still use analog signals for local broadcasts or video
playback.
 E-commerce and Online Transactions: Digital signals facilitate secure and efficient online
transactions, including e-commerce, online banking, and electronic fund transfers.
 GPS and Navigation Systems: Global Positioning System (GPS) signals consist of digital data
transmitted from satellites to determine precise location and navigation information.
 Video Conferencing: Digital signals enable real-time video conferencing and collaboration tools,
allowing people to communicate and share information remotely.
 Digital Cameras and Imaging: Digital cameras capture images and videos as digital signals,
offering features like image editing, instant sharing, and high-resolution photography.

11
 conclusion

In conclusion, the project on data communication of analog and digital signals has provided valuable
insights into the fundamental aspects, applications, and advantages of both types of signal transmission.
This project underscores the importance of a nuanced understanding of both analog and digital
communication, as they collectively shape the way information is transmitted and received in our
technologically advanced society. Whether facilitating everyday voice conversations or powering global
internet networks, the choice between analog and digital signals is rooted in optimizing the
communication process to meet the unique demands of each scenario.

12
 References

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/6765/data-communications-dc

https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/analog-vs-digital-signal

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-analog-and-digital-signals

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-of-using-digital-signals-over-analog-ones

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