I001347031 Thesis

Master Thesis
Submitted by: Fan, Chuen-Hau
First examiner: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Tobias Schrag
Second examiner: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Daniel Navarro Gevers
Degree course: Renewable Energy Systems (M. Sc.)
Institut für neue Energie-Systeme (InES)
Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt
Thema: Erstellung einer Hybridwärmepumpen-Kältekreis-Simulation in

Simulink/Simscape und Validierung mittels Messdaten
Topic: Developing the refrigerant-cycle-simulation of the hybrid heat pump in

Simulink/Simscape and validating with measurement data
Ingolstadt, 15 January 2023

Declaration
I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work, that I have not presented it elsewhere
for examination purposes, and that I have not used any sources or aids other than those
stated. I have marked verbatim and indirect quotations as such.
Ingolstadt, Date:
First name, Surname Signature
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Abstract
The main objective of the thesis is to develop the simulation model of the refrigerant cycle
in full operation mode by MATLAB Simscape and validate the model with the measurement
data from the existing heat pump prototype. It starts with introducing the fundamentals
of heat pumps, including explaining the refrigerant cycle, coefficient of performance, and
performance factor. Then review the application of different types of heat pumps,
refrigerants, and heat exchangers from the literature. For modeling the heat pump, two
methods are used in the work. The compressor and the expansion valve are using the first
method which is modeled by the datasheet and the measurement data; the condenser and
the evaporator are utilizing another method for modeling which is by the MATLAB tool
parameter estimator. The thesis has explained the detailed method of modeling the heat
pump. After completing the model, it has been run and validated by the measurement
data from the prototype. The model can operate properly and the properties of the
simulation model are reasonable. But for validating the model which means compared to
the measurement data from the prototype, there are still some flaw or errors, especially
for the evaporator model. They will be discussed in the work. Overall, the thesis still
provides a promising method for developing the simulation model of a heat pump.
3
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Objective and structure/overview of the thesis ............................................. 6
2 Literature reviews and fundamentals .................................................................. 7
2.1 Fundamentals of heat pumps...................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Principle of heat pumps ....................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Measurement of the efficiency of heat pumps ....................................... 10
2.1.3 Potential and types of heat pumps ...................................................... 11
2.1.4 Refrigerant selection ......................................................................... 13
2.1.5 Types of heat exchangers .................................................................. 13
2.2 Fundamentals of MATLAB Simscape........................................................... 14
2.2.1 Components and fundamental blocks of a heat pump in Simscape model . 14
2.2.2 Development of a refrigerant cycle with the parameter setup ................. 18
2.2.3 Parameter estimator ......................................................................... 23
3 Methodology ................................................................................................. 24
3.1 Modeling the components of the heat pump ............................................... 25
3.1.1 Modeling the compressor ................................................................... 25
3.1.2 Modeling the expansion valve ............................................................. 27
3.1.3 Modeling the condenser ..................................................................... 28
3.1.4 Modeling the Evaporator .................................................................... 34
4 Results ......................................................................................................... 37
4.1 Results of modeling ................................................................................. 37
4.1.1 Results of modeling the compressor .................................................... 37
4.1.2 Results of modeling the expansion valve .............................................. 39
4.1.3 Results of modeling the condenser ...................................................... 40
4.1.4 Results of modeling the evaporator ..................................................... 43
4.2 Results of operating the simulation model .................................................. 46
4.3 Results of validating the model ................................................................. 51
4.3.1 Results of validating the compressor ................................................... 52
4.3.2 Results of validating the expansion valve ............................................. 52
4
4.3.3 Results of validating the condenser ..................................................... 55
4.3.4 Results of validating the evaporator .................................................... 55
5 Discussion .................................................................................................... 56
5.1 Discussion of the results from modeling and validating the compressor .......... 56
5.1.1 The errors caused by the refrigerant differences ................................... 57
5.2 Discussion of the results from modeling and validating the expansion valve ... 58
5.2.1 Control of the expansion valve............................................................ 59
5.3 Discussion of the results for modeling and validating the condenser and
evaporator....................................................................................................... 62
5.3.1 Discussion of the results from the condenser ........................................ 62
5.3.2 Discussion of the results from the evaporator ....................................... 63
5.4 Discussion of the results from validating the whole heat pump system........... 64
6 Conclusions................................................................................................... 67
6.1 Outlook ................................................................................................. 67
7 References.................................................................................................... 69
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1 Introduction
Global warming and the global energy crisis are the problems that humans are still facing
in the year 2022. It is a long-term issue, but humans need to act on solving the problems
as soon as possible to avoid further natural disasters shortly. For example, the federal
government of Germany also wants to accelerate the energy transition. The latest act is
to achieve climate neutrality by 2045 instead of 2050 (Webseite der Bundesregierung |
Startseite, 2022).
The use of heat is the largest energy source globally, accounting for 50% of total energy
consumption in 2018. It is also responsible for 40% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
Around half of the heat produced is used for industrial processes, while the other half is
used for space and water heating. (IEA, 2022). The domestic heating for building in
Germany in 2017 is mostly supplied from fossil fuels (49% by gas and 26% by oil).
According to the carbon-neutral goal in Germany (Pelda et al., 2021) Therefore, improving
the efficiency of heating has a high potential for saving energy. The heat pump is one of
the promising solutions for high-efficient heating.
The research center in TH Ingolstadt Institut für Neue Energie-Systeme (InES) is

developing a hybrid heat pump for space and water heating of residential buildings. It’s a
novel type of heat pump which contains an air source and a ground source. The prototype
of the hybrid heat pump has already been built. However, it’s unsure if the prototype can
be improved or if some specific components should be designed in another way. As a result,
building the simulation model of the refrigerant cycle of the hybrid heat pump is a
promising solution for evaluating and analyzing the performance of the heat pump. At the
same time, it can also potentially save the cost of designing the heat pump, because the
experiment can be done by the simulation model. Adjustments of the parameters can be
tested in the simulation model instead of physical changes or building another prototype.
1.1 Objective and structure/overview of the thesis

The main objective of this work is to develop the simulation model of the refrigerant cycle
in full operation mode by MATLAB Simscape and validate the model with the measurement
data from the existing heat pump prototype. Finally, to check if the performance of the
simulation model is better than the prototype.
In the process of developing the simulation model, the main goal is to find the optimal
specification of the heat pump e.g., the mass flow of the refrigerant, the length of the
condenser, pipe thickness, and pipe diameter. If the simulation model has better
performance than the prototype, it can be a reference for future improvement of the design.
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The structure of the thesis work is presented below in Figure 1.
•Intoduction: To explain the objective of the thesis

CH1
•Literature reviews and Fundamentals: To introduce the background

CH2 knowledge and literature reviews which are required in this work
•Methodology: To explain the methods and the processes that are used in
CH3 this research
•Results: To show the results of the models and the simulation

CH4
•Discussion: To evaluate the results and analysis the problems

CH5
•Conclusion: To finalize and conclude the thesis work

CH6
•Reference
CH7
Figure 1. Structure of the thesis work
2 Literature reviews and fundamentals

To develop the heat pump model, the principle of a heat pump is crucial as well as the
background of MATLAB Simscape. This chapter is focusing on the literature review of these
two topics and builds up the fundamentals and backgrounds of the thesis.
2.1 Fundamentals of heat pumps

The background knowledge of heat pumps will be introduced in the following chapters.
Such as explaining the principle of heat pumps, measuring the efficiency of heat pumps,
and distinguishing the types of heat pumps.
2.1.1 Principle of heat pumps

A heat pump is a device that can transfer thermal energy from a low-temperature level to
a high-temperature level. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, heat will never
spontaneously flow from cold areas to warm areas. Therefore external work or power is
required (GFC Rogers & YR Mayhew, 1992).
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The working principle of basic heat pumps is a refrigerant cycle (working fluid cycle). Heat
pumps operate the compressor by electricity to supply the necessary work for
concentrating and transporting thermal energy. Four major components are incorporated
in the refrigerant cycle of a heat pump. The schematic presentation of the theory of the
heat pump is shown in Figure 2. It includes a compressor, a condenser, an expansion
valve, and an evaporator (c.f Figure 3). There are also other minor components such as
pipes, fans, and other control units to assist the operation. Following are the processes for
the heating operation of heat pumps. (Self et al., 2013)
1. The thermal energy is extracted from the external heat source (normally the heat source
is from the environment which is air or ground) and transferred to the evaporator. Inside
the evaporator, the enthalpy of the refrigerant (working fluid) is increased because of the
heat exchange with the external heat source. In the process, the refrigerant is boiled from
a liquid/vapor state to a vapor state before entering the compressor.
2. The vapor enters a compressor which is usually driven by electricity. The compressor
compresses the refrigerant vapor and causes it to become a high-pressure, high-
temperature vapor state.
3. The high-temperature refrigerant is entering a condenser in this process. The condenser

is installed in a space (or as the central boiler/heating unit in a water-based system) that
is desired to be heated up. It is also the place where heat exchange happens. The
temperature of the refrigerant is higher than the temperature of the fluid inside the
condenser. Therefore, the heat flows from the refrigerant to the fluid. The fluid in the
condenser is heated up. For the air-based systems, there is a fan behind the condenser
that assists the heat convection to the desired-heated space; for the water-based systems,
the room is heated up via convection. In this process, the refrigerant is cooling from the
high-temperature vapor to the warm temperature liquid.
4. The warm temperature liquid passes through an expansion valve. It causes the pressure
of the refrigerant to drop and decreases the temperature of the refrigerant. The working
fluid state is from the high pressure, high-temperature liquid to low pressure, cool
temperature gas, and liquid.
5. Finally back to the evaporator and repeat the cycle. The scheme and pressure-enthalpy
diagram of a heat pump cycle is presented in Figure 3 and Figure 4. (Hughes et al., 1982)
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High Temperature
Heat Pump Work
Low Temperature
Figure 2. Theory of the heat pump
Expansion valve
4 3
Evaporator Condenser
Compressor
Figure 3. The refrigerant cycle of a heat pump
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Pressure (P)
Pc 3 2
Pe 4 1
Enthalpy (h)
h3 = h4 h1 h2
Figure 4. Pressure-Enthalpy diagram of a heat pump cycle
2.1.2 Measurement of the efficiency of heat pumps

To measure the efficiency of a heat pump, the coefficient of performance (COP) is used
widely. The COP is the ratio between the high-temperature heat flow that is used for
heating (Qdot, h) and the electrical power input (Pel, tot) that is consumed by the compressor.
It can be explained in the following Equation 1. There are pre-defined boundary conditions
to measure the COP of heat pumps for comparison. It is regulated under European
standard EN14511. For example, the measurement time, the temperature of the sink and
source of the heat pump, and the humidity. Therefore, the COP is one of the key factors
to evaluate and compare the performance of the heat pump. (Huchtemann, 2015)
Equation 1
𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑡,ℎ
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑃𝑒𝑙,𝑡𝑜𝑡
COP = the coefficient of performance of the heat pump, Qdot, h = the high-temperature
heat flow that is used for heating, Pel, tot = total electrical power
The performance factor (PF) is another key factor to evaluate the efficiency of a heat pump.
In reality, the temperature of the heat source is not fixed, either is the temperature of the
heat sink. The heat demand and the operation time of the heat pump can change with
different seasons. The COP at the specific boundary conditions can not present the
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efficiency of the heat pump for a longer operation. As a result, the performance factor is
a quotient of the total heating energy (Qh) and the total electrical energy (Wel, tot). It is
shown in Equation 2. The performance factor of a heat pump that operating for a year is
called the seasonal performance factor (SPF) (Yang et al., 2021)
Equation 2
∫ 𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑡,ℎ 𝑑𝑡 𝑄ℎ
𝑃𝐹 = =
∫ 𝑃𝑒𝑙,𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑡𝑜𝑡
PF = Performance factor, Qh = total heating energy, Wel, tot = Total electrical energy
2.1.3 Potential and types of heat pumps

A heat pump needs less electricity to generate the heat compared to a traditional electricity
heater. There are different types of heat pumps, which are usually classified by the heat
source. For example, the common types of heat pumps are air-source heat pumps (Figure
5), geothermal heat pumps (ground source), and wastewater/air heat pumps. There are
also a few hybrid heat pumps utilizing several heat sources, though few are available on
the market. There are different types of ground source heat pumps that depend on
different kinds of collectors. For example, there are vertical collectors, looped collectors,
horizontal collectors, and pond looped collectors (Figure 6). The hybrid heat pump is a
novel type of system. It means there is not only one singular heat source cycle but multiple.
For example, the hybrid solar heat pump is assisted by the extra heat source from a solar
thermal system. The performance of the hybrid solar heat pump is better than that of the
conventional heat pump system. It can improve the COP by about 0.7 to 0.86. (Chua et
al., 2010)
The novel hybrid heat pump that is developed by InES has also utilized two different heat
sources which are air and ground sources. The design of the hybrid heat pump has an
additional circuit with a separate compressor and evaporator for each heat source. By
using different control strategies, it could have higher efficiency and a lower cost compared
to a conventional ground source heat pump. Also, efficient parallel operation of both
sources is possible, since the heat sources can operate at different evaporator pressure
levels.
Some heat pumps have the design of a reversing valve such as shown in Figure 5, the
refrigerant cycle will flow another way around the circuit. This allows the indoor heat
exchanger to provide cooling instead of heating. Which means it can also be a chiller.
However, the design was originally for defrosting the outdoor finned coil (Qu et al., 2012).
11
But the application now can be widened as most air source heat pumps are already
containing this valve.
Figure 5. Illustration of air source heat pump (Energy.gov, 2022)
Figure 6. Illustration of different ground source heat pumps (Geothermal Heat Pumps | Building
America Solution Center, 2022)
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2.1.4 Refrigerant selection
Refrigerant is a fluid or gas used in heat pumps or air conditioning to transfer heat. There
are different criteria to select the suitable refrigerant for the heat pump. It needs to
consider reliability, safety, performance, economic, and environmental acceptance
(Gopalnarayanan, 1998). If focusing on the engineering point of view, the main criteria
are the critical temperature and the vapor pressure of the refrigerant. The critical
temperature has to be higher than the heat sink outlet temperature. The vapor pressure
of the refrigerant at ambient temperatures also has to be higher than ambient pressure to
avoid the air getting into the refrigerant cycle during the downtime of the heat pump
system (Moisi, 2017). Overall, considering different criteria, the refrigerant R454b has
been selected in this work. Because it is similar to the R410A in pressure level, density,
and critical temperature. Moreover, it has less global warming potential (GWP) which
means it has fewer climate pollutants. More discussion will be done in the discussion
chapter.
2.1.5 Types of heat exchangers

The most two common designs of heat exchangers for HVAC systems are either a coil heat
exchanger (Figure 7) or a plate heat exchanger (Figure 8). Coil heat exchangers consist
of one or more tubes. The tube separates the two fluids. One fluid flows outside of the
tube and another fluid flows inside of the tube. Heat transfers through the pipe wall from
the hot side to the cold side. The process of heat transfer is first from the liquid to the pipe
wall via convection and conducted through the pipe wall, then go to another liquid via
convection. The common examples of coil heat exchangers are tube in tube heat
exchangers, and shell and tube heat exchangers.
Another common design of the heat exchanger is the plate heat exchanger. The heat
transfer principle is similar to coil heat exchangers, but instead of using the tube, it uses
the thin plates of metal to separate two fluids. With the design, it can have a high power
density by the larger specific surface area, and create more turbulence on the surface to
have better heat transfer efficiency. (Evans, 2018b).
Sometimes the heat transfer is not only through the fluids, but it can also be from air to
fluid, from air to air, or from fluid to air. Therefore, there are even more different types of
heat exchangers. For example, finned tube coil heat exchangers, duct plate heat
exchangers, and microchannel heat exchangers.
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Figure 7. Coil heat exchanger Figure 8. The plate heat exchanger (Miao et al., 2017)
(Bahrehmand & Abbassi, 2016)
2.2 Fundamentals of MATLAB Simscape

MATLAB Simscape software is a simulation system with different blocks for modeling under
the MATLAB Simulink environment. It is a tool that is used for developing the heat pump
model in this work. Different from the mathematical operation blocks from Simulink,
Simscape has physical networks. As a result, it is suited to simulate systems that consist
of real physical components. (MathWorks, 2022)
2.2.1 Components and fundamental blocks of a heat pump in

Simscape model
To develop a heat pump system in Simscape, the four main components are the most
important models. As shown in the description in 2.1.1, these are the compressor,
condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. This chapter explains the blocks that are
used at different components in the Simscape model. The blue blocks stand for the 2-
phase blocks (2P); the brown blocks stand for the thermal liquid blocks (TL). Parts of the
design come from one of the Simulink library examples ‘ssc_refrigeration’ and the paper
from Singh and Sørensen (Singh & Sørensen, 2018).
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Compressor
Figure 9. The compressor block in Simscape
The compressor in the heat pump system is the pressure source that drives the working
fluid. The compressor is ideally working isentropically, which means that entropy at the
compressor inlet is equal to the entropy at the compressor outlet. In Simscape the block
for presenting the compressor is a ‘controlled mass flow rate source (2P)’ It’s a two-phase
block that can provide mass flow at an adjustable-rate with the physical signal M (Figure
9). The controlled mass flow rate source is considered an ideal block. It neglects the friction
losses and the heat losses with the environment. Therefore, it’s an adiabatic and isentropic
compressing process.
Condenser
Figure 10. The condenser block in Simscape
The condenser at the heat pump system is acting as a heat exchanger. It condenses the
high-pressure superheated vapor to two-phase liquid from the compressor. It transfers
the condensation heat to warm up a water cycle for heating the house or building. The
block which is used in Simscape is ‘pipe (2P)’. (Figure 10) The block models the flow
dynamics of a two-phase fluid. It has the convective heat transfer within the pipe wall and
the friction losses with the physical signal H. The block has also the ideal assumptions,
which are the negligible gravitational force, and heat transfer at constant pressure.
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Expansion valve
Figure 11. The expansion valve block in Figure 12. Principle of the variable local restriction
Simscape block (capture from the Simulink library)
The Expansion valve reduces the pressure level of the refrigerant from the condenser
outlet to the evaporator inlet. It is considered an isenthalpic process, which means the
enthalpy at the expansion valve inlet is equal to the enthalpy at the expansion valve outlet.
The ‘Variable Local Restriction (2P)’ block is used in Simscape (Figure 11). Because the
principle of reducing the pressure in the expansion valve is similar to the nozzle (Figure
12). Port AR is the time-varying restriction area. It is specified as a physical signal. The
control of the evaporator superheat will be influenced by an expansion valve that
modulates the refrigerant flow. It has a sensor to compare the evaporation temperature
and the temperature at the compressor inlet. This will influence the control of the opening
area to insure the refrigerant inlet of the compressor is gas. (Fallahsohi et al., 2010). The
model is based on the following assumptions: isenthalpic expansion, negligible friction
losses, without heat transfer with the environment.
Evaporator
Figure 13. The evaporator block in Simscape
The Evaporator in the heat pump system is similar to the condenser. It is also a heat
exchanger. Therefore, the ‘pipe (2P)’ block is used in Simscape as well (Figure 13). The
heat transfers via the physical signal H to the pipe. The refrigerant flows in the evaporator
in two-phase and flows out in the form of superheated vapor. The model is considered in
the following assumption: negligible gravity force and the heat transfer without pressure
change.
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Refrigerant
Figure 14. The refrigerant properties block in Simscape
The refrigerant R454b is used in the present work. The block ‘Two-Phase Fluid Properties
(2P)’ is used for defining the properties of the working fluid in the refrigerant cycle (Figure
14). It has several parameters that can be adjusted to present different characteristics of
refrigerants. The properties are derived from Refprop (source).
Solver configuration
Figure 15. The solver configuration block in Simscape
The solver configuration block is the block that is used to specify simulation options for
the physical system (Figure 15). For example, the sample time for the simulation, the type
of solver to use, and other initialization options. Therefore, it is a block that is necessary
for all the Simscape models.
Water or Brine pipe
Figure 16. Water or brine pipe block Figure 17. Thermal liquid properties block
It is the thermal liquid block that presents the pipe of the water cycle of the condenser or
the brine cycle of the evaporator. It is the place where the refrigerant heat transfer (Figure
16). To distinguish if it is water or brine, it is determined by the thermal liquid properties
block (Figure 17).
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Other blocks
There are several other blocks in the system. For example, the constant block defines the
mass flow rate of the mass flow source (compressor); the Simulink PS converter is a crucial
block that connects the Simscape signal and the Simulink operation signal; The thermal
mass block presents the pipe wall which is the internal energy storage in a thermal network;
sensor blocks can measure the properties of the refrigerant cycle; Mathematical
operational blocks are used for controlling the expansion valve or the compressor. All the
blocks are necessary for running the whole heat pump system on Simscape.
2.2.2 Development of a refrigerant cycle with the parameter setup

In principle, the components of the refrigerant cycle of the heat pump are connected with
pipes. The model that is developed in Simscape is also connecting those blocks which are
mentioned in 2.2.1. Nevertheless, there are some other setups required to functionally
operate the system. The overall design of the heat pump is shown in Figure 18. The chapter
will be focused on explaining the detailed setup and parameters of the system.
Expansion valve
Evaporator
Condenser
Compressor
Figure 18. The overall design of the heat pump in Simscape
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Heat exchange of condenser or evaporator
The refrigerant cycle has heat exchange with the water cycle at the condenser, and with
the brine cycle at the evaporator. The thermal liquid properties block can be set as water
or brine (Ethylene glycol). Both refrigerant cycle and water cycle have reservoirs at 2 ports.
It is considered an unlimited liquid source and sink. Moreover, each cycle has the flow rate
sources to drive the liquid. The detailed design of the heat exchanger can be found below
in Figure 19.
Evaporator Condenser
or
Zoom in
Refrigerant cycle
Water/Brine cycle
Figure 19. Design of the heat exchangers in Simscape
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Cross-section area
Simscape blocks are considered physical connections. As a result, the cross-section area
is one of the crucial parameters for designing the heat pump. It is the area where the
refrigerant passes through the pipes, compressor, evaporator, expansion valve, and
evaporator. To calculate the cross-section area can be seen in Equation 3. The default
hydraulic diameter is 0.01m. The cross-section area of the pipe is calculated as 0.0000785
m 2.
Equation 3
𝜋𝐷 2
𝐴=
4
A = cross section area (m2), D = Diameter of the pipe (m)
Thermal mass calculation
The thermal mass of the pipe wall is one of the important factors to influence the efficiency
of the heat exchange. It is the ability of a material to absorb, store and release heat. The
pipe walls are built of copper. To calculate the thermal mass of the pipe walls, the mass
of the pipe wall and specific heat of the material are required. The mass of the pipe wall
can be calculated by Equation 4, and the specific heat of copper is around 380 J/kg/k.
multiplying the mass and specific the thermal mass of the pipe wall can be gained.
Equation 4
𝑀 =𝜋∗𝐷∗𝐿∗𝑑∗𝜌
M=mass of pipe wall (kg), D=diameter of pipe (m), L=length of pipe (m), d=pipe
thickness, ρ=density of copper
Control of the expansion valve
The expansion valve reduces the pressure of the refrigerant and ensures there is no liquid
flow into the compressor. During the operation of the heat pump, the control of the
opening area of the expansion valve is required. Firstly, the overheated temperature has
to be defined. It is the buffer for the operation. In this case, 4 degrees Celsius of overheat
is defined.
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The logic of controlling the expansion valve:
If the current compressor inlet temperature – the saturation temperature > 4°C, then
open the valve.
If the current compressor inlet temperature – the saturation temperature < 4°C, then
close the valve.
At the moment, the question is if the valve should be opened, how large is the opening
area that should be? The opening area which allows the refrigerant to pass through
depends on the saturation properties sensor (for measuring the saturation temperature)
and the thermodynamic properties sensor (for measuring the current temperature) after
the evaporator. The saturation properties sensor is the ideal sensor that measures the
saturated liquid temperature at a specific pressure. The principle of it is based on
measuring the pressure and then calculating the saturated temperature of a specific
refrigerant. The thermodynamic properties sensor measures the current compressor inlet
temperature of the refrigerant. By calculating the difference between the current
compressor inlet temperature and the saturated temperature, the opening area of the
valve is controlled. To determine the size of the opening area, in this work there are two
solutions, the first one is coming from the reference of the MATLAB example of the chiller.
The second solution is to develop a PID control of the expansion valve. The second solution
is the improving solution from the first solution which will be discussed more in the
discussion chapter. Here only the first solution is described, the reason for applying the
PID control will be explained later. The first solution is to add the gain block. The function
of the gain block is “(max opening area - min opening area) / (max throat temperature –
min throat temperature)” It means the opening ratio depends on the temperature of the
refrigerant. The maximum opening area and the minimum opening area are known. The
maximum opening area depends on the orifice of the expansion valve. The minimum
opening area supposes to be set as 0 which means the valve is completely closed. But
according to the logic of the block and prevent the singularities, it cannot be set as 0.
Therefore, the minimal opening area is set as 1e-20 which is nearly close to 0. The maximal
throat temperature is the temperature point when the valve is fully opened, and the
minimum throat temperature is the temperature point when the valve is completely closed.
These parameters are unsure because the desired set temperature can vary, it cannot be
simply said at one specific temperature the valve will fully open or close. This design is
based on the chiller refrigerant example “ssc_refrigeration” from Matlab. The reference
maximum throat temperature is 270K and the minimum throat temperature is 250K.
However, it is not the optimized solution model for controlling the expansion valve. But it
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provides a simplified solution for controlling the area of the expansion valve. In the
discussion section, a better model will be provided.
This is the principle of controlling the expansion valve (Figure 20). In this work, only the
100% operation mode is measured, which means the compressor is operating constantly
at full power. Therefore, the temperature of the refrigerant after the evaporator will not
change. The opening area of the expansion valve will also be fixed. Thus, the control of
the expansion valve is not required in the work.
Saturation Properties Sensor
Thermodynamic Properties Sensor
Figure 20. Design of the control of the expansion valve
The default parameters
Before explaining the details of the design, the default setup of each block must be
declared. The default setup is based on MATLAB Simscape example ‘ssc_refrigeration’ (see
Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4).
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Table 1. Parameter setup of the compressor
Description Value
Power added Isentropic
Cross-section area at port A/B 0.0000785 m2
Mass flow rate 0.0040 kg/s
Table 2. Parameter setup of the heat exchangers (condenser and evaporator)
Description Value
Pipe length 30 m
Hydraulic diameter 0.01 m
Copper specific heat 390 J/kg/K
Copper density 8960 kg/m3
Table 3. Parameter setup of the water or brine cycle
Description Value
Pipe length 30 m
Hydraulic diameter 0.01 m
Mass flow 0.0040 kg/s
Table 4. Parameter setup of the expansion valve
Description Value
Minimal throat area 0 (1e-20)
Maximal throat area 1.5 mm2
2.2.3 Parameter estimator

The parameter estimator is a Matlab Simulink tool that can estimate and validate multiple
model parameters at the same time, using multi-experiment data, and specified bounds
for the parameters. It is a strong tool to analyze the parameters of the complex model.
(Parameter Estimation - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks Deutschland, 2022) This
MATLAB tool is used for validating the condenser and evaporator of the heat pump model
in this work. The detailed methodology is described in the following chapter.
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3 Methodology
To evaluate the heat pump model that has been built, it has to be validated. In the
beginning, the model parameter has been set as the default value. One of the main goals
of the thesis is to validate and optimize the heat pump model in Simscape. To reach the
goal each main component of the model has been modeled first. After getting the optimal
parameters of each component, the whole system has been set with the optimal parameter
and validated once more against another measurement data set. To check if the whole
system performs comparably better than the prototype that has been built in the InES.
To validate the model, it has to compare with the data from the prototype. There are 3
different measurement datasets from different experiments on the heat pump prototype.
The period of the three experiment data is around 8 hours. Among the three measurement
datasets, 100 rows of data (approximately 15 minutes of data), which operate steadily
have been picked up separately as samples of measurement data. They are called
measurement data 1, measurement data 2, and measurement data 3 in this work.
There are different methods to model and validate different components. Developing the
compressor and expansion valve is using the first method, which is directly modeling the
components with the datasheets and the measurement data. But modeling the condenser
and evaporator is using another method, which is called the inverse modeling by the
Matlab tool parameter estimator. With this method, modeling the condenser and
evaporator with precise parameters is not essential. Therefore, it is also called
parameterless modeling. Only the major effect of the model is required. The parameter
estimator can directly optimize the parameters from the parameterless model according
to measurement data. The parameter estimator is suitable for estimating and optimizing
the parameter of a complex system. The principle of the parameter estimator is the
iteration process. It finds the error between measurement data (output) and simulation
data. When the error converges, or the error is not changed, the iteration process will stop.
It means it finds the optimized parameters for the model. Before estimation, the
parameters of the condenser and the evaporator models are the default ones. It can be
any parameter because it is the parameterless modeling approach. Therefore, it will not
affect the results of the estimation.
Figure 21 describes the principle of the parameter estimator. Each step of the iteration
process does five to seven times of simulations adjusting the parameters of the model and
comparing the results with the measurement data.
24
Amplitude
Measurement data
Simulation data
Time
Figure 21.Principle of the parameter estimator
3.1 Modeling the components of the heat pump

The first step before validation is to develop the model which is based on the datasheet.
The compressor and the expansion valve have those datasheets from the manufacturers,
therefore, to develop the simulation model of the prototype, the datasheet from the
manufacturer, and the measurement data from the prototype are used for modeling the
compressor and expansion valve.
For modeling the condenser and evaporator, it is directly developed by Simscape and uses
the default parameters which have been mentioned in the previous chapter. Because of
the parameter estimator tool, it’s not necessary to precisely model the condenser and the
evaporator. Modeling the physical connection is enough to optimize the parameters and
develop the models.
3.1.1 Modeling the compressor

The main goal of modeling the compressor is to specify the mass flow rate of the heat
pump. Which is the physical signal M in the Simscape block. (Figure 22)
25
Figure 22. Specified the mass flow rate of the compressor
Empirical compressor maps are a reliable and simple approach for heating or cooling
system designers to estimate compressor refrigerant input power, capacity, current, and
mass flow rate. The maps are built by the manufacturer with extensive test matrices
(Cheung & Bach, 2015). The complete table is given in Appendix B – Datasheet of
KTN110D42UFZ_Brinecompressor. The engineers from the manufacturers have chosen ten
points as the reference and generalized a ten coefficient polynomial to estimate the
parameter of the compressor. The refrigerant that is used for testing the compressor is
R410a. The ten coefficients equation is given in Equation 5. The variable x presents the
evaporating temperature of the refrigerant, and the variable y presents the condensing
temperature of the refrigerant. The point 1 to point 10 are given in Table 5, and this is
also called the empirical map.
Equation 5
𝑧 = 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 ∗ 𝑥 + 𝑝3 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑝4 ∗ 𝑥 2 + 𝑝5 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑃6 ∗ 𝑦 2 + 𝑝7 ∗ 𝑥 3 + 𝑝8 ∗ 𝑥 2 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑃9 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 2 + 𝑃10 ∗ 𝑦 3
X = evaporating temperature, y = condensing temperature
Table 5. Ten reference points (empirical map)
Capacity(W) Input Power(W) Flow Rate(kg/h) Current(A)

P1 5.59718301E+03 -2.75157482E+02 3.77218957E+01 -1.74007546E+00
P2 1.24353611E+02 -9.68836692E+00 1.08857765E+00 -5.80305595E-02
P3 -8.72470020E+01 4.95968911E+01 1.92032390E-01 3.19223389E-01
P4 2.49277799E+00 -1.90474366E-01 3.59399767E-02 -1.23649073E-03
P5 9.14051553E-01 1.13452910E-01 2.01174342E-02 4.90414605E-04
P6 1.02946981E+00 -7.98598186E-01 -5.65675221E-03 -5.08673528E-03
P7 9.82998723E-03 -1.88922647E-03 3.12094064E-04 -1.25536661E-05
P8 -1.78117408E-02 -1.70902972E-03 -1.81094325E-04 -1.04617668E-05
P9 -2.65756164E-02 3.20551746E-03 -2.73841404E-04 2.37980767E-05
P10 -6.93864515E-03 6.46524992E-03 3.52556628E-05 4.11380379E-05
The evaporating temperature and condensing temperature cannot be measured directly

from the measurement data. To get these parameters, the pressure before compression
and after compression is measured. Then check the pressure-temperature tables (see
Appendix A). The evaporating temperature and condensing temperature can be found.
26
Finally, apply them to the ten coefficients equation. The capacity, input power, flow rate,
and current of the compressor can be found. In this work, only the flow rate is required.
Do the same method for measurement data 1 (Appendix C) and measurement data 2
(Appendix D), and the optimal flow rate of the compressor can be determined. Input the
parameter of the flow rate in the 2-phase compressor block which has been mentioned
earlier. The compressor model can be developed
At the manufacturing testing condition, R410a has been used. But in the prototype and
the simulation experiment, the refrigerant R454b has been used. R454b is a better
alternative to R410a. There would have some minor errors, which will be discussed in the
discussion section. Another error is the frequency from the given datasheet is 60 Hz but
the experiment environment was 50Hz. It is another factor that will influence the result.
3.1.2 Modeling the expansion valve

Modeling the expansion valve is to specify the opening area (the physical signal AR is
shown in Figure 23). Because the work is focusing on the full operation mode. This means
the opening area of the expansion valve will not be changed during operation.
Figure 23. Specified the opening area of the expansion valve during full operation mode
The only thing that has to be done is to look up the orifice from the datasheet of the
expansion valve (Appendix E) and select the model that has been used in the prototype.
After knowing the orifice of the valve, the maximum opening area can be calculated. In
the measurement data, the opening percentage of the valve has been assumed from the
PWM signal (Pulse-width modulation in Appendix F). Thus, the maximum opening area
multiplies the opening percentage equal to the opening area of the expansion valve in a
specific time. After inputting the parameter of the opening area of the expansion valve in
the Simscape block, the model can be developed.
27
3.1.3 Modeling the condenser
The first step for modeling the condenser is to build the Simscape model blocks. In this
work, the simple tube-in-tube heat exchanger has been used in the simulation model. The
condenser heat exchanger Simscape model can be found in Figure 24. The reservoirs (2P)
act as the refrigerant sink and source, and reservoirs (TL) act as the water sink and source.
The controlled mass flow rate sources (2P) provide the specific mass flow rate of the
refrigerant circuit. The controlled volume flow rate source (TL) provides the specific volume
for the water circuit.
Figure 24. Design of the condenser heat exchanger
After developing the Simscape blocks the next step will be to estimate and optimize the
parameters of the models with the measurement data. The parameter estimator tool is
used for optimizing the parameters of the condenser and evaporator model in the work.
Before estimation, the parameters of the condenser and evaporator model are the random
default ones. It will not affect the results of the parameter estimation, the only matter for
28
the parameter estimation tool is the correct physical connection. That has already been
developed in Figure 24.
Now the condition parameters, target parameters, and output have to be specified.
The condition parameters are the parameters that describe the experiment condition. They
are based on the measurement data. In this case, the temperature of the refrigerant
inlet/outlet, and the pressure of the refrigerant. They can be seen as the input of the
model (Table 6 and Table 7). The target parameters are the parameters that are decided
to be estimated and optimized. In this case are the condenser length, pipe diameter, and
pipe thickness. The output presents the output of the system. The temperature of the
water is the output, it measures from two measurement data. The value of the output is
given in Appendix G and Appendix H in columns T_water out1 & T_water out2. The
following paragraph will explain the details of determining those parameters.
In this work, there are two measurement data. Therefore, the parameters of the condenser
will be optimized twice. The mean of the estimation results will be the optimal parameter
that will be used for the system.
Table 6. Condition parameter of condenser for the measurement data 1
The temperature of the The temperature of the The pressure of the

refrigerant inlet refrigerant outlet refrigerant
344.7 K 313.95 K 24.22 bar
Table 7. Condition parameter of condenser for the measurement data 2

340.04 K 304.46 K 19.29 bar
As mentioned before, it’s important to define the output of the system and the target
parameters that need to be optimized. The output of the system defines how the system
has been evaluated or the result of the system. In this case, the main goal of the condenser
is to transfer the heat from the refrigerant circuit to the water circuit. Therefore, the
temperature outlet of the water circuit that is heated up by the refrigerant circuit is the
output of the system. The target parameters are the key factors that will influence the
29
output of the system. According to the principle of the heat exchangers, that would be
multiple factors that will affect the efficiency of the heat transfer. Such as the condenser
length, pipe diameter, pipe thickness, the surface of the pipe, material of the pipe,
turbulence, and more. In this work, only the condenser length, pipe diameter, and pipe
thickness are selected as the target parameters to be optimized. Because these factors
are more apparent and also easy to change physically from the design point of view.
The next step is to input the measurement data into this model. The measurement data
are the volume flow rate of the water circuit, temperature inlet and outlet of the water
circuit, temperature inlet and outlet of the refrigerant circuit, and the pressure of the
refrigerant. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant circuit is dependent on the result of
modeling the compressor. Among the measurement data, the temperature outlet of the
water circuit is the output of the system. To make the estimator more precise, two
experiment datasets have been added for each measurement data, that’s the reason why
there are two outputs in each parameter estimation. The process of parameter estimation
is shown in Figure 25. Measurement data 1 and measurement data 2 are given in Appendix
G and Appendix H. They are used for estimating the parameters of the condenser model.
Input Complex model Output

optimizing with the
• Mass flow rate of the target parameters • Temperature of water outlet
refrigerant x2
• Volume flow rate of water
• Temperature of water inlet • Condenser length
• Other condition parameters • Pipe diameter
• Pipe thickness
Figure 25. The process of the parameter estimation
Operation steps of the parameter estimation
1. Open the Simulink “APPS” and open the parameter estimator panel (Figure 30).
2. Specify the experiments for parameter estimation. Select the new experiment (exp1)
and enter the output. As mentioned in the previous section, the output is the outlet
temperature of the water circuit (the columns T_water_out 1 & T_water_out 2 in Appendix
G). According to the format requirement of the parameter estimator tool, the output should
30
be written in the timetable form. The first column indicates the time steps and the second
column is the value of the measurement data.
3. Set the initial state. It is not a necessary step for the estimation. But it can reduce the
simulation time or have fewer iteration steps. According to the measurement data, the
temperature of the water circuit outlet is around 310 K. Therefore, the initial state of the
temperature is also set as 310 K.
4. Select parameters which are going to be optimized. As mentioned in the previous section,
the condenser length, pipe diameter, and pipe thickness are chosen as the target
parameters.
5. Define the range of the parameters (Figure 31). For the default setting of the condenser,
the length is 30, the pipe diameter is 0.01m and the pipe thickness is 0.0005m. These
values can be changed during the optimizing process. However, the value needs to be
restricted. The parameter's value should be higher than 0, and the maximum value should
be less than ten times the default value. The scales are set to the same value as the
maximum value of the parameter, to present a clearer view of the resulting plot. The Y-
axis of the resulting plot will be the “scaled value”.
6. Add the new experiment (exp2) and do it again from step 2 to step 5. As mentioned in
the previous section, there are two experiments (exp1 and exp2) for each measurement
data (measurement data 1 and measurement data 2).
7. Plot the estimated model response and start the estimation. Do the same process from
step 1 to step 6 again with measurement data 2. The mean value of the optimal
parameters of measurement data 1 and measurement data 2 will be the final result. The
optimal parameters will be shown in the results chapter.
Before estimation, the initial response will be shown in the following. The estimated model
response plot for measurement data 1 is shown in Figure 26 and Figure 27. And for
measurement data 2 is shown in Figure 28 and Figure 29.
31
Figure 26. Model response before estimation Figure 27. Model response before estimation
(measurement data 1 exp1) (measurement data 1 exp2)
Figure 28.Model response before estimation Figure 29. Model response before estimation
32
The selected area is the place to input the measurement data.
Figure 30. The interface of the parameter estimator panel
Figure 31 Define the ranges of the parameters
33
3.1.4 Modeling the Evaporator
Modeling the evaporator is similar to modeling the condenser. The main difference
between the condenser model and the evaporator model is the properties of the thermal
liquid circuit. For the condenser, the property of the thermal liquid circuit is water. But for
the evaporator, the property of the thermal liquid circuit has to be set as Ethylene glycol.
The design of the model can be found in Figure 32. The liquid property can be set by the
thermal liquid property block that is highlighted by the red circle.
Figure 32. Design of the evaporator heat exchanger
The next step to optimize the parameters of the evaporator model is also using the
parameter estimator. The processes of operating the parameter estimation tool for the
evaporator are the same. The complete processes can be found in the last chapter. The
target parameters are evaporator length, pipe diameter, and pipe thickness. The
measurement data and condition parameters are different from the condenser (Table 8
34
and Table 9). And the output for the evaporator model is the temperature outlet of the
brine. The values can be found in Appendix I and Appendix J in the columns T_out_brine1
& T_out_brine1. Of course, the different condition parameters and different output will come
up with different optimization results. To optimize the evaporator model, there are also
two measurement data are used. The complete measurement data 1 and measurement
data 2 can be found in Appendix I and Appendix J.
Table 8. Condition parameters of evaporator for the measurement data 1

269.49 K 273.28 K 5.26 bar
Table 9. Condition parameters of evaporator for the measurement data 2

269.32 K 267.79 K 5.14 bar
Before estimating, the initial model responses have been plotted. The estimated model
response plot for measurement data 1 is shown in Figure 33 and Figure 34. And for
measurement data 2 is shown in Figure 35 and Figure 36.
35
36
4 Results
This chapter is presenting the results of modeling the compressor, expansion valve,
condenser, and evaporator. After obtaining the optimized parameters of each component,
the final validation of the whole system will be done, and the result of validating the whole
system will be shown in this chapter as well.
4.1 Results of modeling

The previous chapter explained the methodology of modeling the compressor and the
expansion valve of the heat pump. They are developed by the datasheet from the
manufacturer and the measurement data. In this chapter, there will be the results of these
two models.
For modeling the condenser and evaporator, the parameter estimator is used in the work.
The chapter is focused on the results of the target parameters which are optimized by the
parameter estimator. They are condenser and evaporator length, pipe thickness, and pipe
diameter. Those are based on two measurement data. The final results of the target
parameters will be the mean value of the results from these two measurement data.
4.1.1 Results of modeling the compressor

The empirical compressor maps and the ten coefficients method are used for determining
the mass flow rate of the compressor. The condensing temperature and the evaporating
temperature are required. To determine these two parameters, the refrigerant pressures
of the compressor are measured (Table 10), and the pressure-temperature table has been
looked up. The result of determining the condensing temperature and evaporating
temperature for both measurement data 1 and 2 are given in Table 11.
Table 10. Measurement of the pressure of refrigerant for measurement data 1&2
Refrigerant pressure inlet Refrigerant pressure outlet

Measurement data 1 5.27 bar 24.22 bar
Measurement data 2 5.14 bar 19.29 bar
37
Table 11. Inquiry of pressure-temperature table for measurement data 1&2
Evaporating temperature Condensing temperature

(X) (Y)
Measurement data 1 -9.6 °C 44.05 °C
Measurement data 2 -10.7 °C 34.3 °C
After inputting the condensing temperature and evaporating temperature, the results of
the mass flow rate can be determined by the ten coefficients equation and the empirical
maps. Finally, compared with the rated condition data. The reason for doing this is to
check if the value is reasonable. Then transfer the mass flow rate unit from kg/h to kg/s
which is the SI unit that is used in the Simscape model (Table 12 & Table 13).
𝑧 = 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 ∗ 𝑥 + 𝑝3 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑝4 ∗ 𝑥 2 + 𝑝5 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑃6 ∗ 𝑦 2 + 𝑝7 ∗ 𝑥 3 + 𝑝8 ∗ 𝑥 2 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑃9 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 2 + 𝑃10 ∗ 𝑦 3

P1 5.59718301E+03 -2.75157482E+02 3.77218957E+01 -1.74007546E+00
P2 1.24353611E+02 -9.68836692E+00 1.08857765E+00 -5.80305595E-02
P3 -8.72470020E+01 4.95968911E+01 1.92032390E-01 3.19223389E-01
P4 2.49277799E+00 -1.90474366E-01 3.59399767E-02 -1.23649073E-03
P5 9.14051553E-01 1.13452910E-01 2.01174342E-02 4.90414605E-04
P6 1.02946981E+00 -7.98598186E-01 -5.65675221E-03 -5.08673528E-03
P7 9.82998723E-03 -1.88922647E-03 3.12094064E-04 -1.25536661E-05
P8 -1.78117408E-02 -1.70902972E-03 -1.81094325E-04 -1.04617668E-05
P9 -2.65756164E-02 3.20551746E-03 -2.73841404E-04 2.37980767E-05
P10 -6.93864515E-03 6.46524992E-03 3.52556628E-05 4.11380379E-05
The rated condition data is the experiment results from the manufacturer. There are
different than the result of our model because the experiment environments are different.
For example, the electricity frequency in Germany is 50Hz instead of 60Hz; and the
refrigerant which is used in the thesis is R454B instead of R410A. They could cause an
error to compare the result with the datasheet from the manufacturer.
Table 12. Results of the compressor modeling for measurement data 1&2

Measurement data 1 2221.91 875.10 26.66 5.73
Measurement data 2 2407.68 742.84 26.51 4.86
Rated condition data 3553.2 1120.9 49.4 7.33
38
After gaining the mass flow rate results from measurement data 1 and measurement data
2, the mean value has been taken as the final result of the compressor modeling. Because
the two values are closed and they are in the error margin, considering there is the
refrigerant and frequency difference.
Table 13. The optimized mass flow rate of the compressor
Flow Rate(kg/h) Flow rate (kg/s)

Measurement data 1 26.66 0.007406
Measurement data 2 26.51 0.007365
Average 26.585 0.007385
4.1.2 Results of modeling the expansion valve

In this work, the ground source heat pump is developed. The model of the expansion valve
in the prototype is DPF B1.3-103 (Figure 37). It is used for the ground source operation.
According to the datasheet in Appendix E, the orifice of the expansion valve is 1.3 mm. It
means the maximum opening area of the expansion valve is π*0.652 (mm2) = 1.33 (mm2).
During the fully operational mode of the heat pump. The percentage of the opening area
has been measured (Appendix F), which is an average of 36.57%. Therefore, the opening
area of the expansion valve in the fully operational mode is 1.33 (mm2) * 36.57% = 0.485
(mm2).
Figure 37. The model of the expansion valve in the prototype
39
4.1.3 Results of modeling the condenser
The result of modeling the condenser is the result of the parameter estimation. The target
parameters are condenser length, pipe diameter, and pipe thickness. As mentioned in the
previous chapter, in the process of parameter estimation, there are two measurement
data. Each measurement data has two experiments (outputs). The final result of the
parameter of the condenser will be the mean value of the result of the two measurement
data.
Measurement data 1
After the estimation, the simulation model response which is the comparison between the
measurement data and the simulated data will be shown in Figure 38 and Figure 39. They
are slightly different than the initial model responses which are shown in Figure 26 and
Figure 27. The iteration process of the parameter estimation of measurement data 1 is
given in Figure 40. Y-axis is the scaled value, and X-axis is the iteration. This estimation
has four iteration processes to optimize the target parameters. The results of the target
parameters of measurement data 1 are given in Table 14.
Figure 38. Real model response after estimation Figure 39. Real model response after estimation
40
Figure 40. Iteration process of the parameter estimation of measurement data 1
Table 14. The results of the target parameters after estimation (measurement data 1)
Condenser length Pipe diameter Pipe thickness

232.39 m 0.0071 m 2.97e-04 m
Measurement data 2
The estimation results of measurement data 2 of the condenser are presented in Table 15.
Same as measurement data 1. Firstly, compared the real model responses with the
estimated model responses which are shown in Figure 28 and Figure 29. The real model
responses of measurement data 2 after the estimation are presented in Figure 41 and
Figure 42. The iteration process of the parameter estimation of measurement data 2 is
given in Figure 43.
41
42

209.57 m 0.0041 m 4.48e-04 m
Final results
Observing the results from measurement data 1 and measurement data 2, the main
difference is the pipe diameter, the reason for that could be the pressure of measurement
data 1 is 5 bar higher than the measurement data 2. Therefore, it needs the larger pipe
diameter in measurement data 1 to compensate for the high pressure. Although the
sample data has only 2 measurement data, the final results of validating the condenser
still take the mean value of the results from measurement data 1 and measurement data
2. It is given in Table 16.
Table 16. The final results of validating the condenser

220.98 m 0.0056 m 3.73e-04 m
4.1.4 Results of modeling the evaporator

The results of modeling the evaporator are also the results of parameter estimation. The
target parameters are evaporator length, pipe diameter, and pipe thickness. Same process
as estimating the condenser. There are two measurement data and each measurement
data has two experiments (exp1 and exp2). The final result of optimizing the parameters
of the evaporator is the average value from the results of measurement data 1 and
measurement data 2.
Measurement data 1
The results of validating the evaporator from measurement data 1 are given in Table 17.
The model responses after estimation are also different than the estimated model
responses that are shown in Figure 33 and Figure 34. The real model response for exp1
and exp 2 are given in Figure 44 and Figure 45. The iteration process of the parameter
estimation of measurement data 1 for the evaporator is shown in Figure 46. In total it has
10 iterations to reach the optimized values.
43
44
Evaporator length Pipe diameter Pipe thickness

63.29 m 0.0554 m 4.7e-04 m
Measurement data 2
The results of validating the evaporator from measurement data 2 are given in Table 18.
The model responses after estimation are also different from the estimated model
responses that are shown in Figure 35 and Figure 36. The real model response for exp1
and exp 2 of measurement data 2 are given in Figure 47 and Figure 48. The iteration
process of the parameter estimation of measurement data 2 for the evaporator is shown
in Figure 49. In total it has 7 iterations to reach the optimized values.
Figure 47. Real model response after estimation

Figure 48. Real model response after estimation
(measurement data 2 exp1)
(measurement data 2 exp2)

65.72 m 0.0512 m 5.18e-04 m
45
Final results
The final results for validating the target parameters of the evaporator are shown in
Table 19. They are the average value from the result of measurement data 1 and
measurement data 2.
Table 19. The final result of validating the evaporator

64.51 m 0.0533 m 4.94e-04 m
4.2 Results of operating the simulation model

After having all the models from each component, the next approach is to combine all the
components and check if the system works properly. Firstly, connect all the components
to a heat pump system and input with the optimal parameters that have been modeled in
the previous section. The figure for modeling all components in Simscape is shown in
46
Figure 50, four cycle sensors are added to measure the properties of the refrigerant at
different stages. The optimal parameters of each component that have been optimized in
the previous sector can be found in Table 20.
Table 20. Model building results of each component
Compressor Condenser Expansion valve Evaporator

Mass flow rate: Condenser length: Opening area: Evaporator length:
0.007385(kg/s) 220.98(m); 0.485(mm2) 65.72(m);
Pipe diameter: Pipe diameter:
0.0056(m); 0.0533(m);
Pipe thickness: Pipe thickness:
3.73e-04(m) 0.0026(m)
Cycle sensor 4 Cycle sensor 3
Cycle sensor 1 Cycle sensor 2
Figure 50. The design of the refrigerant cycle with cycle sensors in Simscape
47
Figure 51. Inside of the cycle sensors
Cycle sensors include a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, and a vapor quality sensor.
The results from the cycle sensor will be shown in the following sections. Cycle sensors 2
and 3 can measure the properties of the refrigerant inlet and outlet of the condenser; cycle
sensors 4 and 1 can measure the properties of the refrigerant inlet and outlet of the
evaporator. In the water/brine cycle, there are also sensors to measure the properties of
the water/brine inlet and outlet. Following are the results of the model simulation of the
whole system run in full power mode in Simscape. The results will be compared with
measurement data 3 which are shown in Table 30 and Table 31.
Temperature
Sensor 1 measures the vapor temperature at the compressor inlet; sensor 2 measures the
vapor temperature of the condenser inlet; sensor 3 measures the vapor/liquid temperature
of the expansion valve inlet; sensor 4 measures the vapor/liquid temperature of the
evaporator inlet. Table 21 and Figure 52 are the temperature results from the cycle sensors.
The results of the temperature range are reasonable. Although the overheated
temperature is relatively high.
Table 21. Temperature results from the refrigerant cycle sensors
Sensor 1 Sensor 2 Sensor 3 Sensor 4

271.51 K 357.16 K 313.99 K 260.88 K
48
Figure 52. Temperature results from the cycle sensors
There is another sensor to measure the temperature of the water/brine cycle of the heat
pump. The results are shown in Table 22, Table 23, Figure 53, and Figure 54.
Table 22. Temperature results from the water cycle sensor from the condenser
The temperature of the water inlet The temperature of the water outlet
313.40 K 316.49 K
Figure 53. Temperature results from the water cycle sensor from the condenser
49
Table 23. Temperature results from the brine cycle sensor from the evaporator
The temperature of the brine inlet The temperature of the brine outlet
278.15 K 277.77 K
Figure 54. Temperature results from the brine cycle sensor from the evaporator
Pressure
Table 24. Pressure results from the cycle sensors

4.92 bar 23.89 bar 23.35 bar 4.95 bar
Figure 55. Pressure results from the cycle sensors
50
Vapor quality
Table 25. Vapor quality results from the cycle sensors

1 1 0.11 0.41
Figure 56. Vapor quality results from the cycle sensors
4.3 Results of validating the model

After modeling the heat pump model and operating the model successfully, the next step
is to validate the model with the measurement data from the prototype. It can evaluate
and estimate how close the difference between the simulation model and the prototype is.
The third measurement data is used for validating the simulation model. To check if the
system performance in the simulation is equal to or better than the third measurement
data. The third measurement data are provided in Appendix K and Appendix L.
51
4.3.1 Results of validating the compressor
In this work, there is no measurement data for the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
Therefore, to validate the compressor alone is not possible, but it’s possible to validate it
with the whole system. For example, the pressure of refrigerant of each component is
measured. Operate the heat pump in the specific mass flow and compare the pressure
between the simulation model and the measurement data from the prototype. The
pressure results from the simulation model are mentioned before in Table 24. The
comparison between measurement data 3 from the prototype and the simulation results
from the model can be found in the following Table 26. From observing the table, the
pressure of each point is similar. It can be assumed that the mass flow rate of the
simulation model (0.007385 kg/s) is reasonable and close to the prototype.
Table 26. Validation of the compressor

(Compressor (Compressor (Expansion (Expansion
inlet) outlet) valve inlet) valve outlet)
Simulation 4.92 bar 23.89 bar 23.35 bar 4.95 bar
results
Measurement 4.50 bar 24.27 bar 24.13 bar 4.63 bar
data 3 results
4.3.2 Results of validating the expansion valve

To validate the expansion valve, a simplified model has been developed. The design of the
simple simulation model for the expansion valve is shown in Figure 57. There are two
reservoirs to simulate the unlimited refrigerant source and sink. The variable local
restriction block is considered the expansion valve. In this work, only the fully operational
mode is required. The opening area is calculated by the average opening percentage of
the measurement data 1, therefore, the constant block is used as the input for the
restriction area which is 0.485 mm2. The other parameters of the block such as the
temperature inlet and outlet of the expansion valve and the pressure before and after the
expansion are also based on the measurement data of the prototype. The mass flow rate
depends on the result of modeling the compressor. All the condition parameters of the
model are given in Table 27, the complete measurement data can be found in Appendix F.
After running the Simscape model, the pressure result is shown in Table 28 and Figure 58.
To validate the expansion valve, comparing it with the measurement data is required.
52
Table 29 can see the results of the comparison between measurement data and the
simulation results.
Figure 57. Simulation model for validating the expansion valve
Table 27. The parameters for modeling the expansion valve
Opening area Mass flow rate Temperature before Temperature after

(mm2) (kg/s) expansion (K) expansion (K)
0.485 0.0074 313.95 269.49
Table 28. The expansion valve results that have been operated in the Simscape model
The pressure of refrigerant inlet The pressure of the refrigerant outlet

38.28 bar 5.31 bar
53
Figure 58. The results that have been operated in the Simscape model
Table 29. The comparison between simulation results and the measurement data
The pressure of refrigerant The pressure of the refrigerant

inlet outlet
Simulation results 38.28 bar 5.31 bar
Measurement data 24.22 bar 5.26 bar
From the results of validating the expansion valve, the error has been figured out. The
pressure of the refrigerant inlet of the model is 10 bar higher than the measurement data.
It is a huge error. So, another model of the expansion valve will be applied. The issue has
been found that the PWM signal cannot directly be assumed as the percentage of the
opening area. It can only present maybe the position height for opening the valve. That’s
another reason why the second solution which is the PID control model of the expansion
valve will be applied in the thesis, more details will be discussed in the following chapter.
54
4.3.3 Results of validating the condenser
The development of the condenser model is based on measurement data 1 and
measurement data 2. To validate the model, the third measurement data has been added.
Comparing the simulation results with the measurement data 3 is the way to validate the
condenser. The temperature of the refrigerant inlet/outlet and the temperature of the
water inlet/outlet are the data that are used for validation. Table 30 shows the comparison
between measurement data and the simulation results. If the two data are similar, means
the condenser model with a condenser length of 220.98m, a pipe diameter of 0.0056m,
and a pipe thickness of 3.73e-04m is correct and close to the prototype. However, from
observing the table, the temperature of the water outlet from the simulation results is
lower than the measurement data. The evaluation and discussion will be mentioned in the
discussion chapter.
Table 30. The comparison between measurement data 3 and simulation results of the condenser
The The temperature The The

temperature of of the temperature of temperature of
the refrigerant refrigerant the water inlet the water outlet
inlet outlet
Simulation
results 357.16 K 313.99 K 313.40 K 313.49 K
Measurement
data 3 358.06 K 314.71 K 313.09 K 318.05 K
4.3.4 Results of validating the evaporator

Modeling the evaporator is also based on measurement data 1 and measurement data 2.
To validate the evaporator model, measurement data 3 is used for comparing the results
from the simulation. The temperature of the refrigerant inlet/outlet and the temperature
of the water inlet/outlet is the data used for validation. Table 31 shows the comparison
between measurement data 3 and simulation results of the evaporator. The temperature
of the refrigerant outlet from measurement data 3 is weird, and the simulation results and
the measurement data are not that close. The evaluation and discussion will be mentioned
in the discussion chapter.
55
Table 31. The comparison between measurement data 3 and simulation results of the evaporator
The temperature The The The

of the temperature of temperature of temperature of
refrigerant inlet the refrigerant the brine inlet the brine outlet
outlet
Simulation
results 260.88 K 271.51 K 278.15 K 277.77 K
Measurement
data 3 266.62 K 264.84 K 273.14 K 270.12 K
5 Discussion
The results of validating the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator
have been done in the previous chapter. In this chapter, the focus will be on evaluating
the results, discussing the issues, and providing solutions.
5.1 Discussion of the results from modeling and validating the

compressor
From observing the result of modeling the mass flow rate of the compressor, there is about
a 10 degrees Celsius difference in condensing temperature (y) between measurement data
1 and 2, but the modeling results from measurement data 1 and measurement data 2 are
still similar. The reason for that is the scale of point 1 (P1), and point 2 (P2) in the empirical
map that is provided by the manufacturer are much larger than points 9 (P9) and 10 (P10).
P9 and P10 are the key coefficients of the condensing temperature because it related to
the y3 and y2. But it influences the least for the whole equation. Therefore, from observing
the equation and the empirical map, the evaporating temperature can be seen as a more
important factor than the condensing temperature. In measurement data 1 and
measurement data 2, the evaporating temperature is close, as a result, the final mass flow
rate will be similar as well.
𝑧 = 𝒑𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐 ∗ 𝑥 + 𝑝3 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑝4 ∗ 𝑥 2 + 𝑝5 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑃6 ∗ 𝑦 2 + 𝑝7 ∗ 𝑥 3 + 𝑝8 ∗ 𝑥 2 ∗ 𝑦 + 𝑷𝟗 ∗ 𝒙 ∗ 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑷𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝒚𝟑
56
Mass Flow Rate(kg/h)
P1 3.77218957E+01
P2 1.08857765E+00
P3 1.92032390E-01
P4 3.59399767E-02
P5 2.01174342E-02
P6 -5.65675221E-03
P7 3.12094064E-04
P8 -1.81094325E-04
P9 -2.73841404E-04
P10 3.52556628E-05
5.1.1 The errors caused by the refrigerant differences

To model the mass flow rate of the compressor, an empirical compressor map is used to
be a reference for the ten coefficient method. The first step is to find the condensing
temperature and evaporating temperature. However, those parameters cannot be
measured directly, they can only be looked up from the pressure-temperature table (P-T
Chart). The issue is the refrigerant that is used for testing the empirical compressor map
is R410a but the one used in the prototype is an alternative refrigerant R454b. The
different properties of refrigerants may lead to some errors.
454b is a non-ozone depleting, zeotropic blend designed to serve as a 78% lower global
warming potential (GWP) alternative to R-410A in heating applications (Solstice 454B
European Refrigerants, 2022). R454b has improved the efficiency but matching capacity
to R410a. The reason for that is to avoid the redesign cost for the applications. R454b has
a higher critical temperature than R410a which means it can have a broader operation
band. It is a better replacement for R410a in the high-pressure heat pump application.
The comparison between R410a and R454b is shown in Table 32. The shape of the pressure
enthalpy curve of R454b is wider than the shape of the pressure enthalpy curve of R410a
(see Figure 59) which indicates a higher evaporation enthalpy. It leads to having different
evaporating temperatures or condensing temperatures according to different P-T charts.
However, the shape of each curve is similar, and the liquid density ratio between R410a
and R454b is 1.056. So, there is another 5% of error margin that needs to be considered.
Although the modeled mass flow rate is different from the rated mass flow rate from the
datasheet, in the validation part, the difference between simulation results and the
measurement data is in the error margin. Therefore, modeling the compressor with the
empirical map is a promising method.
57
Table 32. The comparison between R410a and R454b
R410a R454b
Boiling temperature -52.7 °C -50.5 °C
Critical temperature 72.7 °C 78.1 °C
Critical pressure 49.6 bar 52.7 bar
Liquid Density at 25 °C 1 035.43 kg/m3 984.6 kg/m3
Figure 59. Pressure enthalpy curve of different refrigerants (Devecioğlu, 2017)
5.2 Discussion of the results from modeling and validating the

expansion valve
The result of modeling the opening area of the expansion valve is calculated by the fully
opened area times the opening percentage which is equal to 0.485 mm 2. But after the
open area result has been calculated, it is validated by the Simscape model (Figure 57).
However, the pressure of the inlet refrigerant is much higher than expected. The inlet
pressure is 38.28 bar but the expected pressure is only 24.22 bar. The reason for that is
the resistance of the expansion valve is too large which means the opening area of the
expansion valve is too small.
In the previous section, the measurement data of the PWM (Pulse-width modulation) signal
is directly assumed as the opening percentage of the expansion valve. It could be wrong
58
because the pulses are the signal for the stator which acts like a stepper motor, the pulses
energized different coils and create a magnetic field to control the opening of the electronic
expansion valve (see Figure 60). The PWM signal is related to the control of the expansion
valve, but it cannot be directly seen as the opening percentage of the valve. However, the
meaning of the PWM signal can be only known by the manufacturer. They have designed
and defined how the valve will be lifted or opened at the specific pulses. Thus, it could be
the reason why the current opening area is too small. As the result, another solution for
the model of the expansion valve will be implemented which is the PID-controlled model.
More detail on the PID-controlled model of the expansion valve will be explained in the
next chapter.
Figure 60. A stepper motor on the electronic expansion valve (Evans, 2018a)
5.2.1 Control of the expansion valve

Chapter 2.2.2 has demonstrated the design of the control of the expansion valve. However,
there are some errors, because the original design is from the expansion valve of a chiller.
The maximal throat temperature and minimal throat temperature cannot be defined in the
heat pump system. Because the desired set temperature can be different. Thus, a new
model design for controlling the expansion valve has been developed (see Figure 61). The
control logic is the same:
59
If the current temperature – the saturation temperature > 4°C, then open the valve.
If the current temperature – the saturation temperature < 4°C, then close the valve.
The design of the model is to add a PID controller to set the output of the PID controller
between the minimal throat area and the maximal throat area. The desired set
temperature can be different and the corresponding opening area (output of the PID
controller) will be controlled by the PID controller. With the new model design, the opening
area of the expansion valve will be controlled according to the desired set temperature.
It’s more flexible than the previous model design to set a fixed throating temperature. For
tuning the parameter of the PID controller Kp, Ki, and Kd, they are set as 0.1.
After validating the model in the Simscape simulation and measuring the pressure inlet
and outlet of the expansion valve. The results are more reliable which are 23.09 bar of the
refrigerant inlet pressure and 6.3 bar of the refrigerant outlet pressure from the simulation
model (see Figure 62). For the measurement data, the inlet pressure is 24.22 bar and the
outlet pressure is 5.26 bar. The comparison table is shown in Table 33. From observing
the results, the PID control model is a more promising solution for the expansion valve
model of the heat pump
Table 33. Comparison between PID model simulation results and measurement data
The pressure of refrigerant The pressure of the refrigerant

inlet outlet
PID model 23.09 bar 6.3 bar

Simulation results
Measurement data 24.22 bar 5.26 bar
60
Figure 61. PID Control model of the expansion valve
Figure 62. Inlet and outlet pressure of the expansion valve
61
5.3 Discussion of the results for modeling and validating the
condenser and evaporator
In this chapter, the results of validating the condenser and evaporator will be evaluated
and analyzed. The MATLAB tool parameter estimator has been used for modeling the
condenser and the evaporator to find out the optimal value of condenser/evaporator length,
pipe diameter, and pipe thickness. However, there are much more parameters that can
be optimized. Such as the surface of the pipe, the material of the pipe, turbulence, and so
on. One of the potential errors is those parameters are not considered in the work.
Another potential error is the type of heat exchanger that has been developed in the
simulation model is a simple tube-in-tube heat exchanger. But the plate heat exchanger
has been used in the prototype and is very common in the market due to its high power
density. The different types of heat exchangers may lead to some errors. The reason for
using the tube-in-tube model in Simscape is, that it is a simple model that can be modified
and developed easier. Also, fewer factors will influence the heat exchanger.
5.3.1 Discussion of the results from the condenser

From the observation of the results of modeling the condenser (Table 34), the optimal
value of the condenser length should be enlarged from 30m to 220.98m; the pipe diameter
should be decreased from 0.01m to 0.0056m; the pipe thickness should be thinner from
5e-04m to 3.73e-04 m compared to the default value.
If the condenser length has been enlarged to 220.98m, the heat exchange area will be
increased significantly. As the result, the heat exchange efficiency could be also increased.
That’s a logical and reasonable change. The change in the pipe diameter affects the
pressure drop or rise of the inlet and outlet significantly (Ham et al., 2020) In this case,
the pipe diameter has decreased to 0.0056m, which means the pressure is increased. It’s
hard to say if the pressure rise has a positive influence on the heat transfer without doing
a CFD analysis. Because there are lots more unknown factors that should be aware of.
Such as the turbulence, it is better to have turbulence in the heat exchangers. That’s also
the main reason that the parameter estimator tool is used in this paper. Because even
though there is no complex CFD analysis, according to the parameter estimation, we could
know that the higher pressure on the condenser is better for heat exchange in this specific
model (the tube in tube heat exchanger) under the specific output. Same for the pipe
thickness, in this case, it’s better to decrease the pipe thickness to 3.73e-04m.
62
Table 34. Results of validating the condenser

Default values 30 m 0.01 m 5e-04 m
Measurement data1 232.39 m 0.0071 m 2.97e-04 m
Average 220.98 m 0.0056 m 3.73e-04 m
5.3.2 Discussion of the results from the evaporator

From the observation of the results of modeling the evaporator, the evaporator length is
increased from 30m to 64.51m; the pipe diameter is also increased from 0.01m to 0.053m;
the pipe thickness has nearly not changed after the estimation compared to the default
value.
The reason for increasing the evaporator length could be the same as the condenser, to
increase the heat transfer area. But why the evaporator length is not as long as the
condenser length? The cause for that can be the difference in internal energy between the
condenser and evaporator. From Figure 63 can find out the internal energy at a different
point. To measure the heat transfer energy of the refrigerant in the condenser, cycle
sensors 2 and 3 need to be seen; To measure the heat transfer energy of the refrigerant
in the evaporator, cycle sensors 4 and 1 have to be checked. From analyzing Figure 63,
the internal energy of the evaporator is lower, that’s because of the measurement data.
That could be the reason why the evaporator length doesn’t need to be that long.
The pipe diameter, it’s about 5 times larger than the default value. The cause for that
could be the high-pressure issue on the expansion valve in the original design. As
mentioned in the previous chapter, when designing the first design (non-PID controlled)
of the expansion valve model in Simscape, it has a high-pressure issue. To compensate
for the issue, the pipe diameter of the evaporator, which is the outlet of the expansion
valve has to increase.
Table 35. Results of validating the evaporator

Default values 30 m 0.01 m 5e-04 m
Average 64.51 m 0.0533 m 4.94e-04 m
63
Figure 63. The internal energy of the refrigerant cycle
5.4 Discussion of the results from validating the whole heat pump
system
After validating the parameters of each component of the heat pump, validating the whole
system of the heat pump model in Simscape will be the next goal. With the optimized
parameters, the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator are combined
into a refrigerant cycle. Firstly, analyze the results of the simulation of the whole heat
pump system to check if the results are reasonable (see Table 36). Secondly, compare the
simulation results with the measurement data 3. That can validate the heat pump system
model in Simscape.
The cycle sensors are measuring the properties of the refrigerant, cycle sensor 1 is
measuring the inlet of the compressor which corresponds with the outlet of the evaporator;
cycle sensor 2 is measuring the outlet of the compressor which corresponds with the inlet
of the condenser; cycle sensor 3 is measuring the outlet of the condenser which
corresponds with the inlet of the expansion valve; cycle sensor 4 is measuring the outlet
of the expansion valve which corresponds with the inlet of the evaporator. Firstly, looking
64
at sensor 1, the refrigerant is at a state of low pressure, and low temperature (still slightly
higher than sensor 4 because, in the evaporator, the refrigerant will gain the positive heat
flux from the ambient and the overheating of the evaporator due to a small temperature
change over evaporation), and fully gaseous. Then the refrigerant will be compressed and
the temperature of the refrigerant will increase. This increase can be seen in the
measurement result of cycle sensor 2. Afterward, the refrigerant condenses and transfers
the heat to the water. The temperature of the refrigerant will decrease slightly. The main
reason is the cooling of the hot gas to condensing temperature and theoretically, some
undercooling, which is not happening here, since the gas content after the condenser is
still above 0. It can also be observed in sensor 3. Finally, the refrigerant passes through
the expansion valve and decreases the pressure, and the temperature, at the state, is at
the liquid gaseous mixture. This can also be observed in sensor 4 with a vapor quality of
0.41. As a result, the simulation result of the refrigerant is reasonable.
Table 36. Simulation results measured by the cycle sensors

Temperature (K) 271.51 K 357.16 K 313.99 K 260.88 K
Pressure (bar) 4.92 bar 23.89 bar 23.35 bar 4.95 bar
Vapor quality 1 1 0.11 0.41
The simulation results are logical, but it is still uncertain if the heat pump model that is
built in Simscape is the optimized one that matches the prototype. Thus, a comparison
with the third measurement data set is required. Firstly, the parameters that have to be
compared need to be defined. We decided to focus on the parameters in the condenser
and the parameters in the evaporator. Because those are the most important components
in the heat pump system that will affect the efficiency. The comparison between
measurement data 3 and the results from the simulation are shown in Table 37 and Table
38 for the condenser and evaporator respectively.
From observing the comparison result of the condenser, it can be found that the results
from the simulation and the measurement data are similar (see Table 37). But the heat
exchange efficiency from the simulation seems to be worse than the measurement data 3.
Because the temperature of the water outlet from the simulation is lower than the
measurement data from the prototype. The reason for having worse heat transfer
efficiency in the simulation is still under investigation, it could be caused by the different
65
types of heat exchangers. In the prototype, the plate heat exchangers have been used,
but in the simulation, tube-in-tube heat exchangers are developed.
Table 37. Comparison of the temperatures of the condenser between measurement data 3 and
results from simulation

refrigerant inlet the refrigerant the water inlet the water
outlet outlet
Measurement
data 3 358.06 K 314.71 K 313.09 K 318.05 K
Results from
simulation 357.16 K 313.99 K 313.40 K 316.49 K
The comparison result of the evaporator has another issue (see Table 38). Normally the
outlet temperature of the evaporator should be slightly higher than the inlet temperature
of the evaporator because it got the heat transferred from the ambient. But for
measurement data 3, the outlet temperature of the evaporator is lower than the inlet
temperature of the evaporator which means the temperature of the refrigerant should
increase slightly in the evaporator. That means there is a negative heat flux in the
refrigerant. After double-checking the measurement data, it seems like the sensor on the
prototype is off or broken. It is always the false temperature reading. This is an
unavoidable error from the original measurement data. Another thing that can be observed
from the table is comparing the two energy fluxes, the measurement data is smaller than
in the simulation, and the temperature change in the brine is higher, meaning there is
more heat coming into the water. That could imply the false mass flow from the brine side,
or from the refrigerant side. Overall, for the comparison of the evaporator, the difference
between the measurement data and the simulation is relatively high. There are lots of
errors that mentioned above could be the reason for leading the results.
66
Table 38. Comparison of the temperatures of the evaporator between measurement data 3 and
results from simulation

refrigerant inlet the refrigerant the brine inlet the brine outlet
outlet
Measurement
data 3 266.62 K 264.84 K 273.14 K 270.12 K
Results from
simulation 260.88 K 271.51 K 278.15 K 277.77 K
6 Conclusions
The main goal of the thesis is to develop the heat pump system in Simscape and validated
it by the measurement data to match the prototype. The biggest advantage of this work
is to be another reference for the researchers to investigate the potential improvement or
the issues of the prototype. Experimenting with the simulation can also save cost and time.
The thesis provides the details of designing the heat pump model in Simscape. Starting
from the background knowledge of the heat pump and also the function of the Simscape
blocks. After developing the heat pump model in Simscape, each component of the heat
pump has been modeled separately with different methods, the compressor and expansion
valve are modeled by the technical datasheet from the manufacturer with the
measurement data; the condenser and the evaporator are modeled by the MATLAB tool
parameter estimator, which is also based on the measurement data. Finally, the optimized
parameters of each component have been found. And the whole system model has been
validated again with the third measurement data. The results of the final model are
functionally and logically, but it does not match the prototype 100%. There are still some
flaws and it is not the good results that we had expected especially on the evaporator side.
6.1 Outlook
To improve the work in the future, the design of the heat exchangers needs to be changed
to the plate heat exchangers. Moreover, other parameters which will affect the heat
transfer have to be considered. In the thesis, only the condenser/evaporator length, pipe
diameter, and pipe thickness are considered.
67
The most important thing to improve in the future is to add more measurement data. In
this work, only three measurement data are considered. And the third measurement data
seems to have some issues with the sensor. The modeling results are taken from the
average of the two measurement data sets. Maybe in the future, there are more
measurement data for reference to model development. It can make the parameters of
the model more precise. Same for the validation measurement data, otherwise, the errors
could be high according to the few samples. Another major thing that could be improved
in the future is to implement the PID control of the expansion valve earlier. The non-PID
control model that had been used at the beginning is one major error that leads the
validation result went wrong.
68
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system. In Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings, Proceedings of The 59th
Conference on simulation and Modelling (SIMS 59), 26-28 September 2018, Oslo
Metropolitan University, Norway (pp. 87–94). Linköping University Electronic
Press. https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp1815387
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refrigerants.com/europe/product/solstice-454b-r-454b/
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de/themen/klimaschutz/wohlstand-und-klimaschutz-2018366
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Yang, Z., Xiao, H., Shi, W., Zhang, M., & Wang, B. (2021). Analysis and determination of
a seasonal performance evaluation for air source heat pumps. Journal of Building
Engineering, 43, 102574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102574
71
Appendix A - Pressure Temperature Tables for Opteon™ XL41
(R‐454B)
Physical Property Summary

Molecular Weight 62.6 g/mol
Saturated Liquid Temperature at One Atmosphere ‐50.5 °C
Saturated Vapor Temperature at One Atmosphere ‐49.5 °C
Critical Temperature 78.1 °C
Critical Pressure 52.669 bar
Critical Density 443.03 kg/m³
Critical Volume 0.00226 m³/kg
Ozone Depletion Potential 0
Global Warming Potential (AR4) 466
ASHRAE Standard 34 / ISO 817 Safety Rating A2L
Lower Flammable Limit 0.303 kg/m³
Opteon™ XL41 (R-454B) is a mildly flammable low global warming potential (GWP)
hydrofluoro- olefin (HFO) based refrigerant to replace R-410A in new equipment designs.
Opteon™ XL41 offers the optimal balance of properties to replace R-410A in positive
displacement, direct expansion air conditioning, heat pump and chiller applications.
Opteon™ XL41 is the lowest GWP Opteon™ replacement for R-410A (78% reduction) and
provides improved performance. Opteon™ XL41 offers similar properties to R-410A which
makes it easy and cost-effective to apply in new equipment without major modifications.
Opteon™ XL41 is classified as a mildly flammable (ISO/ ASHRAE class 2L) refrigerant. Please
check your local regulations and Standards such as PED, EN 378 or ISO 5149 to verify the
allowable filling charge, new equipment design and safe handling requirements for the
intended application.
72
Units: Temperature = °C, Pressure = bar absolute Units: Pressure = bar absolute, Temperature = °C
Saturated Pressure (bar) Saturated Pressure (bar) Saturated Pressure (bar) Saturated Temperature (°C) Saturated Temperature (°C) Saturated Temperature (°C)
Temperature Temperature Temperature
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Pressure (bar) Liquid Vapor Pressure (bar) Liquid Vapor Pressure (bar) Liquid Vapor
(ºC) (ºC) (ºC)
(Bubble) (Dew) (Bubble) (Dew) (Bubble) (Dew) (Bubble) (Dew) (Bubble) (Dew) (Bubble) (Dew)
-60 0.613 0.582 -13 4.913 4.705 34 19.810 19.165 0.6 -60.4 -59.5 2.472 -30.9 -29.8 10.176 9.5 10.8
-59 0.648 0.615 -12 5.089 4.874 35 20.311 19.656 0.617 -59.9 -58.9 2.542 -30.3 -29.1 10.462 10.4 11.8
-58 0.685 0.650 -11 5.270 5.048 36 20.821 20.155 0.634 -59.4 -58.5 2.614 -29.6 -28.5 10.756 11.4 12.7
-57 0.723 0.686 -10 5.456 5.227 37 21.340 20.665 0.652 -58.9 -57.9 2.688 -28.9 -27.8 11.059 12.4 13.7
-56 0.762 0.724 -9 5.647 5.411 38 21.870 21.184 0.67 -58.4 -57.4 2.764 -28.2 -27.1 11.37 13.3 14.6
-55 0.804 0.764 -8 5.842 5.600 39 22.409 21.713 0.689 -57.9 -56.9 2.842 -27.5 -26.4 11.69 14.3 15.6
-54 0.847 0.805 -7 6.043 5.793 40 22.958 22.252 0.708 -57.4 -56.4 2.922 -26.8 -25.7 12.019 15.3 16.6
-53 0.892 0.848 -6 6.249 5.992 41 23.517 22.802 0.728 -56.9 -55.9 3.004 -26.1 -25.0 12.357 16.2 17.6
-52 0.939 0.893 -5 6.461 6.195 42 24.086 23.361 0.748 -56.4 -55.4 3.088 -25.4 -24.3 12.705 17.2 18.6
-51 0.988 0.939 -4 6.677 6.404 43 24.665 23.932 0.769 -55.8 -54.9 3.175 -24.7 -23.6 13.062 18.2 19.5
-50 1.039 0.988 -3 6.899 6.619 44 25.255 24.513 0.791 -55.3 -54.3 3.264 -24.0 -22.9 13.429 19.2 20.5
-49 1.092 1.038 -2 7.127 6.838 45 25.855 25.104 0.813 -54.8 -53.8 3.356 -23.3 -22.1 13.807 20.2 21.6
-48 1.147 1.091 -1 7.360 7.063 46 26.466 25.707 0.836 -54.3 -53.3 3.45 -22.6 -21.4 14.195 21.2 22.6
-47 1.204 1.146 0 7.599 7.294 47 27.088 26.321 0.86 -53.7 -52.7 3.547 -21.9 -20.7 14.594 22.3 23.6
-46 1.263 1.202 1 7.844 7.531 48 27.721 26.947 0.884 -53.2 -52.2 3.647 -21.1 -20.0 15.005 23.3 24.6
-45 1.325 1.261 2 8.095 7.773 49 28.365 27.583 0.909 -52.6 -51.6 3.75 -20.4 -19.2 15.427 24.3 25.7
-44 1.389 1.323 3 8.352 8.021 50 29.020 28.232 0.935 -52.1 -51.1 3.855 -19.7 -18.5 15.861 25.4 26.7
-43 1.456 1.386 4 8.614 8.275 51 29.687 28.893 0.961 -51.5 -50.5 3.963 -18.9 -17.7 16.307 26.4 27.7
-42 1.525 1.452 5 8.883 8.535 52 30.365 29.565 0.988 -51.0 -50.0 4.074 -18.2 -17.0 16.766 27.5 28.8
-41 1.596 1.521 6 9.159 8.801 53 31.055 30.250 1.016 -50.4 -49.4 4.189 -17.4 -16.2 17.238 28.5 29.9
-40 1.670 1.592 7 9.440 9.074 54 31.757 30.947 1.045 -49.9 -48.9 4.307 -16.7 -15.5 17.723 29.6 30.9
-39 1.747 1.665 8 9.728 9.352 55 32.471 31.657 1.074 -49.3 -48.3 4.428 -15.9 -14.7 18.222 30.7 32.0
-38 1.827 1.742 9 10.023 9.638 56 33.197 32.381 1.104 -48.8 -47.8 4.553 -15.1 -13.9 18.735 31.8 33.1
-37 1.909 1.820 10 10.324 9.929 57 33.935 33.117 1.135 -48.2 -47.2 4.681 -14.4 -13.1 19.262 32.9 34.2
-36 1.994 1.902 11 10.632 10.228 58 34.686 33.867 1.167 -47.6 -46.6 4.813 -13.6 -12.4 19.804 34.0 35.3
-35 2.082 1.987 12 10.947 10.533 59 35.450 34.630 1.2 -47.1 -46.0 4.948 -12.8 -11.6 20.361 35.1 36.4
-34 2.174 2.074 13 11.269 10.845 60 36.226 35.407 1.234 -46.5 -45.5 5.087 -12.0 -10.8 20.934 36.2 37.5
-33 2.268 2.164 14 11.598 11.164 61 37.016 36.199 1.269 -45.9 -44.9 5.23 -11.2 -10.0 21.523 37.3 38.6
-32 2.365 2.258 15 11.934 11.490 62 37.819 37.005 1.305 -45.3 -44.3 5.377 -10.4 -9.2 22.128 38.5 39.8
-31 2.466 2.354 16 12.277 11.823 63 38.635 37.827 1.342 -44.7 -43.7 5.528 -9.6 -8.4 22.75 39.6 40.9
-30 2.570 2.454 17 12.627 12.163 64 39.465 38.663 1.38 -44.1 -43.1 5.683 -8.8 -7.6 23.39 40.8 42.1
-29 2.677 2.557 18 12.985 12.511 65 40.309 39.515 1.419 -43.5 -42.5 5.843 -8.0 -6.7 24.048 41.9 43.2
-28 2.788 2.663 19 13.351 12.866 66 41.167 40.383 1.459 -43.0 -41.9 6.007 -7.2 -5.9 24.724 43.1 44.4
-27 2.902 2.772 20 13.724 13.228 67 42.040 41.268 1.5 -42.4 -41.3 6.176 -6.4 -5.1 25.419 44.3 45.5
-26 3.020 2.886 21 14.105 13.599 68 42.927 42.170 1.542 -41.8 -40.7 6.35 -5.5 -4.3 26.134 45.5 46.7
-25 3.142 3.002 22 14.494 13.977 69 - - 1.585 -41.2 -40.1 6.529 -4.7 -3.4 26.869 46.6 47.9
-24 3.267 3.122 23 14.890 14.363 70 - - 1.63 -40.5 -39.5 6.713 -3.8 -2.6 27.625 47.8 49.1
-23 3.396 3.246 24 15.295 14.757 71 - - 1.676 -39.9 -38.9 6.902 -3.0 -1.7 28.402 49.1 50.3
-22 3.529 3.374 25 15.708 15.159 72 - - 1.723 -39.3 -38.2 7.096 -2.1 -0.9 29.201 50.3 51.5
-21 3.666 3.505 26 16.129 15.570 73 - - 1.771 -38.7 -37.6 7.296 -1.3 0.0 30.022 51.5 52.7
-20 3.807 3.641 27 16.559 15.989 74 - - 1.821 -38.1 -37.0 7.501 -0.4 0.9 30.866 52.7 53.9
-19 3.952 3.780 28 16.997 16.416 75 - - 1.872 -37.4 -36.4 7.712 0.5 1.8 31.734 54.0 55.1
-18 4.101 3.924 29 17.444 16.852 76 - - 1.925 -36.8 -35.7 7.929 1.3 2.6 32.627 55.2 56.3
-17 4.255 4.071 30 17.899 17.297 77 - - 1.979 -36.2 -35.1 8.152 2.2 3.5 33.545 56.5 57.6
-16 4.412 4.223 31 18.363 17.750 78 - - 2.035 -35.5 -34.4 8.381 3.1 4.4 34.489 57.7 58.8
-15 4.575 4.379 32 18.836 18.213 79 - - 2.092 -34.9 -33.8 8.617 4.0 5.3 35.459 59.0 60.1
-14 4.742 4.540 33 19.319 18.684 80 - - 2.151 -34.2 -33.1 8.859 4.9 6.2 36.456 60.3 61.3
2.212 -33.6 -32.5 9.108 5.8 7.1 37.481 61.6 62.6
2.274 -32.9 -31.8 9.364 6.7 8.0 38.535 62.9 63.8
2.338 -32.3 -31.2 9.627 7.7 9.0 39.619 64.2 65.1
2.404 -31.6 -30.5 9.898 8.6 9.9 40.733 65.5 66.4
41.879 66.8 67.7
Appendix B – Datasheet of KTN110D42UFZ_Brinecompressor
Compressor performance curve (operate in 60Hz)
7000.
0
CONDENSING
CAPACITY
60.
TEMP(oC3
0
5000. 55.
(W)
0 0
6000.
4000. 50.
0 0
45.
3000. 0
0 40.
2000. 0
0
35.
0
0.0
- -5.0 0.0 5.0 10. 1
1000. 30.
10.0 0 5
0 EVAPORATING 0
TEMP.(?)
1400.
0
60.
1000. 0
CONDENSING
0 55.
INPUT
1200. 0
800.
(W)
50.
TEMP(oC3
00 0
600. 45.
0 0
400. 40.
0 0
35.
0.0 0
- -5.0 0.0 5.0 10. 1
200. 10.0 0 5
0 30.
EVAPORATING
TEMP.(?) 0
80.
0
RATE
CONDENSING
70. 60.
0
TEMP(oC3
0
(kg/h)
FLOW
50.
60. 0
55.
0
40.0 0
45.
50. 0
0
30.0
40.
0
20.0
35.
0
10.0
9.0
0
0.0
8.0 30.60.
0
0
0
CURRENT
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15

CONDENSING
7.0
(A)
TEMP(oC3
0 55.
0
EVAPORATING TEMP.(?)
6.0
0
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 50.

5.0 30.
15
0
0
0
EVAPORATING
TEMP.(?)
4.0
0
45.
0
3.0
0
Input
Displacement Frequency Power supply Capacity Flow rate Current
Model power
cc Hz V W W kg/h A
KTN110D42UFZ 11. 1 60 220 3553. 2 1120. 9 49. 4 7. 33
Data under different condition

Capacity(W) Evaporating Temp(°C)
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15
60.0 1854.9 2188.2 2578.0 3033.5 3560.7 4167.3
55.0 1956.7 2325.4 2759.2 3267.8 3859.7 4542.5
50.0 2061.5 2463.3 2937.1 3494.4 4144.4 4894.6
Condensing 45.0 2176.1 2606.4 3116.1 3717.7 4417.3 5223.2
Temp(°C) 40.0 2300.9 2759.6 3303.7 3942.4 4681.6 5529.8
35.0 2445.0 2931.4 3504.9 4173.3 4943.1 5818.2
30.0 2617.3 3129.5 3727.8 4419.4 5208.0 6095.2
Evaporating Temp(°C)
Input Power(W)
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15
60.0 1103.4 1171.3 1225.2 1260. 1278.9 1279.6
6
55.0 1024.6 1076.0 1112.9 1134. 1142.0 1133.7
9
Condensing 50.0 953.3 991.5 1015.9 1027. 1025.1 1008.3
Temp(°C) 2
45.0 887.1 913.1 927.4 929. 919.2 894.0
6
40.0 821.0 837.2 842.6 836. 817.7 783.4
7
35.0 753.0 760.6 758.1 744. 716.1 670.9
1
30.0 680.1 680.3 670.6 648. 610.2 550.9
4
Flow Rate(kg/h)
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15
60.0 25.5 30.5 36.5 43.8 52.4 62.9
55.0 25.7 30.8 37.0 44.5 53.5 64.4
50.0 25.9 31.2 37.6 45.3 54.6 65.8
Condensing 45.0 26.3 31.6 38.1 46.0 55.6 67.1
Temp(°C) 40.0 26.6 32.0 38.6 46.7 56.3 68.0
35.0 26.8 32.4 39.1 47.2 56.9 68.6
30.0 27.9 32.7 39.4 47.4 57.2 68.8
Current(A)
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15
60.0 7.21 7.65 8.01 8.24 8.37 8.38
55.0 6.70 7.04 7.28 7.42 7.47 7.42
50.0 6.24 6.49 6.64 6.72 6.71 6.60
Condensing 45.0 5.81 5.97 6.06 6.08 6.01 5.85
Temp(°C) 40.0 5.37 5.48 5.51 5.47 5.35 5.13
35.0 4.92 4.97 4.95 4.86 4.68 4.39
30.0 4.45 4.45 4.38 4.24 3.99 3.61
Ten coefficient method

z=p1+p2*x+p3*y+p4*x^2+p5*x*y+P6*y^2+p7*x^3+p8*x^2*y+P9*x*y^2+P10*y^3
x——Evaporating Temp.( °C); y——Condensing Temp.( °C)

P1 5.59718301E+03 -2.75157482E+02 3.77218957E+01 -1.74007546E+00
P2 1.24353611E+02 -9.68836692E+00 1.08857765E+00 -5.80305595E-02
P3 -8.72470020E+01 4.95968911E+01 1.92032390E-01 3.19223389E-01
P4 2.49277799E+00 -1.90474366E-01 3.59399767E-02 -1.23649073E-03
P5 9.14051553E-01 1.13452910E-01 2.01174342E-02 4.90414605E-04
P6 1.02946981E+00 -7.98598186E-01 -5.65675221E-03 -5.08673528E-03
P7 9.82998723E-03 -1.88922647E-03 3.12094064E-04 -1.25536661E-05
P8 -1.78117408E-02 -1.70902972E-03 -1.81094325E-04 -1.04617668E-05
P9 -2.65756164E-02 3.20551746E-03 -2.73841404E-04 2.37980767E-05
P10 -6.93864515E-03 6.46524992E-03 3.52556628E-05 4.11380379E-05
Appendix C – Measurement data 1 of pressure for modeling compressor
(2022-01-20)
Date Time High pressure Low pressure

20.01.2022 15:02:48 24.16 5.19
20.01.2022 15:02:58 24.17 5.23
20.01.2022 15:03:08 24.19 5.31
20.01.2022 15:03:18 24.24 5.4
20.01.2022 15:03:28 24.34 5.47
20.01.2022 15:03:38 24.4 5.48
20.01.2022 15:03:48 24.45 5.35
20.01.2022 15:03:58 24.44 5.22
20.01.2022 15:04:08 24.36 5.11
20.01.2022 15:04:18 24.26 5.09
20.01.2022 15:04:28 24.23 5.13
20.01.2022 15:04:38 24.2 5.19
20.01.2022 15:04:48 24.17 5.23
20.01.2022 15:04:58 24.16 5.31
20.01.2022 15:05:08 24.15 5.38
20.01.2022 15:05:18 24.19 5.45
20.01.2022 15:05:28 24.24 5.46
20.01.2022 15:05:38 24.32 5.35
20.01.2022 15:05:48 24.38 5.22
20.01.2022 15:05:58 24.35 5.1
20.01.2022 15:06:08 24.26 5.06
20.01.2022 15:06:18 24.18 5.1
20.01.2022 15:06:28 24.12 5.15
20.01.2022 15:06:38 24.09 5.2
20.01.2022 15:06:48 24.08 5.27
20.01.2022 15:06:58 24.11 5.35
20.01.2022 15:07:08 24.17 5.43
20.01.2022 15:07:18 24.26 5.49
20.01.2022 15:07:28 24.35 5.44
20.01.2022 15:07:38 24.39 5.28
20.01.2022 15:07:48 24.34 5.14
20.01.2022 15:07:58 24.25 5.07
20.01.2022 15:08:08 24.2 5.09
20.01.2022 15:08:18 24.18 5.13
20.01.2022 15:08:28 24.15 5.19
20.01.2022 15:08:38 24.12 5.25
20.01.2022 15:08:48 24.13 5.32
20.01.2022 15:08:58 24.14 5.39
20.01.2022 15:09:08 24.21 5.47
20.01.2022 15:09:18 24.31 5.49
20.01.2022 15:09:28 24.4 5.36
20.01.2022 15:09:38 24.42 5.21
20.01.2022 15:09:48 24.32 5.1
20.01.2022 15:09:58 24.21 5.08
20.01.2022 15:10:08 24.12 5.12
20.01.2022 15:10:18 24.08 5.17
20.01.2022 15:10:28 24.07 5.2
20.01.2022 15:10:38 24.08 5.28
20.01.2022 15:10:48 24.15 5.35
20.01.2022 15:10:58 24.23 5.43
20.01.2022 15:11:08 24.3 5.49
20.01.2022 15:11:18 24.36 5.41
20.01.2022 15:11:28 24.42 5.27
20.01.2022 15:11:38 24.38 5.14
20.01.2022 15:11:48 24.28 5.07
20.01.2022 15:11:58 24.21 5.09
20.01.2022 15:12:08 24.12 5.14
20.01.2022 15:12:18 24.07 5.19
20.01.2022 15:12:28 24.05 5.24
20.01.2022 15:12:38 24.07 5.32
20.01.2022 15:12:48 24.15 5.38
20.01.2022 15:12:58 24.24 5.45
20.01.2022 15:13:08 24.3 5.48
20.01.2022 15:13:18 24.35 5.39
20.01.2022 15:13:28 24.39 5.24
20.01.2022 15:13:38 24.36 5.12
20.01.2022 15:13:48 24.26 5.07
20.01.2022 15:13:58 24.18 5.1
20.01.2022 15:14:08 24.08 5.15
20.01.2022 15:14:18 24.04 5.19
20.01.2022 15:14:28 24.02 5.24
20.01.2022 15:14:38 24.06 5.33
20.01.2022 15:14:48 24.1 5.4
20.01.2022 15:14:58 24.22 5.48
20.01.2022 15:15:08 24.28 5.46
20.01.2022 15:15:18 24.34 5.33
20.01.2022 15:15:28 24.33 5.19
20.01.2022 15:15:38 24.25 5.08
20.01.2022 15:15:48 24.2 5.07
20.01.2022 15:15:58 24.18 5.11
20.01.2022 15:16:08 24.11 5.15
20.01.2022 15:16:18 24.07 5.19
20.01.2022 15:16:28 24.07 5.25
20.01.2022 15:16:38 24.12 5.33
20.01.2022 15:16:48 24.19 5.4
20.01.2022 15:16:58 24.26 5.48
20.01.2022 15:17:08 24.3 5.46
20.01.2022 15:17:18 24.35 5.32
20.01.2022 15:17:28 24.32 5.16
20.01.2022 15:17:38 24.22 5.08
20.01.2022 15:17:48 24.11 5.09
20.01.2022 15:17:58 24.05 5.12
20.01.2022 15:18:08 24.07 5.17
20.01.2022 15:18:18 24.11 5.2
20.01.2022 15:18:28 24.17 5.28
20.01.2022 15:18:38 24.24 5.36
20.01.2022 15:18:48 24.32 5.43
20.01.2022 15:18:58 24.36 5.49
20.01.2022 15:19:08 24.37 5.45
20.01.2022 15:19:18 24.38 5.29
Mean 24.22 5.27
Appendix D – Measurement data 2 of pressure for modeling compressor
(2022-01-31)
Date Time High pressure Low pressure

31/01/2022 11:09:18 19.28 5.06
31/01/2022 11:09:28 19.23 5.03
31/01/2022 11:09:38 19.2 5.03
31/01/2022 11:09:48 19.18 5.03
31/01/2022 11:09:58 19.2 5.07
31/01/2022 11:10:08 19.2 5.1
31/01/2022 11:10:18 19.21 5.13
31/01/2022 11:10:28 19.24 5.16
31/01/2022 11:10:38 19.27 5.19
31/01/2022 11:10:48 19.31 5.17
31/01/2022 11:10:58 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:11:08 19.28 5.12
31/01/2022 11:11:18 19.31 5.16
31/01/2022 11:11:28 19.32 5.22
31/01/2022 11:11:38 19.35 5.27
31/01/2022 11:11:48 19.37 5.28
31/01/2022 11:11:58 19.34 5.25
31/01/2022 11:12:08 19.36 5.25
31/01/2022 11:12:18 19.4 5.23
31/01/2022 11:12:28 19.37 5.16
31/01/2022 11:12:38 19.32 5.11
31/01/2022 11:12:48 19.32 5.1
31/01/2022 11:12:58 19.32 5.12
31/01/2022 11:13:08 19.31 5.12
31/01/2022 11:13:18 19.31 5.13
31/01/2022 11:13:28 19.28 5.16
31/01/2022 11:13:38 19.28 5.18
31/01/2022 11:13:48 19.28 5.19
31/01/2022 11:13:58 19.28 5.19
31/01/2022 11:14:08 19.31 5.17
31/01/2022 11:14:18 19.31 5.16
31/01/2022 11:14:28 19.31 5.16
31/01/2022 11:14:38 19.29 5.13
31/01/2022 11:14:48 19.31 5.13
31/01/2022 11:14:58 19.29 5.1
31/01/2022 11:15:08 19.28 5.1
31/01/2022 11:15:18 19.27 5.13
31/01/2022 11:15:28 19.28 5.15
31/01/2022 11:15:38 19.28 5.16
31/01/2022 11:15:48 19.29 5.19
31/01/2022 11:15:58 19.28 5.2
31/01/2022 11:16:08 19.31 5.19
31/01/2022 11:16:18 19.32 5.17
31/01/2022 11:16:28 19.32 5.16
31/01/2022 11:16:38 19.32 5.14
31/01/2022 11:16:48 19.32 5.13
31/01/2022 11:16:58 19.31 5.1
31/01/2022 11:17:08 19.28 5.1
31/01/2022 11:17:18 19.28 5.11
31/01/2022 11:17:28 19.27 5.13
31/01/2022 11:17:38 19.28 5.14
31/01/2022 11:17:48 19.28 5.14
31/01/2022 11:17:58 19.28 5.15
31/01/2022 11:18:08 19.28 5.14
31/01/2022 11:18:18 19.28 5.14
31/01/2022 11:18:28 19.3 5.15
31/01/2022 11:18:38 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:18:48 19.28 5.12
31/01/2022 11:18:58 19.3 5.13
31/01/2022 11:19:08 19.31 5.13
31/01/2022 11:19:18 19.31 5.11
31/01/2022 11:19:28 19.3 5.1
31/01/2022 11:19:38 19.27 5.1
31/01/2022 11:19:48 19.28 5.11
31/01/2022 11:19:58 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:20:08 19.31 5.13
31/01/2022 11:20:18 19.28 5.14
31/01/2022 11:20:28 19.28 5.14
31/01/2022 11:20:38 19.27 5.13
31/01/2022 11:20:48 19.29 5.13
31/01/2022 11:20:58 19.31 5.13
31/01/2022 11:21:08 19.32 5.13
31/01/2022 11:21:18 19.29 5.13
31/01/2022 11:21:28 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:21:38 19.29 5.13
31/01/2022 11:21:48 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:21:58 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:22:08 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:22:18 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:22:28 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:22:38 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:22:48 19.29 5.13
31/01/2022 11:22:58 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:23:08 19.31 5.13
31/01/2022 11:23:18 19.32 5.13
31/01/2022 11:23:28 19.32 5.13
31/01/2022 11:23:38 19.3 5.14
31/01/2022 11:23:48 19.28 5.14
31/01/2022 11:23:58 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:24:08 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:24:18 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:24:28 19.27 5.13
31/01/2022 11:24:38 19.24 5.13
31/01/2022 11:24:48 19.27 5.13
31/01/2022 11:24:58 19.28 5.14
31/01/2022 11:25:08 19.28 5.13
31/01/2022 11:25:18 19.25 5.13
31/01/2022 11:25:28 19.24 5.13
31/01/2022 11:25:38 19.24 5.13
31/01/2022 11:25:48 19.27 5.13
mean 19.29 5.14
Appendix E – Datasheet of the expansion valve
Electronic Expansion Valve
Application
DPF Series electronic expansion valve is mainly composed of step
motor and valve needle with magnetic rotor, driven by coil which
receives pulse signals from controller.The transmission screw
converts the rotary motion of the rotor component into the axial
linear motion of the valve needle to regulate the flow areathe
of
valve port, adjustingthe refrigerantflow rate.
Features
1. Low noise and high control precision
2. Bi-directional flow;
3. Low power consumption and wide flow regulation range;
4. Superior self-lubricating thread transmission;
5. Application spectrum has extended into systems under potentially explosive conditions
6. Plastic packaging anti-corrosion coil
7.Advanced and highly reliable welding
8. Good actuating performance
9. Lightweight and compact construction
Approvals
Declarationaccordingto PED, LVD,IECEx and UL.
Technical Data
Applicable Refrigerant: R134a, R407C, R404A, R410A, R290 and
R32Relative Humidity:≤95%
Medium Temperature:-30°C~+70°C（energizedrate below 50%）
AmbientTemperature:-30°C~+60°C（energizedrate below 50%）
Max. Operating Pressure: 4.5 MPa
DPF series selection table
Air Flow [0.1MPa] Max.

Orifice Internal
250 500 Reverse OPD MOPD Operating
Model Code No. Style Φ Flow Type Leakage
Pulses Pulses Pressure
[mm] [L/min] [L/min] [mL/min] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
DPF(B)1.0-101 310011101700 A 9 1
DPF(B)1.0-103 310011100900 A 6 2
1.0 ≥ 12
DPF(B)1.0-105 310011100400 B 9 1
DPF(B)1.0-106 310011101000 B 6 2
DPF(B)1.3-101 310012003000 A 16 1
DPF(B)1.3-103 310012009600 A 8.5 2
1.3 ≥ 21
DPF(B)1.3-105 310012002900 B 16 1
DPF(B)1.3-106 310012005700 B 8.5 2
DPF(B)1.65-101 310001127600 A 25 1
DPF(B)1.65-103 310001129900 A 11 2
1.65 ≥ 34
DPF(B)1.65-105 310001116800 B 25 1
DPF(B)1.65-106 310001120100 B 11 2
DPF(B)1.8-101 310006114700 A 31 1
DPF(B)1.8-103 310006114800 A 13 2
1.8 ≥ 45 ≤ 600 ≥ 2.2 3.5
DPF(B)1.8-105 310006106400 B 31 1
DPF(B)1.8-106 310006108600 B 13 2
DPF(B)2.0-101 310007137200 A 40 1
DPF(B)2.0-103 310007137300 A 16 2
2.0 ≥ 50
DPF(B)2.0-105 310007132400 B 40 1
DPF(B)2.0-106 310007134100 B 16 2
DPF(B)2.2-101 310002001000 A 45 1
DPF(B)2.2-103 310002005100 A 19 2
2.2 ≥ 60
DPF(B)2.2-105 310002003600 B 45 1 4.5
DPF(B)2.2-106 310002001700 B 19 2
DPF(B)2.4-101 310003207500 A 55 1
DPF(B)2.4-103 310003207600 A 23 2
2.4 ≥ 74
DPF(B)2.4-105 310003201900 B 55 1
DPF(B)2.4-106 310003203500 B 23 2
DPF(B)2.8-101 310008002900 A 67 1
DPF(B)2.8-103 310008003000 A 29 2
2.8 ≥ 95
DPF(B)2.8-105 310008000800 B 67 1
DPF(B)2.8-106 310008003100 B 29 2
DPF(B)3.0-101 310004003600 A 79 1
DPF(B)3.0-103 310004003700 A 31 2
3.0 ≥ 105 ≤ 1000 ≥ 1.5 2.8
DPF(B)3.0-105 310004003800 B 79 1
DPF(B)3.0-106 310004003900 B 31 2
DPF(B)3.2-101 310009004300 A 91 1
DPF(B)3.2-103 310009004600 A 33 2
3.2 ≥ 115
DPF(B)3.2-105 310009000800 B 91 1
DPF(B)3.2-106 310009001800 B 33 2
DPF(B)3.5C-P001 310026000300 B 3.5 95 ≥ 113 1
DPF(B)4.0C-P001 310017004000 B 4.0 135 ≥ 213 1
DPF(B)4.5C-P001 310018001900 B 4.5 180 ≥ 268 1 ≤ 1500 ≥2.2 3.5
DPF(B)5.5C-P001 310020001500 B 5.5 245 ≥ 397 1
DPF(B)6.5C-P001 310022001200 B 6.5 260 ≥ 483 1
Appendix F – Measurement data for modeling the expansion valve (2022-01-
20)
Temp
Temp_in _out pressure before pressure after
Time PWM (%) (K) (°C) expansion (bar) expansion (bar)
15:02:48 39.8 313.95 -3.8 24.16 5.31
15:02:58 40 313.85 -3.8 24.17 5.4
15:03:08 39.8 313.85 -3.7 24.19 5.47
15:03:18 36.2 313.95 -3.5 24.24 5.48
15:03:28 32.4 314.05 -3.4 24.34 5.35
15:03:38 32.2 314.25 -3.4 24.4 5.22
15:03:48 33 314.35 -3.4 24.45 5.11
15:03:58 35.2 314.25 -3.5 24.44 5.09
15:04:08 36.8 314.25 -3.7 24.36 5.13
15:04:18 37.6 314.15 -3.7 24.26 5.19
15:04:28 39.2 314.05 -3.8 24.23 5.23
15:04:38 39.8 313.95 -3.8 24.2 5.31
15:04:48 39.8 313.95 -3.7 24.17 5.38
15:04:58 39.6 313.85 -3.6 24.16 5.45
15:05:08 37.6 313.85 -3.5 24.15 5.46
15:05:18 32.8 313.95 -3.4 24.19 5.35
15:05:28 31.8 314.05 -3.4 24.24 5.22
15:05:38 32.6 314.05 -3.4 24.32 5.1
15:05:48 34.8 314.05 -3.6 24.38 5.06
15:05:58 36.4 314.05 -3.7 24.35 5.1
15:06:08 37.8 314.05 -3.8 24.26 5.15
15:06:18 38.8 313.95 -3.8 24.18 5.2
15:06:28 39.6 313.95 -3.9 24.12 5.27
15:06:38 40 313.85 -3.8 24.09 5.35
15:06:48 39.8 313.75 -3.7 24.08 5.43
15:06:58 39.4 313.75 -3.6 24.11 5.49
15:07:08 33.8 313.85 -3.4 24.17 5.44
15:07:18 32 313.95 -3.4 24.26 5.28
15:07:28 32.2 314.05 -3.4 24.35 5.14
15:07:38 33.6 314.15 -3.5 24.39 5.07
15:07:48 35.8 314.15 -3.6 24.34 5.09
15:07:58 37.2 314.05 -3.7 24.25 5.13
15:08:08 38.2 313.95 -3.8 24.2 5.19
15:08:18 39 313.95 -3.8 24.18 5.25
15:08:28 39.8 313.85 -3.8 24.15 5.32
15:08:38 40 313.75 -3.7 24.12 5.39
15:08:48 39.6 313.75 -3.6 24.13 5.47
15:08:58 37.2 313.85 -3.5 24.14 5.49
15:09:08 32.4 313.95 -3.4 24.21 5.36
15:09:18 31.8 314.05 -3.3 24.31 5.21
15:09:28 32.8 314.15 -3.4 24.4 5.1
15:09:38 35.2 314.15 -3.5 24.42 5.08
15:09:48 37 314.15 -3.7 24.32 5.12
15:09:58 38 314.05 -3.8 24.21 5.17
15:10:08 39 313.95 -3.8 24.12 5.2
15:10:18 39.6 313.85 -3.8 24.08 5.28
15:10:28 39.8 313.75 -3.8 24.07 5.35
15:10:38 39.8 313.65 -3.7 24.08 5.43
15:10:48 39 313.75 -3.6 24.15 5.49
15:10:58 33.2 313.85 -3.5 24.23 5.41
15:11:08 31.6 314.05 -3.4 24.3 5.27
15:11:18 32.2 314.15 -3.4 24.36 5.14
15:11:28 34.2 314.15 -3.5 24.42 5.07
15:11:38 35.6 314.15 -3.7 24.38 5.09
15:11:48 37.2 314.05 -3.8 24.28 5.14
15:11:58 38.2 314.05 -3.8 24.21 5.19
15:12:08 39.4 313.95 -3.9 24.12 5.24
15:12:18 39.8 313.85 -3.9 24.07 5.32
15:12:28 40 313.75 -3.8 24.05 5.38
15:12:38 39.6 313.65 -3.7 24.07 5.45
15:12:48 37.8 313.75 -3.6 24.15 5.48
15:12:58 32.4 313.85 -3.5 24.24 5.39
15:13:08 31.8 314.05 -3.4 24.3 5.24
15:13:18 32.6 314.15 -3.4 24.35 5.12
15:13:28 34.8 314.15 -3.6 24.39 5.07
15:13:38 36.4 314.15 -3.7 24.36 5.1
15:13:48 37.6 314.05 -3.8 24.26 5.15
15:13:58 38.8 313.95 -3.9 24.18 5.19
15:14:08 39.6 313.85 -3.9 24.08 5.24
15:14:18 39.8 313.75 -3.9 24.04 5.33
15:14:28 39.8 313.65 -3.8 24.02 5.4
15:14:38 39.4 313.55 -3.7 24.06 5.48
15:14:48 35.2 313.75 -3.6 24.1 5.46
15:14:58 32 313.85 -3.4 24.22 5.33
15:15:08 31.6 314.05 -3.4 24.28 5.19
15:15:18 32.8 314.05 -3.5 24.34 5.08
15:15:28 35 314.05 -3.7 24.33 5.07
15:15:38 36.8 314.05 -3.8 24.25 5.11
15:15:48 38 313.95 -3.9 24.2 5.15
15:15:58 39 313.85 -3.9 24.18 5.19
15:16:08 39.6 313.85 -4 24.11 5.25
15:16:18 39.8 313.75 -3.9 24.07 5.33
15:16:28 39.8 313.65 -3.9 24.07 5.4
15:16:38 39.4 313.75 -3.7 24.12 5.48
15:16:48 35.2 313.85 -3.6 24.19 5.46
15:16:58 31.8 313.95 -3.5 24.26 5.32
15:17:08 31.6 314.05 -3.5 24.3 5.16
15:17:18 33.2 314.15 -3.6 24.35 5.08
15:17:28 35.4 314.05 -3.7 24.32 5.09
15:17:38 36.8 314.05 -3.9 24.22 5.12
15:17:48 38 313.95 -3.9 24.11 5.17
15:17:58 39.2 313.85 -4 24.05 5.2
15:18:08 39.6 313.75 -4 24.07 5.28
15:18:18 39.8 313.65 -3.9 24.11 5.36
15:18:28 39.8 313.65 -3.8 24.17 5.43
15:18:38 39.2 313.85 -3.7 24.24 5.49
15:18:48 34.2 313.95 -3.6 24.32 5.45
15:18:58 31.6 314.15 -3.5 24.36 5.29
15:19:08 31.6 314.25 -3.5 24.37 5.17
15:19:18 33.2 314.25 -3.5 24.38 5.07
269.4
Mean 36.57 313.95 9 (K) 24.22 5.26
Appendix G – Measurement data 1 for modeling condenser (2022-01-20)
T_cond T_cond_ref Press T_water T_water_o T_water_ volume flow

Time _ref_in _out ure _in ut 1 out2 rate_water
15:02:48 344.05 313.95 24.16 313.318 318.118 317.808 0.000125702
15:02:58 344.05 313.85 24.17 313.363 318.118 317.803 0.000125166
15:03:08 344.15 313.85 24.19 313.412 318.118 317.781 0.000124094
15:03:18 344.15 313.95 24.24 313.425 318.107 317.768 0.000125166
15:03:28 344.15 314.05 24.34 313.428 318.085 317.773 0.00012463
15:03:38 344.15 314.25 24.4 313.428 318.075 317.765 0.000125166
15:03:48 344.15 314.35 24.45 313.409 318.064 317.765 0.000124094
15:03:58 344.15 314.25 24.44 313.396 318.058 317.765 0.00012463
15:04:08 344.25 314.25 24.36 313.412 318.032 317.784 0.000125166
15:04:18 344.25 314.15 24.26 313.423 318.01 317.789 0.000125702
15:04:28 344.25 314.05 24.23 313.377 317.983 317.805 0.000125166
15:04:38 344.25 313.95 24.2 313.35 317.97 317.821 0.00012463
15:04:48 344.25 313.95 24.17 313.328 317.948 317.854 0.00012463
15:04:58 344.25 313.85 24.16 313.293 317.935 317.867 0.00012463
15:05:08 344.25 313.85 24.15 313.275 317.916 317.908 0.000125702
15:05:18 344.25 313.95 24.19 313.231 317.891 317.937 0.000125702
15:05:28 344.35 314.05 24.24 313.234 317.883 317.97 0.000125702
15:05:38 344.35 314.05 24.32 313.231 317.875 317.986 0.000125166
15:05:48 344.35 314.05 24.38 313.223 317.859 318.015 0.000125166
15:05:58 344.35 314.05 24.35 313.234 317.867 318.034 0.000125166
15:06:08 344.35 314.05 24.26 313.28 317.865 318.037 0.000124094
15:06:18 344.35 313.95 24.18 313.277 317.867 318.042 0.000124094
15:06:28 344.35 313.95 24.12 313.301 317.875 318.053 0.00012463
15:06:38 344.35 313.85 24.09 313.318 317.889 318.067 0.00012463
15:06:48 344.35 313.75 24.08 313.31 317.91 318.072 0.000125702
15:06:58 344.45 313.75 24.11 313.315 317.918 318.091 0.000126775
15:07:08 344.45 313.85 24.17 313.291 317.945 318.091 0.000125702
15:07:18 344.45 313.95 24.26 313.288 317.967 318.08 0.000125702
15:07:28 344.45 314.05 24.35 313.253 317.994 318.058 0.00012463
15:07:38 344.45 314.15 24.39 313.172 318.018 318.05 0.00012463
15:07:48 344.45 314.15 24.34 313.105 318.053 318.023 0.000125702
15:07:58 344.55 314.05 24.25 313.07 318.08 318.013 0.00012463
15:08:08 344.55 313.95 24.2 313.032 318.112 317.997 0.00012463
15:08:18 344.55 313.95 24.18 312.994 318.134 317.991 0.000125702
15:08:28 344.55 313.85 24.15 312.976 318.142 317.97 0.000125702
15:08:38 344.55 313.75 24.12 312.984 318.161 317.959 0.000125166
15:08:48 344.55 313.75 24.13 312.989 318.177 317.948 0.000125166
15:08:58 344.55 313.85 24.14 312.976 318.18 317.937 0.000124094
15:09:08 344.55 313.95 24.21 312.973 318.18 317.921 0.000124094
15:09:18 344.65 314.05 24.31 312.959 318.19 317.908 0.00012463
15:09:28 344.65 314.15 24.4 312.984 318.193 317.891 0.000125166
15:09:38 344.65 314.15 24.42 312.992 318.193 317.867 0.000125166
15:09:48 344.65 314.15 24.32 312.962 318.19 317.856 0.000125702
15:09:58 344.65 314.05 24.21 312.978 318.172 317.84 0.00012463
15:10:08 344.65 313.95 24.12 313.027 318.161 317.827 0.000125166
15:10:18 344.65 313.85 24.08 313.064 318.134 317.824 0.000125166
15:10:28 344.65 313.75 24.07 313.078 318.12 317.813 0.000125166
15:10:38 344.65 313.65 24.08 313.078 318.091 317.803 0.00012463
15:10:48 344.65 313.75 24.15 313.137 318.08 317.805 0.000124094
15:10:58 344.65 313.85 24.23 313.18 318.067 317.794 0.00012463
15:11:08 344.75 314.05 24.3 313.234 318.053 317.803 0.000125166
15:11:18 344.75 314.15 24.36 313.304 318.032 317.808 0.000125702
15:11:28 344.75 314.15 24.42 313.334 318.029 317.811 0.000125166
15:11:38 344.75 314.15 24.38 313.396 318.01 317.827 0.000125166
15:11:48 344.75 314.05 24.28 313.412 317.988 317.838 0.00012463
15:11:58 344.75 314.05 24.21 313.452 317.975 317.859 0.000124094
15:12:08 344.75 313.95 24.12 313.46 317.964 317.897 0.000125166
15:12:18 344.75 313.85 24.07 313.385 317.943 317.932 0.000125702
15:12:28 344.75 313.75 24.05 313.339 317.924 317.962 0.000125166
15:12:38 344.75 313.65 24.07 313.312 317.91 317.983 0.00012463
15:12:48 344.75 313.75 24.15 313.221 317.889 318.01 0.000124094
15:12:58 344.75 313.85 24.24 313.191 317.883 318.032 0.000125166
15:13:08 344.85 314.05 24.3 313.183 317.867 318.056 0.000125702
15:13:18 344.85 314.15 24.35 313.167 317.859 318.077 0.000125166
15:13:28 344.85 314.15 24.39 313.121 317.84 318.088 0.00012463
15:13:38 344.85 314.15 24.36 313.091 317.851 318.102 0.000125166
15:13:48 344.85 314.05 24.26 313.097 317.859 318.118 0.00012463
15:13:58 344.95 313.95 24.18 313.078 317.856 318.12 0.000125166
15:14:08 344.95 313.85 24.08 313.064 317.851 318.12 0.00012463
15:14:18 344.95 313.75 24.04 313.029 317.873 318.115 0.000124094
15:14:28 344.95 313.65 24.02 313.019 317.889 318.107 0.000125166
15:14:38 344.95 313.55 24.06 312.992 317.902 318.091 0.000125702
15:14:48 344.95 313.75 24.1 313.016 317.918 318.058 0.000125702
15:14:58 344.95 313.85 24.22 312.994 317.935 318.037 0.000125702
15:15:08 344.95 314.05 24.28 312.986 317.953 318.013 0.000125166
15:15:18 344.95 314.05 24.34 312.984 317.975 317.988 0.000124094
15:15:28 345.05 314.05 24.33 312.965 317.997 317.956 0.00012463
15:15:38 345.05 314.05 24.25 312.951 318.01 317.94 0.000125702
15:15:48 345.05 313.95 24.2 312.935 318.026 317.918 0.000125166
15:15:58 345.05 313.85 24.18 312.919 318.053 317.9 0.000125166
15:16:08 345.05 313.85 24.11 312.905 318.053 317.878 0.00012463
15:16:18 345.05 313.75 24.07 312.943 318.085 317.865 0.000125166
15:16:28 345.15 313.65 24.07 312.989 318.093 317.835 0.00012463
15:16:38 345.15 313.75 24.12 313.035 318.096 317.819 0.000125702
15:16:48 345.15 313.85 24.19 313.07 318.104 317.8 0.000125702
15:16:58 345.15 313.95 24.26 313.089 318.099 317.781 0.000125166
15:17:08 345.15 314.05 24.3 313.124 318.091 317.765 0.00012463
15:17:18 345.15 314.15 24.35 313.196 318.067 317.759 0.00012463
15:17:28 345.15 314.05 24.32 313.258 318.058 317.751 0.000124094
15:17:38 345.15 314.05 24.22 313.323 318.032 317.757 0.00012463
15:17:48 345.15 313.95 24.11 313.363 318.005 317.765 0.000125166
15:17:58 345.15 313.85 24.05 313.342 317.986 317.773 0.000125166
15:18:08 345.25 313.75 24.07 313.304 317.962 317.786 0.000125166
15:18:18 345.25 313.65 24.11 313.272 317.94 317.805 0.000125166
15:18:28 345.25 313.65 24.17 313.264 317.921 317.827 0.00012463
15:18:38 345.25 313.85 24.24 313.261 317.897 317.848 0.00012463
15:18:48 345.25 313.95 24.32 313.226 317.881 317.865 0.00012463
15:18:58 345.25 314.15 24.36 313.199 317.862 317.894 0.000125166
15:19:08 345.25 314.25 24.37 313.183 317.83 317.921 0.000125702
15:19:18 345.25 314.25 24.38 313.145 317.816 317.951 0.000125702
Mean 344.7 313.95 24.22 313.18 318.00 317.92 0.00012502
Appendix H – Measurement data 2 for modeling condenser (2022-01-31)
T_cond T_cond_ref Press T_water T_water_ T_water_ Volume flow rate

Time _ref_in _out ure _in out1 out2 water
11:09:18 67.5 31.2 19.28 302.941 307.636 308.315 0.00034178
11:09:28 67.5 31 19.23 302.893 307.61 308.321 0.00034178
11:09:38 67.4 30.9 19.2 302.937 307.589 308.316 0.000341244
11:09:48 67.4 30.8 19.18 302.936 307.565 308.303 0.000341244
11:09:58 67.4 30.7 19.2 302.948 307.532 308.287 0.000341244
11:10:08 67.4 30.7 19.2 302.959 307.486 308.281 0.000340708
11:10:18 67.3 30.7 19.21 302.974 307.447 308.284 0.000340708
11:10:28 67.3 30.7 19.24 302.977 307.413 308.288 0.00034178
11:10:38 67.3 30.9 19.27 302.974 307.404 308.269 0.000342853
11:10:48 67.3 30.9 19.31 302.964 307.404 308.248 0.000341244
11:10:58 67.2 31 19.28 302.972 307.41 308.212 0.000342317
11:11:08 67.2 31 19.28 302.982 307.421 308.222 0.000340172
11:11:18 67.2 31.1 19.31 303.01 307.429 308.246 0.000340708
11:11:28 67.2 31.2 19.32 303.031 307.437 308.281 0.000341244
11:11:38 67.2 31.4 19.35 303.093 307.449 308.296 0.00034178
11:11:48 67.1 31.5 19.37 303.103 307.463 308.294 0.000342317
11:11:58 67.1 31.5 19.34 303.106 307.482 308.272 0.000342317
11:12:08 67.1 31.5 19.36 303.133 307.504 308.252 0.000341244
11:12:18 67.1 31.5 19.4 303.139 307.533 308.226 0.000341244
11:12:28 67.1 31.5 19.37 303.173 307.572 308.209 0.000341244
11:12:38 67 31.4 19.32 303.2 307.591 308.205 0.000340708
11:12:48 67 31.3 19.32 303.229 307.593 308.209 0.00034178
11:12:58 67 31.2 19.32 303.212 307.582 308.218 0.00034178
11:13:08 67 31.3 19.31 303.192 307.57 308.231 0.000342317
11:13:18 67 31.3 19.31 303.209 307.567 308.234 0.000342317
11:13:28 66.9 31.4 19.28 303.204 307.571 308.233 0.00034178
11:13:38 66.9 31.4 19.28 303.188 307.585 308.224 0.000342317
11:13:48 66.9 31.4 19.28 303.161 307.609 308.203 0.000342853
11:13:58 66.9 31.3 19.28 303.142 307.63 308.183 0.000342853
11:14:08 66.9 31.3 19.31 303.148 307.65 308.173 0.00034178
11:14:18 66.8 31.3 19.31 303.161 307.676 308.171 0.000341244
11:14:28 66.8 31.3 19.31 303.222 307.705 308.167 0.000341244
11:14:38 66.8 31.3 19.29 303.207 307.716 308.165 0.000340708
11:14:48 66.8 31.3 19.31 303.25 307.713 308.174 0.000341244
11:14:58 66.8 31.3 19.29 303.244 307.704 308.185 0.000341244
11:15:08 66.8 31.4 19.28 303.249 307.704 308.191 0.000341244
11:15:18 66.7 31.4 19.27 303.224 307.724 308.187 0.000342317
11:15:28 66.7 31.4 19.28 303.208 307.763 308.184 0.000342853
11:15:38 66.7 31.4 19.28 303.205 307.787 308.184 0.00034178
11:15:48 66.7 31.4 19.29 303.216 307.794 308.186 0.000341244
11:15:58 66.7 31.4 19.28 303.218 307.771 308.187 0.000340708
11:16:08 66.7 31.4 19.31 303.232 307.743 308.185 0.000340708
11:16:18 66.7 31.4 19.32 303.209 307.71 308.18 0.000341244
11:16:28 66.7 31.4 19.32 303.195 307.673 308.181 0.00034178
11:16:38 66.7 31.4 19.32 303.179 307.646 308.184 0.000342853
11:16:48 66.7 31.4 19.32 303.168 307.634 308.193 0.000341244
11:16:58 66.6 31.3 19.31 303.148 307.628 308.199 0.00034178
11:17:08 66.7 31.3 19.28 303.099 307.629 308.205 0.000340708
11:17:18 66.6 31.3 19.28 303.042 307.616 308.202 0.000342317
11:17:28 66.6 31.3 19.27 303.057 307.611 308.202 0.000341244
11:17:38 66.6 31.3 19.28 303.052 307.601 308.201 0.000342317
11:17:48 66.6 31.3 19.28 303.032 307.593 308.202 0.000342317
11:17:58 66.6 31.3 19.28 303.055 307.58 308.198 0.000342317
11:18:08 66.6 31.3 19.28 303.09 307.565 308.2 0.000341244
11:18:18 66.6 31.3 19.28 303.127 307.553 308.201 0.00034178
11:18:28 66.6 31.4 19.3 303.155 307.55 308.198 0.00034178
11:18:38 66.7 31.4 19.28 303.149 307.554 308.201 0.000342317
11:18:48 66.7 31.4 19.28 303.156 307.561 308.205 0.00034178
11:18:58 66.6 31.4 19.3 303.14 307.57 308.209 0.000341244
11:19:08 66.7 31.4 19.31 303.11 307.589 308.206 0.000341244
11:19:18 66.7 31.4 19.31 303.124 307.613 308.197 0.000342317
11:19:28 66.7 31.4 19.3 303.126 307.626 308.19 0.000341244
11:19:38 66.7 31.4 19.27 303.183 307.629 308.191 0.00034178
11:19:48 66.7 31.4 19.28 303.211 307.628 308.187 0.000342317
11:19:58 66.7 31.3 19.28 303.206 307.622 308.188 0.000342317
11:20:08 66.7 31.4 19.31 303.22 307.609 308.18 0.00034178
11:20:18 66.7 31.4 19.28 303.225 307.596 308.172 0.00034178
11:20:28 66.7 31.4 19.28 303.172 307.6 308.167 0.000340172
11:20:38 66.7 31.4 19.27 303.143 307.619 308.159 0.000341244
11:20:48 66.7 31.3 19.29 303.162 307.627 308.154 0.000341244
11:20:58 66.7 31.4 19.31 303.115 307.622 308.151 0.000342317
11:21:08 66.7 31.4 19.32 303.145 307.613 308.141 0.000342853
11:21:18 66.7 31.4 19.29 303.119 307.601 308.14 0.00034178
11:21:28 66.8 31.4 19.28 303.093 307.577 308.137 0.000342317
11:21:38 66.8 31.4 19.29 303.106 307.564 308.132 0.000341244
11:21:48 66.8 31.4 19.28 303.109 307.558 308.127 0.000341244
11:21:58 66.8 31.4 19.28 303.089 307.564 308.123 0.000340708
11:22:08 66.8 31.4 19.28 303.103 307.569 308.126 0.000340708
11:22:18 66.8 31.4 19.28 303.148 307.572 308.119 0.000342317
11:22:28 66.8 31.4 19.28 303.179 307.569 308.123 0.000342317
11:22:38 66.8 31.4 19.28 303.188 307.58 308.132 0.00034178
11:22:48 66.8 31.4 19.29 303.181 307.587 308.133 0.00034178
11:22:58 66.9 31.4 19.28 303.2 307.589 308.123 0.00034178
11:23:08 66.9 31.4 19.31 303.193 307.608 308.108 0.000342317
11:23:18 66.9 31.4 19.32 303.198 307.633 308.09 0.000341244
11:23:28 66.9 31.4 19.32 303.198 307.647 308.082 0.00034178
11:23:38 66.9 31.4 19.3 303.175 307.657 308.078 0.000340708
11:23:48 66.9 31.4 19.28 303.142 307.664 308.077 0.000341244
11:23:58 66.9 31.4 19.28 303.184 307.668 308.073 0.00034178
11:24:08 67 31.4 19.28 303.19 307.671 308.067 0.000342317
11:24:18 67 31.4 19.28 303.191 307.664 308.043 0.00034178
11:24:28 67 31.4 19.27 303.172 307.652 308.023 0.00034178
11:24:38 67 31.3 19.24 303.148 307.635 307.996 0.000341244
11:24:48 67 31.3 19.27 303.146 307.621 307.968 0.00034178
11:24:58 67 31.3 19.28 303.122 307.614 307.93 0.00034178
11:25:08 67 31.3 19.28 303.121 307.607 307.879 0.00034178
11:25:18 67 31.3 19.25 303.133 307.592 307.811 0.000340708
11:25:28 67 31.3 19.24 303.12 307.58 307.747 0.00034178
11:25:38 67.1 31.3 19.24 303.129 307.566 307.704 0.000341244
11:25:48 67.1 31.3 19.27 303.12 307.561 307.665 0.000342317
Mean 340.04 304.46 19.29 303.13 307.60 308.16 0.000341646
Appendix I – Measurement data 1 for validating evaporator (2022-01-20)
T_ref_ T_ref_o Pressu T_in_wat T_out_brin T_out_brin volume flow rate

Time in ut re er e1 e2 water
15:02:48 269.35 275.95 5.31 278.22 275.04 275.04 0.00016592
15:02:58 269.35 275.25 5.4 278.23 275.05 275.09 0.00016752
15:03:08 269.45 272.25 5.47 278.23 275.04 275.11 0.00016699
15:03:18 269.65 270.65 5.48 278.23 275.01 275.11 0.00016752
15:03:28 269.75 270.25 5.35 278.24 275.01 275.12 0.00016645
15:03:38 269.75 270.85 5.22 278.22 274.99 275.09 0.00016592
15:03:48 269.75 271.95 5.11 278.20 274.97 275.02 0.00016645
15:03:58 269.65 273.05 5.09 278.20 274.96 274.95 0.00016645
15:04:08 269.45 274.05 5.13 278.21 274.95 274.92 0.00016645
15:04:18 269.45 274.85 5.19 278.19 274.97 274.84 0.00016645
15:04:28 269.35 275.45 5.23 278.19 274.97 274.81 0.00016752
15:04:38 269.35 275.95 5.31 278.18 274.98 274.78 0.00016699
15:04:48 269.45 275.75 5.38 278.22 274.99 274.76 0.00016752
15:04:58 269.55 272.75 5.45 278.20 275.03 274.76 0.00016699
15:05:08 269.65 270.85 5.46 278.19 275.03 274.77 0.00016645
15:05:18 269.75 270.25 5.35 278.19 275.04 274.78 0.00016538
15:05:28 269.75 270.65 5.22 278.19 275.06 274.79 0.00016699
15:05:38 269.75 271.75 5.1 278.21 275.08 274.80 0.00016752
15:05:48 269.55 272.85 5.06 278.19 275.09 274.84 0.00016645
15:05:58 269.45 273.95 5.1 278.18 275.09 274.85 0.00016592
15:06:08 269.35 274.75 5.15 278.21 275.06 274.89 0.00016645
15:06:18 269.35 275.45 5.2 278.24 275.04 274.93 0.00016699
15:06:28 269.25 275.85 5.27 278.24 275.00 274.96 0.00016699
15:06:38 269.35 276.15 5.35 278.21 274.92 275.00 0.00016699
15:06:48 269.45 274.35 5.43 278.21 274.87 275.02 0.00016592
15:06:58 269.55 271.55 5.49 278.19 274.83 275.02 0.00016592
15:07:08 269.75 270.45 5.44 278.12 274.80 275.07 0.00016699
15:07:18 269.75 270.45 5.28 278.06 274.81 275.06 0.00016645
15:07:28 269.75 271.35 5.14 278.03 274.79 275.05 0.00016645
15:07:38 269.65 272.55 5.07 277.98 274.78 275.02 0.00016699
15:07:48 269.55 273.55 5.09 277.97 274.79 275.01 0.00016699
15:07:58 269.45 274.55 5.13 277.96 274.83 275.02 0.00016699
15:08:08 269.35 275.25 5.19 277.98 274.84 275.00 0.00016645
15:08:18 269.35 275.85 5.25 278.00 274.84 274.99 0.00016645
15:08:28 269.35 276.15 5.32 278.03 274.87 274.99 0.00016699
15:08:38 269.45 275.35 5.39 278.06 274.89 274.94 0.00016592
15:08:48 269.55 272.35 5.47 278.09 274.90 274.96 0.00016592
15:08:58 269.65 270.75 5.49 278.13 274.89 274.97 0.00016592
15:09:08 269.75 270.25 5.36 278.12 274.94 274.98 0.00016752
15:09:18 269.85 270.85 5.21 278.15 274.97 274.98 0.00016699
15:09:28 269.75 272.05 5.1 278.13 274.98 274.98 0.00016645
15:09:38 269.65 273.15 5.08 278.14 275.03 275.03 0.00016645
15:09:48 269.45 274.15 5.12 278.17 275.04 275.05 0.00016699
15:09:58 269.35 274.95 5.17 278.21 275.03 275.07 0.00016699
15:10:08 269.35 275.55 5.2 278.21 275.05 275.07 0.00016592
15:10:18 269.35 276.05 5.28 278.22 275.03 275.10 0.00016752
15:10:28 269.35 276.15 5.35 278.23 275.02 275.11 0.00016699
15:10:38 269.45 273.35 5.43 278.27 274.98 275.10 0.00016699
15:10:48 269.55 271.25 5.49 278.25 274.98 275.08 0.00016699
15:10:58 269.65 270.35 5.41 278.22 274.98 275.04 0.00016592
15:11:08 269.75 270.45 5.27 278.20 274.94 274.97 0.00016645
15:11:18 269.75 271.45 5.14 278.18 274.96 274.92 0.00016645
15:11:28 269.65 272.55 5.07 278.18 274.98 274.89 0.00016752
15:11:38 269.45 273.65 5.09 278.17 274.98 274.83 0.00016699
15:11:48 269.35 274.55 5.14 278.18 275.02 274.79 0.00016645
15:11:58 269.35 275.25 5.19 278.17 275.02 274.79 0.00016592
15:12:08 269.25 275.85 5.24 278.19 275.06 274.79 0.00016645
15:12:18 269.25 276.15 5.32 278.19 275.05 274.77 0.00016645
15:12:28 269.35 275.45 5.38 278.19 275.05 274.77 0.00016699
15:12:38 269.45 272.45 5.45 278.18 275.05 274.80 0.00016699
15:12:48 269.55 270.85 5.48 278.20 275.07 274.80 0.00016645
15:12:58 269.65 270.25 5.39 278.20 275.10 274.86 0.00016752
15:13:08 269.75 270.65 5.24 278.21 275.07 274.87 0.00016699
15:13:18 269.75 271.75 5.12 278.22 275.02 274.91 0.00016592
15:13:28 269.55 272.85 5.07 278.22 274.96 274.95 0.00016699
15:13:38 269.45 273.85 5.1 278.21 274.92 274.95 0.00016645
15:13:48 269.35 274.75 5.15 278.20 274.85 275.01 0.00016699
15:13:58 269.25 275.35 5.19 278.15 274.84 275.04 0.00016592
15:14:08 269.25 275.85 5.24 278.11 274.80 275.06 0.00016592
15:14:18 269.25 276.15 5.33 278.08 274.76 275.07 0.00016645
15:14:28 269.35 275.35 5.4 278.04 274.77 275.08 0.00016699
15:14:38 269.45 272.25 5.48 277.99 274.78 275.07 0.00016699
15:14:48 269.55 270.65 5.46 277.96 274.77 275.05 0.00016752
15:14:58 269.75 270.35 5.33 277.95 274.78 275.01 0.00016699
15:15:08 269.75 271.05 5.19 277.96 274.80 275.00 0.00016699
15:15:18 269.65 272.15 5.08 277.96 274.83 274.96 0.00016645
15:15:28 269.45 273.25 5.07 278.03 274.85 274.96 0.00016645
15:15:38 269.35 274.15 5.11 278.03 274.87 274.96 0.00016592
15:15:48 269.25 274.95 5.15 278.07 274.92 274.96 0.00016645
15:15:58 269.25 275.55 5.19 278.11 274.97 274.95 0.00016699
15:16:08 269.15 276.05 5.25 278.15 274.99 274.99 0.00016752
15:16:18 269.25 276.25 5.33 278.17 274.99 274.98 0.00016699
15:16:28 269.25 274.75 5.4 278.17 275.00 275.01 0.00016645
15:16:38 269.45 271.95 5.48 278.21 275.02 275.01 0.00016592
15:16:48 269.55 270.55 5.46 278.23 275.04 275.02 0.00016645
15:16:58 269.65 270.45 5.32 278.27 275.06 275.05 0.00016592
15:17:08 269.65 271.15 5.16 278.27 275.05 275.05 0.00016645
15:17:18 269.55 272.25 5.08 278.27 275.04 275.08 0.00016699
15:17:28 269.45 273.35 5.09 278.29 275.01 275.09 0.00016699
15:17:38 269.25 274.25 5.12 278.26 275.00 275.11 0.00016645
15:17:48 269.25 275.05 5.17 278.24 274.97 275.08 0.00016645
15:17:58 269.15 275.65 5.2 278.23 274.96 275.08 0.00016645
15:18:08 269.15 276.05 5.28 278.22 274.97 275.02 0.00016645
15:18:18 269.25 276.25 5.36 278.18 274.94 274.92 0.00016699
15:18:28 269.35 274.05 5.43 278.16 274.95 274.88 0.00016699
15:18:38 269.45 271.55 5.49 278.13 274.96 274.82 0.00016806
15:18:48 269.55 270.45 5.45 278.13 274.97 274.78 0.00016699
15:18:58 269.65 270.35 5.29 278.09 275.02 274.79 0.00016645
15:19:08 269.65 271.25 5.17 278.12 275.04 274.77 0.00016592
15:19:18 269.65 272.35 5.07 278.16 275.06 274.76 0.00016592
269.49
Mean 1 273.279 5.2642 278.16 274.96 274.96 0.00016666
Appendix J – Measurement data 2 for validating evaporator (2022-01-31)
Pressu T_ref_ T_ref_o T_in_wat T_out_brin T_out_brin volume flow rate

Time re in ut er e1 e2 water
11:09:18 5.06 270.75 267.65 276.88 272.79 274.22 0.00033856
11:09:28 5.03 270.45 267.45 277.07 272.80 274.20 0.00033856
11:09:38 5.03 270.25 267.35 277.23 272.84 274.24 0.00033964
11:09:48 5.03 269.95 267.35 277.40 272.88 274.24 0.00034017
11:09:58 5.07 269.85 267.35 277.56 272.99 274.22 0.00034017
11:10:08 5.1 269.75 267.45 277.66 273.09 274.23 0.00034017
11:10:18 5.13 269.65 267.55 277.81 273.20 274.23 0.00034017
11:10:28 5.16 269.55 267.75 277.95 273.38 274.23 0.00034124
11:10:38 5.19 269.55 267.85 278.07 273.50 274.26 0.00034124
11:10:48 5.17 269.55 268.05 278.15 273.65 274.21 0.00034071
11:10:58 5.13 269.55 267.95 278.23 273.77 274.23 0.00034178
11:11:08 5.12 269.45 267.95 278.31 273.93 274.23 0.00034232
11:11:18 5.16 269.45 268.05 278.41 274.05 274.20 0.00034339
11:11:28 5.22 269.45 268.05 278.46 274.15 274.24 0.00034393
11:11:38 5.27 269.45 268.15 278.52 274.23 274.22 0.00034285
11:11:48 5.28 269.55 268.35 278.55 274.26 274.24 0.00034393
11:11:58 5.25 269.55 268.35 278.56 274.30 274.21 0.00034393
11:12:08 5.25 269.55 268.25 278.50 274.22 274.18 0.00034339
11:12:18 5.23 269.55 268.25 278.43 274.29 274.18 0.00034393
11:12:28 5.16 269.55 268.25 278.42 274.35 274.17 0.00034339
11:12:38 5.11 269.55 267.95 278.43 274.43 274.15 0.00034393
11:12:48 5.1 269.45 267.75 278.46 274.48 274.14 0.00034446
11:12:58 5.12 269.45 267.75 278.44 274.51 274.15 0.00034285
11:13:08 5.12 269.35 267.65 278.47 274.52 274.20 0.00034393
11:13:18 5.13 269.35 267.75 278.43 274.62 274.20 0.00034339
11:13:28 5.16 269.35 267.75 278.49 274.63 274.20 0.00034393
11:13:38 5.18 269.35 267.75 278.44 274.59 274.19 0.00034393
11:13:48 5.19 269.35 267.85 278.39 274.54 274.21 0.00034339
11:13:58 5.19 269.35 267.95 278.37 274.52 274.21 0.00034339
11:14:08 5.17 269.35 267.95 278.27 274.50 274.21 0.00034393
11:14:18 5.16 269.35 267.95 278.26 274.47 274.23 0.00034339
11:14:28 5.16 269.35 267.85 278.25 274.45 274.21 0.00034285
11:14:38 5.13 269.35 267.85 278.16 274.44 274.23 0.00034285
11:14:48 5.13 269.35 267.85 278.15 274.42 274.24 0.00034285
11:14:58 5.1 269.25 267.85 278.15 274.37 274.22 0.00034285
11:15:08 5.1 269.25 267.75 278.12 274.36 274.21 0.00034232
11:15:18 5.13 269.25 267.65 278.12 274.27 274.23 0.00034232
11:15:28 5.15 269.25 267.75 278.02 274.08 274.21 0.00034232
11:15:38 5.16 269.25 267.75 277.91 274.06 274.21 0.00034285
11:15:48 5.19 269.25 267.85 277.91 274.07 274.22 0.00034232
11:15:58 5.2 269.25 267.95 277.92 274.06 274.22 0.00034339
11:16:08 5.19 269.25 268.05 277.95 274.14 274.21 0.00034285
11:16:18 5.17 269.25 267.95 278.04 274.13 274.19 0.00034232
11:16:28 5.16 269.25 267.95 278.04 274.13 274.19 0.00034232
11:16:38 5.14 269.25 267.85 278.06 274.11 274.18 0.00034178
11:16:48 5.13 269.25 267.85 278.06 274.07 274.18 0.00034232
11:16:58 5.1 269.25 267.75 278.04 274.13 274.20 0.00034285
11:17:08 5.1 269.25 267.75 278.12 274.20 274.17 0.00034285
11:17:18 5.11 269.15 267.65 278.13 274.23 274.14 0.00034071
11:17:28 5.13 269.15 267.65 278.15 274.18 274.17 0.00034178
11:17:38 5.14 269.15 267.75 278.17 274.17 274.16 0.00034124
11:17:48 5.14 269.15 267.75 278.15 274.15 274.13 0.00034232
11:17:58 5.15 269.15 267.75 278.12 274.19 274.19 0.00034178
11:18:08 5.14 269.15 267.75 278.14 274.18 274.17 0.00034178
11:18:18 5.14 269.15 267.75 278.13 274.20 274.17 0.00034178
11:18:28 5.15 269.15 267.75 278.12 274.15 274.17 0.00034285
11:18:38 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.10 274.12 274.19 0.00034178
11:18:48 5.12 269.15 267.75 278.11 274.12 274.18 0.00034393
11:18:58 5.13 269.15 267.65 278.12 274.14 274.20 0.00034285
11:19:08 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.12 274.12 274.18 0.00034232
11:19:18 5.11 269.15 267.75 278.12 274.11 274.20 0.00034285
11:19:28 5.1 269.15 267.75 278.11 274.14 274.18 0.00034232
11:19:38 5.1 269.15 267.65 278.11 274.10 274.21 0.00034285
11:19:48 5.11 269.15 267.65 278.12 274.11 274.23 0.00034232
11:19:58 5.13 269.15 267.65 278.11 274.13 274.22 0.00034285
11:20:08 5.13 269.15 267.65 278.10 274.11 274.20 0.00034339
11:20:18 5.14 269.15 267.75 278.13 274.14 274.20 0.00034339
11:20:28 5.14 269.15 267.75 278.12 274.11 274.22 0.00034285
11:20:38 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.13 274.12 274.21 0.00034178
11:20:48 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.16 274.15 274.20 0.00034393
11:20:58 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.16 274.21 274.20 0.00034339
11:21:08 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.20 274.23 274.20 0.00034339
11:21:18 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.21 274.27 274.19 0.00034339
11:21:28 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.22 274.29 274.19 0.00034285
11:21:38 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.25 274.28 274.20 0.00034339
11:21:48 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.26 274.29 274.18 0.00034339
11:21:58 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.24 274.30 274.19 0.00034285
11:22:08 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.22 274.28 274.18 0.00034285
11:22:18 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.22 274.31 274.15 0.00034285
11:22:28 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.20 274.28 274.17 0.00034339
11:22:38 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.15 274.20 274.17 0.00034339
11:22:48 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.12 274.18 274.17 0.00034285
11:22:58 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.11 274.18 274.20 0.00034339
11:23:08 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.12 274.19 274.18 0.00034232
11:23:18 5.13 269.15 267.75 278.10 274.22 274.16 0.00034178
11:23:28 5.13 269.25 267.75 278.10 274.18 274.20 0.00034285
11:23:38 5.14 269.25 267.75 278.09 274.15 274.19 0.00034339
11:23:48 5.14 269.25 267.85 278.10 274.13 274.19 0.00034285
11:23:58 5.13 269.25 267.85 278.07 274.12 274.18 0.00034178
11:24:08 5.13 269.25 267.85 278.10 274.14 274.17 0.00034285
11:24:18 5.13 269.25 267.75 278.10 274.10 274.19 0.00034178
11:24:28 5.13 269.25 267.75 278.09 274.10 274.20 0.00034178
11:24:38 5.13 269.25 267.75 278.07 274.10 274.19 0.00034232
11:24:48 5.13 269.25 267.75 278.08 274.11 274.22 0.00034232
11:24:58 5.14 269.25 267.75 278.12 274.16 274.22 0.00034339
11:25:08 5.13 269.25 267.75 278.17 274.17 274.23 0.00034232
11:25:18 5.13 269.25 267.85 278.14 274.14 274.22 0.00034178
11:25:28 5.13 269.25 267.75 278.14 274.18 274.23 0.00034232
11:25:38 5.13 269.25 267.75 278.17 274.19 274.24 0.00034232
11:25:48 5.13 269.25 267.75 278.19 274.20 274.23 0.00034178
269.32
Mean 5.1387 5 267.794 278.13 274.11 274.20 0.00034253
Appendix K – Measurement data 3 for validating condenser (20220201)
Time Pressure (bar) T_ref_in (K) T_ref_out (K) T_water_in (K) T_water_out (K)
13:05:38 24.27 357.65 314.75 313.052 318.032
13:05:48 24.29 357.65 314.75 313.47 318.016
13:05:58 24.3 357.65 314.65 313.281 318.006
13:06:08 24.37 357.65 314.75 313.192 318.048
13:06:18 24.34 357.65 314.75 313.116 318.08
13:06:28 24.3 357.65 314.75 313.092 318.094
13:06:38 24.24 357.75 314.75 312.998 318.092
13:06:48 24.22 357.75 314.65 312.937 318.098
13:06:58 24.23 357.75 314.65 312.966 318.135
13:07:08 24.27 357.75 314.65 312.927 318.178
13:07:18 24.3 357.75 314.65 312.905 318.194
13:07:28 24.3 357.75 314.75 313.026 318.171
13:07:38 24.28 357.75 314.75 313.047 318.16
13:07:48 24.27 357.75 314.75 313.152 318.133
13:07:58 24.29 357.85 314.65 313.153 318.103
13:08:08 24.31 357.85 314.75 313.129 318.078
13:08:18 24.27 357.85 314.75 313.151 318.056
13:08:28 24.23 357.85 314.65 313.098 318.028
13:08:38 24.23 357.85 314.65 313.12 318.027
13:08:48 24.21 357.85 314.65 313.123 318.032
13:08:58 24.24 357.85 314.65 313.097 318.045
13:09:08 24.24 357.85 314.65 313.117 318.068
13:09:18 24.21 357.85 314.65 313.087 318.088
13:09:28 24.19 357.85 314.65 313.097 318.103
13:09:38 24.23 357.85 314.55 313.14 318.11
13:09:48 24.27 357.95 314.65 313.194 318.108
13:09:58 24.24 357.95 314.65 313.106 318.101
13:10:08 24.22 357.95 314.65 313.012 318.099
13:10:18 24.23 357.95 314.65 312.992 318.087
13:10:28 24.23 357.95 314.65 313.075 318.094
13:10:38 24.24 357.95 314.65 312.984 318.099
13:10:48 24.3 357.95 314.65 312.937 318.099
13:10:58 24.31 357.95 314.75 312.972 318.105
13:11:08 24.29 357.95 314.75 312.998 318.117
13:11:18 24.27 357.95 314.75 313.022 318.11
13:11:28 24.19 357.95 314.65 313.086 318.084
13:11:38 24.15 357.95 314.65 313.147 318.057
13:11:48 24.23 357.95 314.55 313.042 318.039
13:11:58 24.27 357.95 314.55 313.006 318.017
13:12:08 24.31 357.95 314.65 313.017 318
13:12:18 24.33 357.95 314.75 312.895 317.997
13:12:28 24.27 357.95 314.75 312.922 317.987
13:12:38 24.26 358.05 314.75 312.995 317.987
13:12:48 24.27 357.95 314.65 313.112 318.011
13:12:58 24.25 358.05 314.65 313.11 318.031
13:13:08 24.26 358.05 314.65 313.092 318.027
13:13:18 24.35 358.05 314.65 313.13 318.01
13:13:28 24.29 358.05 314.75 313.099 317.98
13:13:38 24.27 358.05 314.75 313.012 317.955
13:13:48 24.27 358.05 314.75 312.988 317.947
13:13:58 24.23 358.05 314.65 312.977 317.951
13:14:08 24.23 358.05 314.65 313.027 317.984
13:14:18 24.27 358.05 314.65 313.078 318.005
13:14:28 24.34 358.05 314.65 313.073 318.023
13:14:38 24.31 358.05 314.75 313.064 318.03
13:14:48 24.27 358.05 314.75 313.085 318.016
13:14:58 24.28 358.15 314.75 313.186 318.004
13:15:08 24.28 358.05 314.75 313.202 317.989
13:15:18 24.31 358.05 314.75 313.291 317.987
13:15:28 24.34 358.15 314.75 313.271 317.987
13:15:38 24.35 358.05 314.75 313.209 317.977
13:15:48 24.3 358.15 314.75 313.104 317.968
13:15:58 24.27 358.15 314.75 313.135 317.974
13:16:08 24.3 358.15 314.75 313.094 318.002
13:16:18 24.25 358.15 314.65 313.098 318.044
13:16:28 24.21 358.15 314.65 312.927 318.064
13:16:38 24.3 358.15 314.75 312.895 318.074
13:16:48 24.35 358.15 314.75 312.909 318.08
13:16:58 24.32 358.15 314.75 312.925 318.083
13:17:08 24.31 358.15 314.75 313.083 318.093
13:17:18 24.27 358.15 314.75 313.178 318.09
13:17:28 24.2 358.15 314.75 313.125 318.061
13:17:38 24.23 358.25 314.65 313.227 318.009
13:17:48 24.29 358.25 314.65 313.275 317.957
13:17:58 24.31 358.25 314.65 313.268 317.92
13:18:08 24.34 358.25 314.75 313.215 317.912
13:18:18 24.39 358.25 314.75 313.179 317.939
13:18:28 24.33 358.25 314.85 313.044 317.968
13:18:38 24.29 358.25 314.85 313.079 317.99
13:18:48 24.31 358.25 314.75 313.055 318.009
13:18:58 24.31 358.25 314.75 313.073 318.041
13:19:08 24.35 358.35 314.75 313.068 318.089
13:19:18 24.35 358.35 314.75 313.164 318.126
13:19:28 24.32 358.35 314.75 313.117 318.13
13:19:38 24.28 358.35 314.75 313.105 318.105
13:19:48 24.31 358.35 314.75 313.053 318.066
13:19:58 24.28 358.35 314.75 313.223 318.047
13:20:08 24.27 358.35 314.75 313.339 318.039
13:20:18 24.27 358.35 314.75 313.375 318.056
13:20:28 24.26 358.35 314.75 313.259 318.071
13:20:38 24.25 358.45 314.75 313.074 318.055
13:20:48 24.27 358.45 314.75 313.043 318.026
13:20:58 24.28 358.45 314.75 313.094 318.013
13:21:08 24.25 358.45 314.75 313.164 318.036
13:21:18 24.27 358.45 314.75 313.199 318.088
13:21:28 24.27 358.45 314.75 313.159 318.141
13:21:38 24.27 358.55 314.65 313.107 318.148
13:21:48 24.26 358.55 314.65 313.035 318.11
13:21:58 24.3 358.55 314.65 313.073 318.064
13:22:08 24.28 358.55 314.65 313.133 318.052
Average 24.2768 358.064 314.706 313.09553 318.05016
Appendix L – Measurement data 3 for validating evaporator (20220201)
Time Pressure T_ref_in T_ref_out T_brine_in T_brine_out

13:05:38 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.178 270.166
13:05:48 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.152 270.127
13:05:58 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.155 270.118
13:06:08 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.17 270.129
13:06:18 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.155 270.113
13:06:28 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.139 270.108
13:06:38 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.122 270.124
13:06:48 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.146 270.135
13:06:58 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.148 270.103
13:07:08 4.46 266.55 264.65 273.146 270.107
13:07:18 4.46 266.55 264.65 273.17 270.114
13:07:28 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.143 270.087
13:07:38 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.113 270.087
13:07:48 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.102 270.132
13:07:58 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.113 270.101
13:08:08 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.125 270.107
13:08:18 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.129 270.102
13:08:28 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.149 270.068
13:08:38 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.147 270.056
13:08:48 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.129 270.087
13:08:58 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.161 270.109
13:09:08 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.158 270.107
13:09:18 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.154 270.108
13:09:28 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.165 270.099
13:09:38 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.144 270.081
13:09:48 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.163 270.12
13:09:58 4.49 266.55 264.75 273.178 270.121
13:10:08 4.48 266.55 264.75 273.191 270.12
13:10:18 4.47 266.55 264.75 273.161 270.13
13:10:28 4.47 266.55 264.75 273.174 270.11
13:10:38 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.15 270.12
13:10:48 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.149 270.137
13:10:58 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.148 270.125
13:11:08 4.47 266.55 264.65 273.185 270.141
13:11:18 4.48 266.55 264.65 273.145 270.111
13:11:28 4.48 266.55 264.75 273.126 270.118
13:11:38 4.48 266.55 264.75 273.152 270.132
13:11:48 4.49 266.55 264.75 273.141 270.138
13:11:58 4.5 266.55 264.75 273.143 270.112
13:12:08 4.51 266.55 264.75 273.151 270.098
13:12:18 4.5 266.55 264.75 273.138 270.075
13:12:28 4.5 266.55 264.75 273.13 270.164
13:12:38 4.51 266.55 264.75 273.138 270.125
13:12:48 4.5 266.55 264.75 273.152 270.109
13:12:58 4.49 266.55 264.85 273.142 270.125
13:13:08 4.49 266.55 264.75 273.158 270.124
13:13:18 4.47 266.55 264.75 273.154 270.127
13:13:28 4.5 266.55 264.75 273.156 270.123
13:13:38 4.48 266.55 264.95 273.152 270.115
13:13:48 4.46 266.55 265.05 273.149 270.121
13:13:58 4.47 266.55 264.85 273.141 270.132
13:14:08 4.49 266.55 264.75 273.175 270.131
13:14:18 4.52 266.55 264.75 273.164 270.111
13:14:28 4.53 266.55 264.85 273.149 270.128
13:14:38 4.54 266.55 264.95 273.155 270.132
13:14:48 4.53 266.55 264.95 273.165 270.109
13:14:58 4.54 266.55 264.95 273.144 270.123
13:15:08 4.53 266.65 264.95 273.155 270.177
13:15:18 4.52 266.65 264.95 273.169 270.121
13:15:28 4.53 266.65 264.95 273.137 270.145
13:15:38 4.53 266.65 264.95 273.148 270.159
13:15:48 4.51 266.65 265.05 273.138 270.126
13:15:58 4.5 266.65 265.15 273.114 270.164
13:16:08 4.47 266.65 265.05 273.151 270.144
13:16:18 4.45 266.65 265.05 273.118 270.149
13:16:28 4.46 266.55 264.75 273.148 270.141
13:16:38 4.48 266.55 264.75 273.136 270.112
13:16:48 4.51 266.55 264.75 273.139 270.089
13:16:58 4.5 266.55 264.75 273.138 270.09
13:17:08 4.51 266.55 264.85 273.123 270.087
13:17:18 4.51 266.55 264.85 273.122 270.122
13:17:28 4.5 266.55 264.85 273.135 270.123
13:17:38 4.5 266.55 264.85 273.154 270.135
13:17:48 4.51 266.55 264.85 273.169 270.135
13:17:58 4.53 266.55 264.85 273.189 270.129
13:18:08 4.52 266.55 264.95 273.189 270.114
13:18:18 4.53 266.55 264.95 273.16 270.134
13:18:28 4.55 266.65 264.95 273.149 270.147
13:18:38 4.56 266.65 265.05 273.152 270.169
13:18:48 4.56 266.75 265.15 273.174 270.187
13:18:58 4.56 266.75 265.15 273.158 270.15
13:19:08 4.56 266.75 265.15 273.148 270.16
13:19:18 4.56 266.75 265.15 273.178 270.158
13:19:28 4.53 266.75 265.15 273.171 270.154
13:19:38 4.53 266.85 265.15 273.134 270.13
13:19:48 4.53 266.85 265.15 273.147 270.14
13:19:58 4.52 266.85 265.05 273.126 270.107
13:20:08 4.51 266.85 265.05 273.109 270.103
13:20:18 4.5 266.75 264.95 273.097 270.127
13:20:28 4.52 266.75 264.85 273.111 270.127
13:20:38 4.55 266.75 264.95 273.105 270.145
13:20:48 4.56 266.85 265.05 273.158 270.135
13:20:58 4.56 266.85 265.05 273.14 270.064
13:21:08 4.56 266.85 265.05 273.156 270.075
13:21:18 4.56 266.85 265.15 273.117 270.093
13:21:28 4.56 266.95 265.15 273.141 270.065
13:21:38 4.56 266.95 265.15 273.103 270.085
13:21:48 4.56 266.95 265.15 273.131 270.099
13:21:58 4.54 266.95 265.25 273.137 270.086
13:22:08 4.53 266.95 265.15 273.16 270.149
Average 4.5024 266.62 264.842 273.14666 270.12033

I001347031 Thesis

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I001347031 Thesis

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Master Thesis

Submitted by: Fan, Chuen-Hau

First examiner: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Tobias Schrag

Second examiner: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Daniel Navarro Gevers

Degree course: Renewable Energy Systems (M. Sc.)

Institut für neue Energie-Systeme (InES)

Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt

Thema: Erstellung einer Hybridwärmepumpen-Kältekreis-Simulation in

Topic: Developing the refrigerant-cycle-simulation of the hybrid heat pump in

Ingolstadt, 15 January 2023

First name, Surname Signature

1.1 Objective and structure/overview of the thesis ............................................. 6

2 Literature reviews and fundamentals .................................................................. 7

2.1 Fundamentals of heat pumps...................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Principle of heat pumps ....................................................................... 7

2.1.2 Measurement of the efficiency of heat pumps ....................................... 10

2.1.3 Potential and types of heat pumps ...................................................... 11

2.1.4 Refrigerant selection ......................................................................... 13

2.1.5 Types of heat exchangers .................................................................. 13

2.2 Fundamentals of MATLAB Simscape........................................................... 14

2.2.1 Components and fundamental blocks of a heat pump in Simscape model . 14

2.2.2 Development of a refrigerant cycle with the parameter setup ................. 18

2.2.3 Parameter estimator ......................................................................... 23

3.1 Modeling the components of the heat pump ............................................... 25

3.1.1 Modeling the compressor ................................................................... 25

3.1.2 Modeling the expansion valve ............................................................. 27

3.1.3 Modeling the condenser ..................................................................... 28

3.1.4 Modeling the Evaporator .................................................................... 34

4.1 Results of modeling ................................................................................. 37

4.1.1 Results of modeling the compressor .................................................... 37

4.1.2 Results of modeling the expansion valve .............................................. 39

4.1.3 Results of modeling the condenser ...................................................... 40

4.1.4 Results of modeling the evaporator ..................................................... 43

4.2 Results of operating the simulation model .................................................. 46

4.3 Results of validating the model ................................................................. 51

4.3.1 Results of validating the compressor ................................................... 52

4.3.2 Results of validating the expansion valve ............................................. 52

4.3.4 Results of validating the evaporator .................................................... 55

5.1.1 The errors caused by the refrigerant differences ................................... 57

5.2.1 Control of the expansion valve............................................................ 59

5.3.1 Discussion of the results from the condenser ........................................ 62

5.3.2 Discussion of the results from the evaporator ....................................... 63

6.1 Outlook ................................................................................................. 67

The research center in TH Ingolstadt Institut für Neue Energie-Systeme (InES) is

1.1 Objective and structure/overview of the thesis

•Intoduction: To explain the objective of the thesis

•Literature reviews and Fundamentals: To introduce the background

•Results: To show the results of the models and the simulation

•Discussion: To evaluate the results and analysis the problems

•Conclusion: To finalize and conclude the thesis work

Figure 1. Structure of the thesis work

2 Literature reviews and fundamentals

2.1 Fundamentals of heat pumps

2.1.1 Principle of heat pumps

3. The high-temperature refrigerant is entering a condenser in this process. The condenser

Heat Pump Work

Figure 2. Theory of the heat pump

Figure 3. The refrigerant cycle of a heat pump

Figure 4. Pressure-Enthalpy diagram of a heat pump cycle

2.1.2 Measurement of the efficiency of heat pumps

2.1.3 Potential and types of heat pumps

Figure 5. Illustration of air source heat pump (Energy.gov, 2022)

2.1.5 Types of heat exchangers