THERMODYNAMICS II

Prof / Sayed Abdelrazek

Ahmed Khalf 97925

Ahmed Hamdy 95720

Abdelrahman Alaa 95881

DECEMBER 24, 2023

MISR UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Mechanical engineering
Contents
1. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4
2. Project Objectives........................................................................................................................................................ 4
• Introduction about Geothermal Power plant ....................................................................................................... 4
Types of Geothermal Power Plant ................................................................................................................................. 5
• Dry Steam Geothermal Power Plants .................................................................................................................... 5
• Flash steam Geothermal Power Plants .................................................................................................................. 5
• Binary cycle power plants ..................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Modifications ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
• Simple Combined Cycle Binary Geothermal Power Plant .................................................................................. 5
• Reheating it .............................................................................................................................................................. 6
• Now using open feed water heater ......................................................................................................................... 6
Working principle ............................................................................................................................................................... 6
4. Energy calculation ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Given data ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Topping Cycle (Brayton Cycle) data table .................................................................................................................... 7
Bottoming cycle (Rankine cycle) data table .................................................................................................................. 7
RANKINE CYCLE ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
T3=500 °C.................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Modification of above cycle by Reheating: ..................................................................................................................... 14
Modification of above cycle by open feedwater .............................................................................................................. 17
5. Exergy Analysis .........................................................................................................................................................20
At compressor inlet ......................................................................................................................................................... 19
outlet ................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Exergy analysis of the Geothermal Heat Exchanger ....................................................................................................... 20
Exergy analysis of the Gas Turbine................................................................................................................................. 21

Methods to increase efficiency.......................................................................................................................................... 22

Results ................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27
References: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..28

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 List of figures:
Figure 1 Geothermal power plant ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2TS DIAGRAM OF SIMPLE COMBINED CYCLE ............................................................................................................. 5
Figure 3 SYSTEMATIC DIAGRMA OF COMBINED CYCLE ........................................................................................................ 5
Figure 4 TS DIAGRAM OF COMBINED CYCLE WITH REHEATING ........................................................................................... 6
Figure 5combined cycle with reheating ................................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 6TS DIAGEAM OF CYCLE WITH OPEN FEED WATER ................................................................................................... 6
Figure 7TABLE a−17 ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 8 TABLE a−17 .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 9 tABLE a−17............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 10 tABLE OF a−17 ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 11 tABLE A−5 ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 12 Table A−6 ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 13Table A−5………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12
Figure 14 Table A−6 ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 15 Table A−6 ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 16 Table A−5 ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 17 table A−4 ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 18 increase of boiler pressure .................................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 19super heating ....................................................................................................................................................... 23

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 1. Abstract :
In this semester we have studied course of thermodynamics II. For this project we selected
geothermal powerplant as we have studied different cycles to calculate efficiency and we tried our
best to increase it by doing regeneration, reheating, intercooling etc. For our power plant we have
done something similar, we calculated the energy as well as exergy analysis and by doing
calculation at every state we successfully calculated total power plant thermal efficiency. In this
report we have listed down the objectives of our semester project, its theory, working principle,
calculations at every state, table of results, conclusion, methods to improve efficiency and
references.

2. Project Objectives :
• Doing energy calculations.
• Doing exergy analysis.
• Studying different cycles to increase our efficiency.
• Finding total thermal efficiency of geothermal power plant.
• Ways to increase efficiency of our geothermal power plant.

• Geothermal Power plant :

Geothermal power plants are utilized to produce power by utilizing the geothermal energy (the
Earth's inner nuclear power). They basically work equivalent to a coal or thermal energy station,
the primary contrast being the intensity source. With geothermal, the Earth's intensity replaces the
evaporator of a coal plant or on the other hand the reactor of an atomic plant.

Boiling water or steam is removed from the Earth through a progression of wells and feeds the
power plant. In most geothermal plants the water pulled up starting from the earliest stage got back
to the subsurface. The rate of water utilized is frequently bigger than the pace of water returned, so
make-up water supplies are generally needed.

4
Types of Geothermal Power Plant :
• Dry Steam Geothermal Power Plants utilize dry steam that is normally created in the ground. This
steam goes from the creation well to the surface and through a turbine, and later moving its energy to
the turbine it condensed and is infused once more into the Earth.
• Flash steam Geothermal Power Plants take high-pressure hot water from deep inside the earth and
convert it to steam to drive generator turbines. When the steam cools, it condenses to water and is
injected back into the ground to be used again. Most geothermal power plants are flash steam plants.
• Binary cycle power plants transfer the heat from geothermal hot water to another liquid. The heat
causes the second liquid to turn to steam, which is used to drive a generator turbine.

Figure 1 Geothermal power plant

3. Modifications :
• Simple Combined Cycle Binary Geothermal Power Plant :

Figure 3 SYSTEMATIC DIAGRMA OF COMBINED Figure 2TS DIAGRAM OF SIMPLE

CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE

5
• Reheating it :

Figure 4 TS DIAGRAM OF COMBINED

CYCLE WITH REHEATING
Figure 5combined cycle with reheating

• Now using open feed water heater :

Figure 6TS DIAGEAM OF CYCLE WITH OPEN FEED WATER

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Working principle:

Our power plant is a combined cycle binary geothermal power plant, the topping is
Brayton cycle. But it there is slight difference between common Brayton cycle and the
cycle which we used in our project. We have a Geothermal heat exchanger in place of
Combustion chamber for Brayton cycle. The Geothermal heat exchanger behaves
exactly like the combustion chamber in this cycle. Hot geothermal fluid enters into the
heat exchanger, and it heats the working fluid of Brayton cycle. The geothermal fluid
which comes out from the outlet of the heat exchanger is then injected back into the
ground. The geothermal fluid and the working fluid of Brayton Cycle do not mix
together.

The bottoming cycle is a normal Reheat Rankine cycle. The reheat Rankine cycle is used
to increasethe efficiency of the cycle. Steam is the working fluid for reheat Rankine
cycle. We use single reheatRankine cycle.

We also used open feed water heater to increase efficiency in the bottoming rankine cycle .

4. Energy calculation :

Given data :

Topping Cycle (Brayton Cycle) data table

TOPPING CYCLE Brayton Cycle

PRESSURE RATIO 10

COMPRESSOR INLET TEMP 300K

GAS TURBINE INLET TEMP 1400K

Bottoming cycle (Rankine cycle) data table

BOTTOMING CYCLE Rankine cycle

PRESSURE LIMIT 20 kPa to 8 MPa

EXHAUST GASES LEAVE THE HEAT EXCHANGER 500 K

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 ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF ALL PUMPS AND 85 %
TURBINES

BRAYTON CYCLE

STATE # 5
Using the Table A-17, we find h5 and Pr5.

T5 = 330 K

Pr5 = 1.9352

h5 = 330.34 kJ/kg

Figure 7TABLE a−17

STATE # 6

Pr6/Pr5 = P6 / P5

Pr6 = 19.352

(T6-620) / (630-620) = (19.352-18.36) / (19.84-18.36)

T6 = 626.7 K

(h6-628.07) / (638.63-628.07) = (19.352-18.36) / (19.34-18.36)

h6 = 635.15 kJ/kg

Figure 8 TABLE a−17

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STATE 7 :

T7 =1400 K
Pr7 = 450.5

h7 = 1515.42 kJ/kg

Figure 9 tABLE a−17

STATE 8 :

Pr7 / Pr8 = P7 / P8

450.5 / 10 = Pr8

Pr8 = 45.05

(T8-730) / (800-780) = (45.05-43.35) / (47.75-43.35)

T8 = 787.8 K

(h8-800.03) / (821.95-800.03) = (45.05-43.35) / (47.75-

43.35)

h8=808.58 kJ/kg

ηc = ws / wa
Figure 10 tABLE OF a−17
wa = ws / ηc

h6a-h5 =(h6s – h5) / (0.85)

h6a = h5 + (h6s – h5) / (0.85(

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h6a = 689 kJ/kg

ηt = wa / ws

wa = ws* ηt

h7-h8a =(h7 – h8s)*(0.85)

h8a = h7 - (h7 – h8s)*(0.85)

h8a = 914.61 kJ/kg

wt = h7-h8a = 1515.42 – 914.61 = 600.81 kJ/kg

wc = h6a – h5 = 689-330.34 = 358.66 kJ/kg

Qin = h7 – h6a = 1515.42 – 689 = 826.42 kJ/kg

wt,net = 600.81-358.66 = 242.15 kJ/kg
ηtotal = Wnet / Qin = 242.15 / 826.42 = 29.3 %

STATE 9 :

T9 = 500 K

h9 = 503.02 kJ/kg
Figure 11 tABLE A−5

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 RANKINE CYCLE

STATE 1 :

P1 = 20 kPa

v1 = vf @20kPa = 0.001017 m3/kg

h1=hf @20kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg

Figure 12 Table A−6

STATE 2 :

h2=h1+v(P2-P1)

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h2=251.42+0.001017(8000-20)=259.52 kJ/k

STATE 3 :

P3 = 8 MPa
T3=500 °C
V3 = 0.041767 m3/kg

h3 = 3399.5 kJ/kg

s3 = 6.7266 kJ/kg . K

STATE 4 :
s3 = s 4

Figure 13Table A−5

x = (s4 – sf) / sfg = (6.7266-0.8320) / 7.0752 = 0.833

h4=hf + xhfg = 251.42+0.833*2357.5 = 2215.21 kJ/kg

ηp = ws / wa

wa = ws / ηp

h2a = h1 + (h2s – h1) / (0.85) = 251.42+(259.52-251.42) / 0.85 =260.94 kJ/kg

ηt = wa / ws

wa = ηp*ws
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h3-h4a=0.85(h3-h4s)

h4a =h3- 0.85(h3-h4s)= 3399.5- 0.85(3399.5-2215.21)=2392.86 kJ/kg

WT=h3-h4a = 3399.5-2392.86 = 1006.64 kJ/kg

Wc=h2a-h1 = 260.94 – 251.46 =9.5 kJ/kg

Wt.net= Wt- Wc= 1006.64 – 9.5= 997.14 kJ/kg

Ein = Eout

mg(h8a – ha) = ms(h3-h2)

y = (h8a – ha) / (h3-h2)

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y = 0.131

Thermal efficiency :

ηth = wt,gas + ws (y) / Qin

ηth = 45.12 %

Modification of above cycle by Reheating:

Reheat Pressure 2MPa

Reheat Temperature 400C

State 03:

T3=500C

v3=0.041767 m^3/kg
Figure 14 Table A−6
h3=3393.5kJ/kg

S3=6.7266kJ/kg.K

State 04:
S3=S4

X=(S4-Sf)/Sfg

X=(6.7266-2.4467)/3.8923
Figure 15 Table A−6
X=1.0996

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h4=hf+xhfg

h4=908.47+(1.0996)(1889.3)

h4=2986.49kJ/kg

State 05:
h5=3254.9kJ/kg

S5=Sf=7.5410kJ/kg.K

State 06:
S5=S6

X=(7.5410-0.8320)/7.0752

X=0.948

h6=hf@2MPa+X.hfg@2MPa

h6=251.42+(0.948)(2357.5)

h6=2256.33kJ/kg

ηt=Wa/Ws

h3-h4a=ηt(h3-h4)

h3-351.06=h4a

h4a=3048.44kJ/kg

ηt=Wa/Ws

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h5-h6a=ηt(h5-h6)

3254.9-848.78=h6a

h6a=2406.12kJ/kg

Qin=826.42kJ/kg

Wnet,gas=242.15kJ/kg

Wc,steam=h2a-h1

Wc,steam=9.5kJ/kg

Wt,steam=(h3-h4a)+(h5-h6a)

Wt,steam=1199.84kJ/kg

Wnet,steam=Wt-Wc

Wnet,steam=1190.34kJ/kg

Ein=Eout

i hi = h

s [h4a-h5+h2a-h3 ] = air[h10 − h11]

y=0.1230

Wnet=Wg+Ws*y

Wnet=242.15+1190.34(0.123)

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Wnet=388.56kJ/kg

ηth=388.56/826.42

Thermal efficiency :
ηth=47.02%

Modification of above cycle by open feedwater:

Pressure of Open FeedWater 0.6MPa

State 01:
P1=20kPa

v1=0.001017m^3/kg

h1=251.42kJ/kg

State 02:
h2=h1+v(P2-P1) Figure 16 Table A−5

h2=251.42+0.001017(600-20)

h2=252kJ/kg

State 03:
P3=0.6MPa

v3=0.001101m^3/kg

h3=670.38kJ/kg
Figure 17 table A−4

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State 04:
h4=h3+v(P3-P2)

h4=670.38+0.001101(8000-600)

h4=678.52kJ/kg

State 06:
s5=s6=6.7266

X=(6.7266-1.9308)/4.8283

X=0.99

h6=hf+xhfg

h6=670.38+0.999(2085.88)

h6=2735.32kJ/kg

State 07:
s5=s7=6.7266

X=(6.7266-0.8320)/7.0752

X=0.83

h7=hf+xhfg

h7=251.42+0.83(2357.5)

h7=2215.21kJ/kg

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ηp=Ws/Wa

h2a=(h2-h1)/0.85 + h1

h2a= 252.10kJ/kg

ηp=Ws/Wa

h4a=(h4-h3)/0.85+ h3

h4a=679.95kJ/kg

ηt=Wa/Ws

h6a=h5-(0.85)(h5-h6)

h6a=2834.94kJ/kg

ηp=Ws/Wa

h7a=h6-0.85(h6s-h7)

h7a=2293.39kJ/kg

Ein=Eout

Y=(h11a-h12)/(h5-h4a)

Y=0.1513

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Y= steam extracted

Yse=(h3-h2)/(h6-h2)

Yse=0.16

Wt,steam=(h5-h6)+(l-Yse)(h6-h7)

Wt,steam=1085.13kJ/kg

Wnet,steam=1085.13-(1-Yse)(h2-h1)-(h4a-h3)

Wnet,steam=1074.98kJ/kg

Wnet,overall=Wnet,gas+Wnet,steam(Y)

Wnet,overall=404.47kJ/kg

ηth=Wnet,overall/Qin

Thermal efficiency :
ηth=48.94%

5. Exergy Analysis :

At compressor inlet :
h7 = 330.34 kJ/kg

s7 = ?

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s7 = 1.7978 kJ/kg . K

outlet :
h8 = 635.15 kJ/kg

s8 = ?

(s8 – 2.44356) / (2.46048-2.44356) = (19.352-18.36)/(19.84-18.36)

s8 = 2.4549 kJ/kg.K

Now applying the formula to find the rate of exergy

change in compressor.

Ef7 − Ef8 = air[(h7 − h8) − T0(s7 − s8)]

Ef7-Ef8= 11[( 330.34 - 635.15) – 300(1.7978 - 2.4549)]

Ef7-Ef8= 261.14

Rate of exergy change in compressor is 261.14

Exergy analysis of the Geothermal Heat Exchanger

Ef9 − Ef8 = air[(h9 − h8) − T0(s9 − s8)]

h8 = 635.15 kJ/kg

s8 = 2.4549 kJ/kg.K

h9=1515.41 kJ/kg

s9=3.36200 kJ/kg.K

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Now applying the formula:

Ef9 −Ef8 = air[(h9 −h8) −T0(s9 −s8)]

Ef9-Ef8= 11[(1515.41 - 635.15) – 300(3.36200 - 2.4549)]

Ef9-Ef8= 6689.43

Rate of exergy change in geothermal heat exchanger is 6689.43

Exergy analysis of the Gas Turbine

Ef9 − Ef10 = air[(h9 − h10) − T0(s9 − s10)]

Methods to increase efficiency :

We can increase efficiency of brayton cycle by following ways :

• We can increase the turbine inlet temperature .It will relate to increase the pressure ratio and by
ideal brayton efficiency equation , our efficiency increases.
• We can increase turbine and compressor efficiency , it will led to greater cycle efficiency.
• We can also do modifications to simple brayton cycle .For modifications we have different methods ,
includes regeneration, intercooling and reheating.
Regeneration progression warms the air before the ignition chamber recovering intensity that
would typically be released to the environment.
Intercooling is done by compressing in multiple stages, and removing heat between devices.
Reheating is the same as compression with intercooling but in reverse: the high pressure, high
temperature air is expanded in a turbine, reheated back to the high pressure and temperature, and then
expanded again in another turbine.

We can increase efficiency of rankine cycle by following ways :

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• By decreasing the condenser pressure causes the reduction in temperature at which heat is rejected ,
it results in increase in area which leds to increase the efficiency of cycle but the pressure must be
above saturation pressure.

• Increasing the boiler pressure causes increase in the boiling temperature of the steam which will led
to increase in net work and efficiency.

Figure 18 increase of boiler

pressure

• Superheating the steam to a high temperature if the steam is superheated before it is allowed to
expand the efficiency of Rankine cycle gets increased.

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Figure 19super heating

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Results :

STATE QUANTITY VALUE REMARKS

1 P1 20 KPa
h1 251.42 kJ/kg
v1 0.001017 m3/kg
2 h2 259.52 kJ/kg
3 T3 500 C
P3 8 MPa
h3 3399.5 kJ/kg
4 h4 2215.21 kJ/kg
5 T5 330K
h5 330.34kJ/kg
Pr5 1.9352
6 h6 635.15 kJ/kg
T6 626.7K

Pr6 19.352
7 T7 1400K
h7 1515.42 kJ/kg
Pr7 450.5
S7 3.36200 kJ/kg k
8 h8s 808.58 kJ/kg
S8 2.4549kJ/kg k
h8a 914.61 kJ/kg k
9 T9 500K
h9 503.02 kJ/kg
S9 3.36200 kJ/kg k

QUANTITY VALUE REMARKS

ȠC 0.85 = 85% Thermal efficiency of Compressor
ȠT 0.85 = 85% Thermal efficiency of Turbines
ȠP 0.85 = 85% Thermal efficiency of Pump
ȠT 45.12% Thermal Efficiency of the entire plant
H

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QUANTITY VALUE REMARKS

YT GAS 600.81 kJ/kg Work produced by the gas turbine.
YC GAS 358.66 kJ/kg Work consumed by the compressor.
YNET 242.15 kJ/kg Net work done by the gas turbine.
GAS
YT 1006.64 kJ/kg Work produced by the steam turbine.
STEAM
YP, 9.5 kJ/kg Work consumed by the pump
STEAM
YNET, 997.14 kJ/kg Net work done by the steam turbine
STEAM
YNET, 372.77 kJ/kg Net work done by the cycle
PLANT
Q˙ IN 826.42 kJ/kg Heat added to the air in the
geothermal heat exchanger.

Additional States for Reheating:

STATE QUANTITY VALUE REMARKS

4 P1 2 MPa
H4 29286.49 kJ/kg
5
H5 3254.9 kJ/kg
S5 7.5410kJ/kg.K
6 S6 7.5410kJ/kg.K
H6 2256.33 kJ/kg

QUANTITY VALUE REMARKS

ȠC 0.85 = 85% Thermal efficiency of Compressor
ȠT 0.85 = 85% Thermal efficiency of Turbines
ȠP 0.85= 85% Thermal efficiency of Pump
ȠT 47.02% Thermal Efficiency of the entire plant
H

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QUANTITY VALUE REMARKS

YT GAS 600.81 kJ/kg Work produced by the gas turbine.
YC GAS 358.66 kJ/kg Work consumed by the compressor.
YNET 242.15 kJ/kg Net work done by the gas turbine.
GAS
YT 1190.34kJ/kg Work produced by the steam turbine.
STEAM
YP, 9.5 kJ/kg Work consumed by the pump
STEAM
YNET, 1190.34 kJ/kg Net work done by the steam turbine
STEAM
YNET, 388.56 kJ/kg Net work done by the cycle
PLANT
Q˙ IN 826.42 kJ/kg Heat added to the air in the
geothermal heat exchanger.

Additional States for Open Feedwater:

STATE QUANTITY VALUE REMARKS

1 P1 20 KPa
h1 251.42 kJ/kg
v1 0.001017 m3/kg
2
h2 252.00 kJ/kg
H2a 252.10kJ/kg
3 P3 0.6MPa
v3 0.001101m^3/kg
h3 670.38 kJ/kg
4 h4 678.52 kJ/kg
H4a 679.95kJ/kg
5 T5 500C
h5 3399.5kJ/kg
S3 6.7266
6 h6 2735.32 kJ/kg
H6a 2834.94kJ/kg
7 X
0.83
h7 2215.21kJ/kg
H7a 2293.39kJ/kg

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QUANTITY VALUE REMARKS

ȠC 0.85 = 85% Thermal efficiency of Compressor
ȠT 0.85 = 85% Thermal efficiency of Turbines
ȠP 0.85= 85% Thermal efficiency of Pump
ȠT 48.94% Thermal Efficiency of the entire plant
H

QUANTITY VALUE REMARKS

YT GAS 600.81 kJ/kg Work produced by the gas turbine.
YC GAS 358.66 kJ/kg Work consumed by the compressor.
YNET 242.15 kJ/kg Net work done by the gas turbine.
GAS
YT 1085.13kJ/kg Work produced by the steam turbine.
STEAM

YNET, 1074.98 kJ/kg Net work done by the steam turbine

STEAM
YNET, 404.15kJ/kg Net work done by the cycle
PLANT
Q˙ IN 826.42 kJ/kg Heat added to the air in the
geothermal heat exchanger.

Conclusion:

Firstly, we worked on simple combine cycle and calculated its overall efficiency .i.e., 45.12%. We had to develop
a system whose efficiency should be increased by making it cost efficient. So we made some changes in the
rankine cycle by reheating it and the efficiency increased to 47.02%.

To increase the efficiency further we used an open feedwater system which resulted in increase in efficiency to
48.94%. The main thing which was kept under notice while performing the whole process was the efficiency
which should be kept increasing with the addition of reheating and open feedwater system and the whole process
must be cost effective

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References:

https://www.academia.edu/34356450/Thermodynamics_cengel_2015_8th_textbook
Aksoy, N., Gok, O. S., Mutlu, S. G., & Kılınc, G. (2015). CO2 Emission from Geothermal Power
Plants in Turkey. In Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-
25 April 2015. Retrieved from
https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/02065.pdf
AltEnergy (2013) Dispatchable Geothermal Plant May Shape Future Deals. Retrieved January
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