Unit-II

Kharif Fibre Crop

1) Cotton

1.Common Name : Kapas. Kapus

2. Botanical Name : Gossypium spp.
a) Old World / Deshi Cotton spp.:
i)Gossypium arboreum
ii) Gossypium herbaceum
b) New World / American cotton spp.
i) Gossypium hirsutum
ii) Gossypium barbadense -
3. Family : Malvaceae
4. Origin :
a) Old World Cotton (Deshi or Asiatic Cotton):
India, Indo-China, Tropical Africa.
b) New World Cotton (American Cotton) :
Maxico or Central America
5.Economic / Importance of Cotton:
- It is a most important fibre crop.
- It is also cash crop of India.
- It is also known as "white gold" of India.
- It is used on large scale in cloth industries.
- Seeds are also used for extraction of edible oil.
- Oil is used for preparation of vanaspati ghee
- It is also used for preparation of cosmetics, soaps etc
- Oil cake is used as a cattle feed.
- Lint is used in hospitals or medical science for surgical
dressing, absorbent cotton Padding etc.
- Dried stalks are used for fuel purpose.
6.Ecology:

a. Climate:
- It is a tropical as well as sub topical crop.
- It requires hot and humid climate .
- It requires opt. temp. rang is 21 - 27°C for vegetative growth
and 27-31ºC for fruiting and boll development.
- Warm days followed by cool nights are better for boll
development.
- The annual rain fall is about 625-250 mm/ yr.
- Long dry spell, heavy rainfall and cloudy weather is harmful
to crop.
b. Soll:
- It can be grown on various types of soils i.e.
- Maharashtra black cotton soils.
- In Rajasthan sandy soils
- In Assam red loam soils are most suitable.
- In Maharashtra it is grown as rain fed.
- It requires well drained soil.
- The water logging condition is harmful .
7.Varieties:
a) Deshi cotton varieties: Eknath, Rohini, Jyoti, Digvijay, Sanjay,
G-6. G-12 G-22, G-46, CJ-73, AKA-S etc.

b) American Cotton varieties: Poornima, Deviraj, Laxmi, Buri

147, Buri-394, Buri-1007, MLU-2, MLU-5, DHY-286. SRT-1 etc
c) Transgenic varieties (BT-Cotton varieties):
Mallika, Banni, Kanak, Bhrahma, Rasi-2, Rasi-1
d) Hybrids varieties:
Hybrids Parents
H-4 = G67 x American nectoriless
Varlaxmi = Laxmi x SB 289 - E
Godavari = Buri nectoriless x MLU 5
NHH-44 = B. Nerma x AC - 738
DCH-32 = DS 28 x SB (YF)-425
8.Chareceristics of Variety
a) H-4:
- It is hybrid variety of cotton.
- It is Gossypium hirsutum type of variety.
- It is released at 1969 in Mysore
- Parents are G- 67 x American nectoriless)
- It has long steple length (30mm.)
- Flower creamy white in colour.

9.Land Preparation :
- One deep ploughing immediately after harvesting of previous
crop.
- Then land is allowed to dry for 1-2 month.
- 2-3 cross- wise harrowing are given to get fine filth.
- Collet and destroy the residues of previous crop.
- Crush the clods by clod crusher.
- Apply 15-20 tons FYM / ha. at the time of last harrowing .
- For irrigated cotton open ridges and furrows before sowing.
10.Seed treatment:
a) Water soaking treatment:
- The seeds are soaked in water for 4-6 hours before sowing .
- This treatment is given to improve the germination of seeds .
b) Cow dung slurry treatment:
- The cotton seeds are rubbed with cow dung slurry and dried
in shade before sowing.
- This treatment is done for fuzz around the seed.
- This treatment is given for easy sowing.

c) H₂SO4 / acid delinting treatment:

- The cotton seeds are treated with sulphuric acid (H₂SO4)
- It is known as acid delinting, because lint is removed by using
acid.
- This treatment is given for easy sowing.
d) Organo mercurial fungicide treatment:
- The seeds are treated with OMC like Thyrum, bavistin or
captain 3gm/kg seeds.
- This treatment is given to control fungal diseases i.e.
anthracnose etc.
11.Sowing Time:
a. For rainfed crop : - June to first week of July
b. For Irrigated crop : Last week of March-April
- 15 to 30 May
12.Sowing Method:
a.Drilling
b) Dibbling
c) Transplanting
d) Dhool perni (dry sowing)
a) Dibbling (Chaufuli method)
- It is locally known chaufull method
- This method is used for sowing American and irrigated
variety.
- In this method the land is marked with marker in both
directions at desire distance.
- At each cross point two seeds are dibbled.
- The depth of sowing 5 to 6 cm.
- Uniform growth and easy intercultivation
13.Seed rate :
a. For Deshi Cotton - 12 to 15 kg/ha
b) For American - 8 to 10 kg/ha
c. For Hybrid Cotton - 2 to 4 kg/ha
14.Spacing :
a) For Desh cotton - 45 x 22 cm
b) For American cotton - 60 x 30 cm.

c) For Hybrid (Rainfed) - 90 x 60 cm

d. For Hybrid (irrigated) - 120 x 90 cm
15.Intercultivation:
- Various intercultural operations is done in cotton i.e.
a) Gap filling:
- It means filling of gaps by the seeds to maintain the plant
population:
- It is done at 5-7 days after sowing.
b) Thinning:
- It means removal of extra plants from the field to reduce the
competition among the plants.
- It maintains plant to plant distance.
- It is done at 2-3 weeks after sowing.
- Only healthy seedlings are kept and weak seedlings are
removed.
c) Weeding and Hoeing:
- 2-3 hoeing’s are done at 15 days interval and one hand
weeding between two hoeing to control the weed growth.
- First hoeing should be carefully seedlings should not be
trampled under bullock's feet.
- One light earthing up is given to the crop.
- The intercultivation is stop at 60 day after sowing.
d) Topping:
- It means cutting of terminal shoots of plants to chek the
vegetative growth and to increase lateral branching is known
as topping.
- It helps to increase the number of fruiting branches and to
increase the yield.
- It is used for erect growing varieties only.
- It is costly and time-consuming method
16.Manuring and Fertilizer:
- Apply 15-30 tons of FYM/ha. at the time of land preparation.
- The recommended dose of fertilizer is
a) For Rainfed crop:
- Apply 40+ 20 +20 kg NPK/ha.
- Half dose of N and full dose of P and K is given at the time of
sowing.
- Remaining half dose of nitrogen is given 45 days after sowing.
- The fertilizers are applied by the ring method.
b) For Irrigated crop:
- 100 kg +N 50 kg+ P and 50 kg K/ ha.
- 1/3 dose of N and full dose of P and K is given at the time of
sowing.
- Remaining dose of nitrogen is given equal two split doses at
30 - 45 days interval.
- The fertilizers are applied by the ring method.-

17.Irrigation:
- It requires regular water for good growth and development .
- It is more sensitive to both condition i.e. less or mor soil
moisture.
- For rainfed crop do not give regular irrigations but long dry
spell between two rainfall to give protective irrigation at
flowering and boll formation stage.
- For irrigated crop give regular irrigation at critical stages i.e.
i) Flowering stage
ii) Ball development stage
iii) Boll opening state
iv) Square formation stage.
- Any water stress at this stage’s effects on the yield of crop.
- The irrigations are stopped at 15 days before expected time of
harvesting.
18.Harvesting:
- It becomes ready for harvesting at 5-6 months after sowing.
- Harvesting is done when the bolls become fully opened.
- It is done by piking the Kapas/Kapus from fully opened bolls
by the hands.
- It is completed in 3-4 pickings at 15 - 20 days interval.
- While picking care should be taken that no leaf portion should
be mixed with cotton.
- The middle picking get good quality of cotton than last
pickings.
19.Yield:
Yield of seed cotton depend upon type of cotton.
a) Deshi cotton : - 4 to 6 qt/ha.
b) American cotton : 10 to 12 qt/ha.
c) Hybrid cotton :
a) Rainfed : 12 to 20 q/ha.
b) Irrigated : 20 to 30 qt/ha.
21.Quality of cotton
- There are five quality parameters of cotton i.e.
a. Staple length
b .Fineness
c) Maturity
d) Strength
e) Ginning percentage
a) Staple length
- It is mean fibre length of cotton.
- It is measured by Halo measurement method.
- Three grades on the basis of staple length i.e.
i. Long staple cotton - 22 mm and above
ii) Medium staple cotton- 17 to 22 mm
iii) Short staple cotton- 17 mm and below
b) Fineness:
- It is feel of cotton to the hand i.e. soft or silky.
- It is also termed as mean fibre weight per unit length.
- It is related with diameter and weight of fibre.
c) Maturity:
- It means formation of cellulose in the fibre or thickening of
cell wall .
- Maturity can be tested by adding fibre in 18% caustic soda
solution and examining fibre under microscope
- Three groups of cotton on the basis of maturity.
i) Mature fibres - Thick cell wall
ii) Immature fibres - Thin cell wall
iii) Intermediate fibres - Half mature cell wall
d) Fibre strength:
- It means strength of fibre and it is measured by stelometer.
- It can be judged by single fibre strength or bundle fibre
strength.
e) Ginning percentage:
- It is the quantity of lint per 100 gm weight of seed cotton.
- More ginning percentage get more price in the market.
22.Plant protection
A) Imp.Pest
I) Pre-flowering pests:
- These pests attack on cotton crop before the flowering .
i. Aphids
ii.Thrips
iii. Jassids
iv. Mits
v) White flies.
vi) Scale insect
a. N.D. (For all insect pest):
- They are sucking insect.
- They suck the cell sap from leaves, young shoots, branches,
and immature bolls .
- Finally plants became defoliate and reduce the yield of crop.
b. C.M.:
- Apply 10% phorate granule @1gm/spot.
- Spray the systematic insecticides like 0.05% endosulten, 0.02%
phosphomidon or 0.02% methyl demeton.
- Treat the seeds with carbofuran @5% by weight
II) Post flowering pests:
- These are insect attack after the flowering of crop
i) Red cotton bugs
ii) White cotton bugs
iii) Boll worm
Boll worm :
There are three types of bollworm i.e.
i) Spotted boll worm
ii) American bollworm
iii) Pink ballworm
a) N.D (All bollworm)
- It is a very serious post flowering pest of cotton.
- It reduces about 25% yield of cotton crop
- It mostly attack on the immature bolls of cotton crop .
- They bores into bolls and feeds on the inner content of bolls.
- Finally bolls become dry and drop down.
b. C.M.:
- Spray 0.06% Endosulfan.
- Spray 0.05 Monocrotophos.
- Spray systematic insecticides like Diamethoate 0.03%.
- Spray bioinsecticides like NPV.
- Grow bollworm resistant varieties like BT- Cotton.
B) Diseases:
I)Fungal diseases
i) Cotton wilt.
ii) Anthracnose
iii) Dahiya or powdery mildew.
II) Bacterial disease
i) Bacterial blight or Black Arm
i) Dahiya or powdery mildew:
a. Symptoms:
- It is very serous fungal disease of cotton .
- Initially older leaves are infected
- Whitish powdery growth on lower side of leaves.
- Finally leaves get drop down.
b) C.M.
- Spray 80% wettable sulphur @ 30-40m/10 lit.
- Dusting of 300 mesh fine sulphur power@ 20 kg/ha.
- Grow resistant varieties.
ii) Cotton wilt :
a.Symptoms:
- It is a serious fungal disease of cotton.
- It is caused by fusarium oxysporium.
- It is a soil as well as seed born disease.
- It cause gradual withering of whole plant.
- Finally wilting and dropping starts from top to bottom.
b. C.M.:
- Seeds are treated with OMC like agrosan @ 7gm/kg seeds.
- Grow resistant varieties
- Collect and destroy affected plant parts.
iii) Bacterial blight or black arm:
a. Symptoms:
- It is a serious bacterial disease of cotton crop.
- It is also known as Seedling blight, Angular leat spot, Vain
blight , Black arm and Boll infecting disease.
- It mostly attack on leaves, branches and finally on bolls.
- It results in reduction of yield.
b. C.M.
- Seed are treatment with OMC like agrosan, Thirum or
Bavistin @ 7gmy kg/seeds.
- Spray 50% copper oxychloride or dithane M-45 @28-30
gm/10 lit. of water at 15 days interval .
- Collect and destroy the affected plant parts.
- Grow resistant varieties.

EXERCISE
Q.1. A) Fill in blank (06)
1. Parents of H-4 Cottons are ------and ------- (M-1996) (01)
2. Optimum temperature range for the proper growth of cotton
should be ------ C ----- C . (M-1996 ) (01)
3. Parents of H-4 Cottons are ------x ------- (M-1997) (01)
4. Boll worm is a serious pest of ----- crop. (M-1999) (01)

5. Buri 1007 is a variety of ---- crop. (M-2001) (01)

6.Dahiya is the serious disease of --------crop. (M-2002)

(01)

7.Cotton seed contains ---- presents oil and ---- percent protein.
(M-2009) (01)

8. --- and ---- are the patents of Varlaxmi variety. (M-2009)

(01)
9. Dahiya is the serious disease of --------crop. (M-2008)
(01)

10. Botanical name of Cotton is ------ . (M-2013) (01)

11. ----- and ------- are the parents of H-4. (M-2016) (01)

12. Black arm is the serious disease of --------crop. (M-2020)

(01)
Q.2 Write short notes ( Any Four ) (08)
1. Anthracnose disease of cotton. (M-1996) (02)
2. Seed treatment in cotton. (M-1997) (02)
3. Seed treatment in cotton. (M-1999) (02)
4. Black arm disease of cotton. (M-1996) (02
5. Diseases of cotton and its control measures. (M-2002 ) (02)
6. Thinning and gap filling in cotton. (M-2003 ) (02)
7.Pest affecting cotton crop before flowering. (M-2009) (02)
8. Seed treatment in cotton. (M-2010) (02)
9. Bollworm in cotton. (M-2010) (02)
10. Bollworm in cotton. (M-2016) (02)
11. Seed treatment in cotton. (M-2020) (02)
12. Bollworm in cotton. (M-2018) (02)
Q.3 Attempt Any Four of the following (08)
1. How seed treatment in cotton is done? (M-20 ) (02)
2. Write the economic uses of cotton. (M-1999) (02)
3. List out the quality aspects of cotton fibre. (M-2002 ) (02)
4.Write the symptoms and control measures of Cotton Wilt.
(M-2009) (02)
5. Write in short about Chaufuli method of Cotton sowing.
(M-2009) (02)
6. Which are quality aspects of cotton ?. (M-2002) (02)
7. Gap filling and Thinning in cotton ?. (M-2013) (02)
Q.4. A) Supply information about Cotton crop on the
following aspects. (Any Two) (M-2018) (04)
a. Ecology.
b. Varieties. (any four)
c. Seed treatment.
Q.4. A) Supply short information about Cotton crop on the
following aspects. (Any Two) (M-1996) (04)
a. Sowing methods.
b. Varieties.(any four)
c. Economic uses
Q.4. B) Supply information about Rainfed Cotton crop on
the following point (Any Two) (M-2010) (04)
a. Preparatory tillage.
b. Fertilizer.
c. Seed rate.
Q.5 Supply detail information about Irrigated Cotton crop on
the following point (Any Four ) (M-1997 ) (08)
a. Time and methods of sowing.
b. Interculture.
c. Important pests with control.
d. Harvesting
e. Economic uses.
f. Quality aspects.
Q.5 Write the information on the following point on Cotton
crop (Any Four ) (M-1998) (08)
a. Variety (any four).
b. Ecology.
c. Seed rate and Spacing.
d. Yield per hectare
e. Economic uses.
f. Pest and Diseases(names only).
Q.5 Write detail information about Deshi Cotton crop on the
following point (Any Four ) (M-2000 ) (08)
a. Seed rate and sowing method.
b. Ecology.
c. Seed rate and Spacing.
d. Picking and Yield .
e. Economic uses.
f. Quality aspects.
Q.5 Supply information about Irrigated Cotton crop on the
following aspects (Any Four ) (M-2001 ) (08)
a. Seed treatment.
b. Seed rate and Spacing.
c. Thinning and gap filling.
d. Harvesting and Yield.
e. Economic uses.
f. Irrigation.
Q.5 Describe the Irrigated Cotton crop on the following
aspects (Any Four ) (M-2001) (08)
a. Variety(any four).
b. Sowing season and Time.
c. Seed Rate(kg/ha.).
d. Land preparation.
e. List of pests affecting before flowering with their control
measures.
Q.5 Supply information on Pre-monsoon Cotton crop on the
following point (Any Four ) (M-2007 ) (08)
a. Time and methods of sowing.
b. Manures and Fertilizer.
c. Varieties (four).
d. Inter-culture.
e. Irrigation.
f. Picking and Yield/ha.
Q.5 Write information about Cotton crop on the following
points. (Any Four ) (M-2011) (08)
a. Variety (any four).
b. Ecology.
c. Seed treatment.
d. Thinning and Gap filling.
e. Picking and Yield.
f. Qualities.
Q.5 Supply detail information about Rainfed Cotton crop on
the following point (Any Four ) (M-2012 ) (08)
a. Climate and Soil.
b. Land preparation.
c. Seed treatment.
d. Manures and Fertilizer .
e. Economic uses.
f. Harvesting.
Q.5 Write information on the following point on
Cotton(Irrigated) crop (Any Four ) (M-1998) (08)
a. Variety (any four).
b. Ecology (Soil and Climate).
c. Seed rate and Spacing.
d. Preparation of land.
e. Seed treatment.
f. Economic uses.
Q.5 Supply detail information about Irrigated Cotton crop on
the following point (Any Four) (M-2014) (08)
a. Ecology.
b. Thinning and Gap filling.
c. Seed treatment.
d. Varieties (any four).
e. Picking and Yield.
f. Quality Aspects.
Q.5 Supply detail information about Deshi Cotton crop on the
following point (Any Four ) (M-2012 ) (08)
a. Ecology.
b. Seed rate and Spacing.
c. Seed treatment.
d. Manuring.
e. Economic uses.
f. Enlist Diseases and C.M.(any four)
Q.5 Write the information about Cotton crop on the following
point (Any Four ) (M-2019) (08)
a. Variety (any four).
b. Ecology.
c. Seed rate and Spacing.
d. Picking.
e. Economic importance.
f. Pest and Disease(names any two).

2) JUTE

1.Common Name : Jute,Tag

2.Botanical Name : Corchorus capsularis
Corchorus olitorius

3. Family : Tiliaceae
4.Origin : South East Asia and Africa
5.Economic Importance :
- It is cash crop of India.
- It is mostly grown in West Bengal .
- It ears foreign exchange by export
- It is a second important fibre crop of India .
- It is also known as golden fibre of India
- Fibre is used for preparation of sutali, gunny bags, ropes etc.
- It is also used for preparation of tadpatri, mats twines, carpet
backing sacks etc.
- Stalks are also used for fuel purpose.
6.Ecology:
a. Climate :
- It is a tropical crop .
- It can be grown in sub-tropical region.
- It required hot and humid climate for proper growth .
- Optimum tem. rang is 27-38°C.
- Annual rainfall is 1250-2500mm.
b. Soil :
- It can be grown on various types of soils.
- Well drained loamy or sandy loam soils are most suitable
- It can be also grown on alluvial soils.
- It should be rich in organic matter with good water holding
capacity.
7.Varieties
a) For Corchorus capsularis :
Fanduk ,Phuleshwari, Dhaleshwari, C-212, C-5884, EC-4142 ,
b) For Corchorus olitorius :
Tosah ,Chinsure green, 0-620, 0-432 0 757
8.Land preparation:
- Land should be ploughing immediately after harvesting of
previous crop.
- 2-3 times cross wise harrowings .
- The land is levelled by the land leveller.
- Collect and destroy the previous crop stubbles.
- Apply 5-10 tons of FYM/ha. at the time of last harrowing.
9.Sowing time : April June
10.Sowing methods : Broadcasting and Drilling.
11.Seed rate:
a.For C. capsulas - Broadcasting - 9 to 12 kg/ha.
- Drilling - 7 kg/ha
b.For C . olitorius - Broadcasting - 7 kg ha
- Drilling - 5 kg/ha
12.Spacing:
a.For C. capsularis - 30 x 75 cm.
b. For C oiltorius - 30 x 5 cm
13.Intercultivation:
- Thinning is done to remove extra seedlings for reduce the
plant competition.
- It is done 20-21 days after sowing.
- One hand weeding and 2-3 time hoeing is done at 15 days
interval.
- It is done for loose the soil and to control the weed growth.
14.Manuring and Fertilizer:
- Apply 4-8 tons of FYM / ha. at the time of land preparation.
- Recommended dose of chemical fertilizer is 30 +30 +30 kg
NPK/ha
- All dose of P and K is given at the time of sowing
- N is applied into two split doses i.e. 15 kg N/ha is given 6 week
after sowing and remaining 15 Kg N/ha is applied 10 weeks
after sowing.
15.Harvesting:
- Fibre purpose jute ready for harvesting at 4 months after
sowing.
- It is done when the crop is in small pod stage.
- It is done by cutting the plants at ground level by sickle.
- Then plants are allowed to dry in the field for 2-3 days for sun
drying till the leaves get dropped.
- After drying tied the bundles and carry the bundles for
retting.
- Early harvesting gives week fibre and late harvesting gives
coarse and unlustrous fibre.
16.Yield
Fibre Seed
a.For C capulans 10 to 11 qt./ha. 3.5 to 4.5 qt/ha.
b.For C. olitorius 15 15 16 qt/ha. 1.5 to 3 qt/ha.

- It contents about 5-6% fibre of the green weight.

17.Retting and Extraction of Jute.
 a. Retting :
- After drying the bundles are dipped in 60 to 90 cm standing
water.
- These bundles are kept for 2-3 weeks under water.
- Bark (fibre) become loose from wood (stalks) due to
weakening of pectin and mucilaginous substance.
- Over retting will affects on quality of fibre.
- After completion of retting bundles are taken out and send
for extraction.
b.Extraction :
- It is done by removing the bark (fibre) from the stalks (wood)
by the hand is known as extraction.
- Care should be taken do not breaking of fibre.
- Fibre is washed in clean water.
- After washing it is dried in sun for 2 - 3 days by hanging
18.Plant Protection:
A) Imp.Insect
a.Jute semi looper
b.Hairy caterpillar
c. Mites
B) Diseases:
a. Jute stem not
b. Root rot
c. Jute seedling blight
d. Anthracnose

EXERCISE
Q.1. A) Fill in blank (06)
1. C.capsularis and C.oliteris are the spacies of ----- crop. (M-
2001) (01)
2. In case of Jute, retting process is completed within ---- to -----
weeks. (M-2003) (01)
3. ---- and ------ are important species of Jute. (M-2010) (01)
c. Jute belongs to the family -------- (M-2011) (01)
Q.2 Write short notes ( Any Four ) (08)
1. Retting and extraction of Jute fibre. (M-1996) (02)
2. Cultural methods in Jute. (M-2002) (02)
3. Retting and extraction of fibre in jute. (M-2012) (02)
4. Retting and extraction of Jute crop. (M-2013) (02)
5. Retting and extraction of fibre in jute. (M-2014) (02)
6. How retting and extraction of Jute fibre is done . (M-
2018) (02)
Q.3 Attempt Any Four of the following (08)
1. How retting and extraction of fibre is done in Jute. (M-
1997) (02)
2. How retting and extraction of fibre is done in Jute. (M-
1999) (02)
3. Write about harvesting ,retting and extraction of Jute fibre.
(M-2001) (02)
Q.4. A) Supply information about Jute crop on the following
point (Any Two) (M-2020) (04)
a. Ecology.
b. Variety(any four)
c. Economic uses
Q.4. B) Supply the information about Jute crop on the
following aspects (Any Two) (M-2009) (04)
a. Important species.
b. Seed rate.
c. Spacing.
OR
Q.4 Give information in the tabular form (08)
(Each correct answer carries ½ mark )
Name of Bot.name Seed rate Spacing in Yield
crop kg/ha. cm. kg/ha.
Jute ------- ------- ------ ------
(M-2003) (04)
Name of Duration Seed rate Spacing in Variety
crop In Days kg/ha. cm. Any one
Jute ------- ------- ------ ------
(M-2016) (04)

3) Deccanhemp
1.Common Name : Mesta, Ambadi
2.Botanical Name : Hibiscus cannabinus
Hibiscus sabdariffa
3.Family : Malvaceae
4.Origin : India
5.Economicuses / Importance:
- Green tender leaves are used for vegetable purpose.
- It is a main fibre as well as cash crop.
- It is also used for extraction of oil from the seed.
- Fibre is used for preparation ropes (sutali) mats, gunny bags
etc.
- Oil cake is used for cattle feed.
- Stalks are used for fuel purpose.
6.Ecology:
a. Climate :
- It is tropical crop.
- It requires warm and humid climate.
- It requires 27° - 35 C tem.
- Annual rain fall requirement is 750 mm to 900 mm.
- It is a drought resistant crop
b.Soil :
- It can be grown on various types of soils.
- Medium black to sandy loam soils are most suitable.
- Acidic soils are not suitable for this crop
- Water logging condition is harmful .
7.Varieties:
HC -582, HỌ- 583, & HC- 867, HS - 4288, HS - 7910 (H.C=
Hibiscus cannabinus, HS Hibiscus sabdariffa)
8.Land preparation :
- Land should be ploughing and fallowed by 2-3 times
harrowing .
- Apply 5-8 tons of FYM/ha. at last harrowing.
9.Sowing time: June to July
10.Sowing method: Broadcasting , Drilling
11. Seed rate : 30 to 35 kg/ha
12.Spaing :
a) For fibre crop - 25 x 15cm.
b) For seed crop - 25 x 30cm
13.Manuring:
- Apply 5-8 tons of FYM/ha at the time of land preparation.
- Apply 25-35 kg N/ha is applied into two split doses i.e. Half N
is given at 45 days and remaining half N is given at 75 days after
sowing.
14.Irrigation :
- It is drought resistant crop and hence do not give irrigation.
15.Intercultivation:
- One hand weeding and 2-3 hoeings are given at 15 days
interval to control the weed growth.
16.Harvesting:
- It ready for harvesting at 3-4 months after sowing .
- It is done when the crop is in flowering stage.
- It is done by cutting the whole crops from the ground level by
sickle.
- Then plants are allowed to dry in the field for 2-3 days.
- After drying tied the bundles and carry them for retting and
exraction.
17.Yield:
a) For seed crop 6 to 9 qt/ha.
b) for fibre crop - 10 to 11 qt/ha.
18.Retting and Extraction:
a) Retting:
- After drying the bundles are dipped in 60-90 cm deep water .
- It is done for 10-20 days for loosing of fibre from the stalks.
- After completion of retting the bundles are carry for
extraction.
b) Extraction:
- Removal of bark (fibre) from the stalks by the hand is known
as extraction.
- It is done care fully to avoid the breaking of fibre.
- Then extrated fibre is washed with clean water
- Finally it is dried for 2-3 days by hanging.
19.Plant Protection :
A) Imp. Insect:
i.Jute semi looper
ii.Hairy catter pillar
iii. Mite
iv. Aphids
v) Stem borer
B) Diseases:
i) Stem rot
ii) Root rot
iii) Seedling blight
 EXERCISE
Q.1. A) Fill in blank (06)
a. Seed rate of Deccanhemp is ------ kg/ha. (M-1998) (01)
b. Botanical name of Deccanhemp crop is ------- (M-2007) (01)
c. Seed rate of Deccanhemp is ------ kg/ha. (M-2012) (01)
d. Seed rate of Deccanhemp is ------ kg/ha. (pure crop ) (M-
2013) (01)
e. Seed rate of Deccanhemp is ------ kg/ha. (M-2016) (01)
Q.2 Write short notes ( Any Four ) (08)
a. Retting and extraction of Deccanhemp. (M-1998) (02)
b. Retting and extraction of Mesta fibre. (M-2002) (02)
Q.3 Attempt Any Four of the following (08)
a. How Retting and extraction of fibre is done in Deccanhemp
?. (M-2003) (02)
b. Write economic uses of Deccanhemp (M-2010) (02)
c. Write economic uses of Deccanhemp (M-2016) (02)
d. How Retting and extraction of fibre is done in Deccanhemp
?. (M-2020) (02)
Q.4 Give information in the tabular form (08)
(Each correct answer carries ½ mark )
Name of Bot. name Seed rate Duration Yield
crop (kg/ha.) in days kg/ha.
Deccanhemp ------------ ----------- ---------- ---------
(M-1997) (02)
Name of Sowing Seed rate Spacing Variety
crop time (kg/ha.) (any one)
Mesta ------------ ----------- ---------- ---------
(M-2000) (02)
Name of Family Duration Spacing Variety
crop
Deccanhemp ------------ ----------- ---------- ---------
(M-2008) (02)
Name of crop FamilyYield Origin Variety
Qt/ha. any one
Deccanhemp(Mesta) ------------ ----------- ---------- ---------
(M-2019) (02)

4) Sunnhemp
1.Common Name : Baru
2.Botanical Name : Crotalaria juncea
3. Family : Leguminoceae
4.Origin : India
5.Economic uses / Importance :
- It is a fibre crop as well as cash crop.
- It is also grown as a green manure crop.
- Fibre is used for preparation of canvas and tadpatri (screen).
- It fixation atm. nitrogen to the soil .
- Stalks are also used for fuel purpose.
- It also increases organic matter to the soil.
6. Ecology:
a. Climate
- It is a tropical and sub-tropical crop.
- It required hot and humid climate .
- It requires 25°-30° C tem.
- Annual rain fall is 750-1000 mm/year.
b. Soil :
- It can be grown on various types of soils.
- Well drained to alluvial soils are most suitable .
7.Varieties:
D-IXT-6, M-18, K-12, ST-55 etc.
8.Land Preparation :
- Land should be ploughing and fallowed by harrowings.
- Apply 5-8 tons of FYM/ha. at the time of last harrowing.
9.Sowing Time: June to July
10. Sowing Method :
i) Broadcasting - for green manuring
ii) Drilling for fibre purpose
11. Seed rate :
i) 60to 80 kg/ha for green manuring
ii) 15to 16 kg/ha for fibre purpose.
12.Spacing: 30 x 10 cm.
13.Intercultivation :
- No need of intercultivation.
- Because it grows very fast and suppress the growth of weeds.
14.Irrigation:
- It is grown as a rainfed crop hence no need of irrigation.
15.Harvesting:
- Harvesting period is depends upon the purpose
a.For green manure purpose
- It becomes ready for harvesting at 1.5 to 2 month
or when starts flowering.
b.For fibre purpose
- It ready for harvesting 2.5- 3 months after sowing.
- It is done by cutting the whole crop from the ground level by
sickle.
- They are allowed to dry in the field for 2-3 days till the leaves
get dropped.
- Then tied with bundles and carry them for retting
16.Yield:
a) For green manure : - 8 to 10 tones/ha
b) For fibre : 4 to 5 qt/ha.
c) For seed : 2 to 2.5 qt /ha.
17.Retting and Extraction:
A) Retting:
- After drying the bundles are dipped in 60-90 cm deep water .
- It is completed within one week.
- Then the bundles are taken out from the water when the
barks (fibre) is separated easily from the stalks.
- Over retting effects on the quality of fibre.
- After retting the bundles are carry for extraction
B) Extraction:
- Removal of bark (fibre) from the stalks by the hand is known
as extraction.
- Care should be taken while extraction that no breaking of
fibre takes place.
- Then extracted fibre is washed with clean water.
- Finally fibre is dried for 2-3 days by hanging.
18.Plant Protection:
A) Imp .Insect :
i) Hairy cater pillar
ii) Top shoot borer
iii) Jute semi looper
B) Diseases:
i) Powdery mildew
ii) Rust th) Wilt
iii) Mossaic
EXERCISE
Q.1. A) Fill in blank (06)
Q.2 Write short notes ( Any Four ) (08)
a. Retting and extraction of fibre in Sunhemp. (M-2002) (02)
b. Retting and extraction of fibre from Sunhemp. (M-2007)
(02)
c. Retting and extraction of fibre from Sunhemp. (M-2008) (02)
Q.3 Attempt Any Four of the following (08)
a. Retting and extraction of Sunhemp. (M-2000) (02)
b. How retting and extraction of fibre is done from Sunhemp?
(M-2011) (02)
Q.4. A) Give the information on the following point on
Sannhemp. (Any Two) (M-1998) (04)
a. Seed rate and Sowing.
b. Harvesting and Yield.
c. Economic uses.
Q.4 Give information in the tabular form (08)
(Each correct answer carries ½ mark )

Name of Origin Duration Sowing Seed rate

crop time Kg/ha.
Sunhemp ------------ ----------- ---------- ---------
(M-2020) (02)