PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND PEACE STUDIES
BSED-SCIENCE 1A (E306)
START OF CIVILIZATION
- Filipinos are defined as the ethnically diverse population of
the Philippines, primarily descended from Malay ancestors
from the Southeast Asian mainland and Indonesians.
Two main theories exist regarding the origins of the
Filipino population:
- Beyer's "Migration Theory" suggests that Filipinos
descended from various groups arriving in successive waves
of migration from Southeast Asia.
- Jocano's "Evolution Theory" proposes that Filipinos, along
with other Asians, evolved through a lengthy process of
migration and evolution, resulting in diverse groups.
- Jocano suggests that the Negritos and Malays were likely
among the primary groups that contributed to the development
of the Filipino population over thousands of years.
- Archaeologists Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago's discovery
of the Tabon Man's skullcap in the Tabon Caves of Palawan in
1962 supported the presence of humans in the Philippines
during the Pleistocene era, providing evidence for the theories
of human migration and settlement in the region.
CAVEMAN
- The term "Dawnmen," also known as "cavemen," refers to
early human inhabitants who lived in caves. They shared
similarities with Java Man, Peking Man, and other Homo
sapiens in Asia approximately 250,000 years ago.
- The Dawnmen exhibited resemblances to Java Man and
Peking Man, ancient human specimens discovered in
Indonesia and China, respectively. These specimens were
estimated to be between 200,000 and 1,000,000 years old.
- The term "Dawnmen," also known as "cavemen," refers to
early human inhabitants who lived in caves. They shared
similarities with Java Man, Peking Man, and other Homo
sapiens in Asia approximately 250,000 years ago.
- The Dawnmen exhibited resemblances to Java Man and
Peking Man, ancient human specimens discovered in
Indonesia and China, respectively. These specimens were
estimated to be between 200,000 and 1,000,000 years old.
- Many experts think the first people in the Philippines lived
during a time called the Pleistocene period, which was a long
time ago.
- The land bridge theory states that early animals and people
traveled from Siberia to Alaska across a land bridge that was
exposed during the Ice Age.
Negritos:
- Believed to be among the first settlers in the Philippines.
- Characterized by short stature, thick lips, flat noses, kinky
hair, and black complexion.
Indonesians:
- Present as minority tribes in certain interior regions of the
Philippines.
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- Divided into two types:
- Tall, slender individuals with light skin, sharp features,
and deep-set eyes.
- Darker complexioned, shorter, bulkier individuals with
larger facial features.
Malaysians:
- Arrived in the Philippines approximately 2,000 years ago,
after Indonesians.
- Known for living in larger villages, with established
government, writing, arts, and sciences.
- Engaged in agriculture, fishing, mining, and trading.
Malays:
- Arrived in the Philippines after Indonesians, traveling on
boats known as balangay.
- Physically described as medium-height individuals with
fair complexion, flat noses, and straight hair.
Arabian Traders:
- Karim Al Makhdum, an Arabian trader, reached the Sulu
Archipelago around 1380.
- He established Islam in the Philippines and built the first
Muslim mosque in Barangay Tubig Indangan on Simunul
Island in Tawi-Tawi.
Islam:
- Islam arrived in Mindanao in the 13th century through
Muslim traders from the Persian Gulf, Southern India, and
sultanate governments in the Malay Archipelago.
- Muslim missionaries followed traders, leading to the
formation of Sultanates in Mindanao, Sulu, and Manila, with
notable figures like Sultan Kudarat and Rajah Lakandula
becoming part of Philippine history.
Spaniards:
- March 1521: Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, including
ships like the Trinidad, reached the Philippines.
- Spanish colonial times saw several expeditions, including
those led by Garcia Jofre Loaisa, Sebastian Cabot, Alvaro de
Saavedra, Rudy Lopez de Villalobos, and Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi. Legazpi successfully colonized the islands.
Villalobos Expedition:
- Led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, sailed from Navidad,
Mexico, in 1542 and named the country "ISLAS FILIPINAS"
in honor of Prince Philip, later King of Spain.
Legazpi Expedition:
- Ordered by Philip II, led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and
Andres de Urdaneta.
Spanish First Expedition to the Philippines:
- Led by Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastian Elcano,
completed the circumnavigation of the globe.
These 13 Islamized ethno-linguistic groups include the
following: Badjao, Iranuns, Jama-mapun, Kalagan,
Kalibugan, Maguindanao, Maranao, Molbog, Palawani,
Samal, Sangil, Tausug and Yakan.
PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND PEACE STUDIES
BSED-SCIENCE 1A (E306)
3. Patterned and Integrated Cultures:
NATURE OF CULTURE - Cultures are patterned and integrated systems where
changes in one aspect affect others, though not always
smoothly.
1. What is Culture?
- Various parts of culture, including education, technology,
Cultures are made up of learned behaviors. People are not
marriage, medicine, economics, family, beliefs, religion,
born knowing their culture. They learn itthrough a process
government, and language, are interconnected, influencing
called enculturation.
each other.
ENCULTURATIONAN AND ACCULTURATION
Opposition in Culture:
- Not all parts of culture are interconnected; some may be in
- Culture can be learned both formally and informally.
opposition to each other, like conflicts between workers and
management over wages and profit.
Formal learning: Through institutions like schools, where
- Despite conflicts, they are still part of the same cultural
subjects such as religion, history, and language are taught.
system.
- For example, religion is learned formally through
institutions like churches or mosques.
4. Shared and Adaptive Cultures:
- History and language are taught in schools through
- Cultures are shared, requiring considerable consensus
dedicated lessons.
despite disagreements about many aspects.
Informal learning: Occurs unconsciously from family,
5. Cultures are adaptive, providing information on survival in
friends, and media, through observation, imitation, and
the world. However, some aspects can be maladaptive,
communication.
threatening long-term existence, such as pollution from
- For instance, social norms like appropriate personal space
factories.
during conversations are absorbed unconsciously from
observing others.
Cultural Adaptation is Relative:
- Cultural adaptation varies between cultures. What is
Basic physical needs like food, sleep, and shelter are universal,
adaptive in one culture may not be adaptive in another.
but cultural differences influence how these needs are met.
- For example, literacy and numeracy skills are crucial for
- For example, while everyone needs food, different cultures
adapting to American culture but may not be valuable for
have varying meal times, food preparation methods, and
someone herding cattle in a remote village.
dietary preferences.
Cultural Adaptation Over Time:
Culture dictates how basic human needs are fulfilled through a
- Culture can change over time for adaptation. Introducing
process called enculturation.
new technologies like guns and snowmobiles can be initially
- Enculturation involves learning the practices and norms of
adaptive, improving hunting efficiency and thus people's
one's culture to satisfy basic needs effectively.
health.
- However, these changes may become maladaptive if they
2. Cultures all involve classification systems and symbols. A
lead to the depletion of essential resources like reindeer.
symbol is simply something that stands for something else.
People use cultural symbols to create meaning.
Non-Adaptive Aspects of Culture:
- Some aspects of culture are not adaptive for all members of
Material and nonmaterial
society.
- Material culture refers to physical things created by a
- Practices like war, slavery, human sacrifices, or killing
society, such as cars, which serve as symbols of status, wealth,
twins have not benefited everyone within their respective
or environmental concerns.
cultures.
- Nonmaterial culture comprises aspects of culture that
6. Cultures are Subject to Change:
cannot be physically touched, such as social roles, ethics,
- Cultures are dynamic and constantly changing, driven by
beliefs, or language. For instance, "equality" is an idea
internal dynamics or influenced by external forces.
produced by culture regarding the fair treatment of people.
- One way cultures change is through diffusion, the
spreading of ideas, things, or behaviors between cultures due
Symbols in Culture:
to their interactions throughout history.
- Culture is based on symbols, representing abstract concepts
that only hold meaning when agreed upon by people in a
Types of Diffusion:
culture.
- Direct diffusion occurs when two cultures interact directly,
- Language, money, and art are common examples of
such as through trade or intermarriage.
cultural symbols, with language being the most important
- Indirect diffusion happens when cultural traits move from
symbolic component.
one culture to another through a third culture.
- Symbols are prevalent in religions and everyday life, such
- Forced diffusion occurs when one culture imposes its way
as traffic lights where red means "stop" and green means "go."
of life on another, leading to assimilation and sometimes
causing the extinction of the second culture.

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PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND PEACE STUDIES
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- Diffusion doesn't only flow from complex to simpler
societies but can go both ways. When cultures come into
contact, they exchange cultural elements, and sometimes
adaptations are made to fit into the recipient culture.
- When cultures come into contact, they don't necessarily
adopt every aspect of each other's cultures. Only some cultural
traits are exchanged, and some may be rejected based on
cultural norms and values.
Acculturation:
- Acculturation occurs when there is continuous contact
between two cultures, leading to the exchange of ideas. Both
cultures may change, but they remain distinct. This can
involve the exchange of foods, music, languages, clothing,
and technology, sometimes resulting in the creation of pidgin
languages.
PRE COLONIAL PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND
FILIPINO SOCIAL HIERARCHY
CULTURE
- The word "culture" originates from the Latin word "cultus,"
meaning "care," and the French word "colere," meaning "to
cultivate."
- Culture generally refers to patterns of human activity and the
symbolic structures that give such activities significance and
importance.
Components of Culture:
- Culture encompasses various aspects of a particular group of
people, including language, religion, cuisine, social habits,
music, arts, knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes,
meanings, hierarchies, ideas about time, roles, relationships,
ideas about the universe, and material objects and possessions.
- These components are built up over generations through
individual and group efforts and are shared by a relatively
large group of people.
“CULTURE IS COMMUNICATION,
COMMUNICATION IS CULTURE”
- Early Filipinos, from diverse Asian origins, formed
communities with unique education systems and religious
beliefs.
- Communities, ranging from 50 to 2,000 individuals, settled
in various locations based on livelihood needs, such as
seashores for fishing and fertile land for farming.
- Transportation relied on boats and crafts for trade and travel
between locations.
- Land-based communities cultivated rice, bananas, and other
crops, relocating after harvest to fertile areas with abundant
resources.
- The Philippines boasted rich natural resources, facilitating
prosperous livelihoods for its inhabitants.
Animism
- Animism, a belief system practiced by early Filipinos,
involved worshiping specific deities and natural elements.
- Various supreme deities were worshiped, such as Bathala,
Laon, Abba, Ikasi, Gugurang, and Kabunian, alongside other
gods like Idialao, Lalaon, Balangay, and Sidapa.
- Worship extended to celestial bodies, natural features like
mountains and rivers, and creatures like birds, tortoises, and
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crocodiles, all perceived to hold value and significance in
their lives.
- Practitioners of animism, including healers, midwives (hilot),
shamans, witches, warlocks (mangkukulam), babaylans, tribal
historians, and wise elders, played vital roles in the
community's spiritual and traditional life.
- Beliefs in witchcraft (kulam) and mythical creatures like
aswang and Nuno sa Punso were prevalent in the Visayas
region, adding to the mystical elements of animistic practices.
Clothing
- Clothing in the pre-colonial era included the "Barong
Tagalog," which historians trace back to the natives of Ma-I
(pre-Spanish Philippines). This traditional dress existed before
the Spanish colonization.
- The "malong" is a traditional Filipino-Bangsamoro garment,
a rectangular or tube-like wraparound skirt adorned with
geometric or okir designs. It is worn by both men and women
of various ethnic groups in mainland Mindanao and parts of
the Sulu Archipelago.
Writing System:
- In the early period, both men and women in society were
literate, using sharp-pointed tools, leaves, bamboo, and tree
trunks for writing.
- Writing was done from top to bottom and read from left to
right, with a script known as Alibata, distinct from those of
China, Japan, and India.
- Fr. Pedro Chirino, one of the first Spanish missionaries in
the Philippines, documented these accounts.
Government:
- Before Spanish colonization, Filipino culture included a
government system that many modern Filipinos are not
familiar with.
- Filipinos lived in barangays, settlements consisting of 30 to
100 families, each headed by a datu who led independently.
- Neighboring barangays often cooperated for mutual defense
and assistance.
- Leadership in a barangay was initially hereditary but later
became merit-based, with responsibilities including protection,
agricultural management, and participation in war.
- A datu had a council of elders for advice and laws were
announced to the barangay by a town crier called the
umalohokan.
Social Classes:
- The barangay served as the basic community unit in the
archipelago, each headed by a chieftain known as a rajah or
datu.
- Chieftains held the highest position, enjoying social benefits
and luxuries, and presided over communities.
- Nobles constituted the next highest class, comprising family
members or close friends of the chieftain. They were
respected, wealthy, and involved in important decision-
making.
- Freemen, belonging to the timawa or maharlika group, held
lower status, working in low-paying jobs such as farming or
fishing.
- Slaves occupied the lowest class, lacking rights and
controlled by nobles. Slavery was common, and individuals
could become slaves due to debt or punishment.
PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND PEACE STUDIES
BSED-SCIENCE 1A (E306)
INDIGENOUS CULTURAL COMMUNITIES (ICC)
THE AGTA PEOPLE
Aeta- Central Luzon
Agta- Southeastern Luzon
Dumagat- Eastern Luzon
• The Agta are going through deculturation.
• They are experiencing language loss as well as land
loss.
• However, these people are fighting to claim their lands.
• They hunt and trade to keep their tribe alive.
• The Agta are poor and have a lot of medical issues
• The main causes of death among the adults are tuberculosis,
pneumonia, leprosy, and alcoholism.
• Females have the issue of complication during childbirth.
• The Agta are losing more people than they are gaining.
Language needs people to survive, or it will vanish
• Egalitarian System
• The Agta live in an environment undergoing traumatic
change.
• Jean Treloggen Peterson in his work entitled The Ecology of
Social Boundaries: Agta Forefathers of the Philippines (1978)
stated that similar to other indigenous groups like the
Hanunuo Mangyan, Agta had no formal government. The
influential, wise and experienced elders were powerful but
young leaders were not hindered from emerging (Peterson
1978:10). The leaders served as advisers.
MANGYAN
- Coastal dwellers in remote parts of Mindoro, specifically the
Hanunuo Mangyans.
- Hanunuo Mangyans value ancestral traditions and practices,
emphasizing strict preservation.
- Divided into Northern and Southern groups based on
technological advancements.
- Different languages used among the tribes.
- Potentially the first Filipinos to trade with the Chinese.
- Society characterized by peaceful living, disapproving of
aggressive behaviors.
- Egalitarian system with no status competition between
genders.
- Mainly subsistence agriculturalists, cultivating sweet
potatoes, upland rice, and taro.
- Also engage in hunting wild pigs and small animals.
- Some participate in trade with lowland Filipinos, selling
bananas and ginger.
Artifacts
- culturally rich artifacts that give insight into their culture and
trade.
- Southern tribes are exceptional in their weaving,
pottery, and system of writing while the Northern tribes
are very simple in their living
- Their system of writing, called Surat Mangyan, is a pre-
Hispanic
syllabic system.
- It is still practiced today and is still being taught in different
Mangyan schools of Oriental Mindoro.
- The Hanunó'os also practice their own traditional poetry
called the Ambahan, a rhythmic poetic expression with a
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meter of seven syllables presented through recitation and
chanting or inscribed on bamboo.
PALAWANO
- Palawan is considered the "Cradle of Philippine Civilization"
and is the largest province in the Philippines, located in the
MIMAROPA region within the Luzon island group.
- Inhabited by various indigenous groups including the Batak,
Palawano, Palaweño, Tagbanwa, and Tau't Bato, residing in
remote villages in the mountains and coastal areas.
- Tagbanwa and Palawano are believed to be descendants of
the Tabon Caves' inhabitants.
- The Palawan practice shifting cultivation, consulting spirits
and interpreting omens before clearing land for planting.
- They engage in activities such as honey collection and wild
pig hunting.
- Mining activities in Palawan have caused environmental
damage, including deforestation, flooding, and river siltation.
- The Batak are referred to as "mountain people," while the
Palaweños are native-born lowland dwellers.
- The Palawano exhibit a blend of traditional animism,
Hinduism, and Islamic beliefs.
- The Tau't Bato, or "people of the rock," and the Tagbanwa,
or "people of the world," are also prominent indigenous
groups.
- The Molbog, or Malobog, have a strong connection with the
natural world and a majority of them are Muslims.
- The Palawan principle of ingasiq, meaning 'compassion,'
guides their actions, emphasizing generosity and sympathy
towards others.
- Ceremonies, prayers, chanting, and healing dances are
integral parts of Palawan culture.
- According to Palawan cosmology, the universe is vertical
and divided into fourteen layers, with shamans able to travel
to these levels to 'heal the world' and restore cosmic balance.
- Native shamans possess the ability to see and extract
impurities causing sickness from a patient's body and are
knowledgeable about medicinal plants.
- Shamans, considered ordinary individuals, can enter the
invisible world in a trance or dream state to communicate with
superhuman beings and address illness.
- Good health relies on maintaining a balance between the
body and its 'life force' (kuruduwa), with disruptions leading
to vulnerability to illness and attacks by malevolent beings.
- The supreme being for the Palawan is Empuq, believed to be
the creator of all things, with benevolent beings residing in the
higher mountains.
- The forest is believed to be inhabited by demons, known as
lenggam, who are caretakers of poisonous and biting animals.
Over-hunting or harvesting of certain trees can provoke these
creatures to attack humans.
PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND PEACE STUDIES
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MOLBOG
- Also known as Malebugan or Malebuganon, the Molbog
people inhabit Balabac Island, situated in the southernmost tip
of Palawan.
- They are part of the Muslim minority in the Philippines,
consisting of thirteen ethno-linguistic groups, and were settled
on Balabac Island prior to the arrival of the Spaniards.
- The Molbogs are believed to be migrants from the northern
part of Borneo, with an estimated population of over twenty
thousand.
- The name "Molbog" is derived from "malubog," meaning
"murky or turbid water," referring to the muddy water
surrounding the bay area caused by floodwater.
- Originally an indigenous Palawan subgroup, the Molbog
converted to Islam after interactions with the Tausug and
Samal ethnic groups and the Sulu Sultanate.
- Historically, the Molbog were ruled by Sulu datus under the
Sulu Sultanate, with religious leaders controlling each village.
- Intermarriages between Tausugs and Molbogs led to the
Islamization of the latter, and their offspring are referred to as
"kolibugan" or "half-breed."
- The Molbogs' livelihood includes fishing, subsistence
farming, and barter trading with nearby communities, with
most residing in isolated mountain regions.
- Molbog traditions, including dance rituals for giving, healing,
and prayer, are well-known, but traditional practices such as
producing clothing from bamboo skin are fading due to
advancing technology.
- Despite being one of only three indigenous tribes in Palawan,
the island attracted colonizers in the twentieth century,
including Muslims from Mindanao and Sulu, such as the
Tausug and Jama Mapun, who settled in the southern
municipalities.
BATAK
- The Batak are several closely related ethnic groups residing
in north-central Sumatra, Indonesia, and in the forests of
northern Palawan in the western Philippines.
- They are believed to be descendants of a powerful Proto-
Malayan people.
- Physically, the Batak typically exhibit a short stature, dark
skin, and curly hair, characteristics that contributed to their
distinctive appearance and name.
- Economic activities among the Batak primarily revolve
around swidden farming (slash and burn method), hunting,
and gathering natural resources such as almaciga resin, rattan
poles, and honey, with their food primarily sourced from the
forest, rivers, creeks, and occasionally the sea.
- Due to their reliance on forest resources, they have not been
motivated to cultivate permanent land for crop production,
traditionally growing cassava, banana, sweet potato, ube, gabi,
and coconuts.
- The religious faith of the Batak is rooted in nature spirits
believed to reside in large rocks and trees, with these spirits
possessing the power to cure severe sickness when invoked by
their spiritual leaders known as baylan.
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Customs and Traditions (BATAK):
ALYOG: This is a method used to determine if a boy's
parents approve of his marriage. The boy's parents take him to
the girl's home to meet her parents, often inviting an elder or
respected traditional leader (Ginoo) to witness the final
agreement.
LIWAG: A fine imposed on a son-in-law who has disobeyed
his in-laws twice.
SALA: A fine imposed on a boy given to the parents of the
girl who has been deflowered by him, with marriage typically
following as part of the resolution.
SURUGIDEN: This process involves traditional leaders
convening with the involved parties to discuss and resolve
conflicts such as marriage disputes, adultery, disrespect to in-
laws, theft, and other violations of traditional laws. Penalties
are imposed on the guilty parties after deliberation.
Ritual:
LAMBAY: A festival marking the onset of seasonal honey
gathering, usually in March. Conducted by the baylan to
ensure plentiful honey production. Also used to request rain or
sunlight, with offerings of live chickens to the spirits.
SAGKAT: A ritual performed by the baylan for kaingero
before field clearing. It involves respecting forest spirits by
seeking their permission before clearing. If signs of
disagreement are not seen in dreams within three days,
clearing proceeds; otherwise, it is halted.
Batak Marriage System:
- Before marriage, the lad discusses with the potential spouse's
elder and groom's family in a "surigiden."
- Marriage is sanctified with the agreement of elders. The
groom visits the bride's parents with a Ginoo or Tribal leader.
- The bride's parents request a "bandi" from the groom as a
guarantee.
- The groom gives gifts to the elders who attended the
Surugiden as a token of gratitude.
- The newlyweds sip rice wine, "tabad," to celebrate and wish
each other luck.
JAMA MAPUN
- Widely spread from Borneo to southwestern Philippines and
Palawan, with the largest concentration on Cagayan de Sulu
island.
- Also known as Bajau, Cagayano, Orang Cagayan, Sama
Cagayan, Tao Cagayan, or simply Sama.
- Relies on agriculture and maritime trading, focusing on
coconut cultivation for copra production. Corn and cassava
are also staple crops.
- Settlements cluster near the shore, but patterns disperse
inland. Consumer items are traded for forest products and
local food with the North Bornean population centers.
- Predominantly follows Islam with some syncretism.
Governance tied to the religious institution of the sultanate.
- Jama Mapuns' main businesses include dry rice farming,
copra cultivation, and trade.
- They go fishing on the smaller islands and islets.Cagayan de
Tawi-Tawi and southern Palawan are
home to Jama Mapuns.
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- The husband was usually required to pay a bride price when
the Jama Mapuns married. It is normal
for first-degree relatives to marry one other.
- Their datu symbolizes the secular sector in sociopolitical
structure, while the salip represents the holy order. They share
the functions of social control and justice amongst them..
KARAY-A
Population Distribution: Found in coastal and riverbank
regions of western Panay, with communities also in Mindanao.
Predominantly in Antique and Iloilo provinces.
Language: The Ilonggo language of Hiligaynon is descended
from Kinaray-a.
Origin: Initially believed to be descendants of immigrants
from Borneo, according to the "Ten Bornean Datus" epic-
myth.
Social Values: Respect for elders evident in the use of terms
like lolo, lola, tatay, and nanay. Girls addressed as Nening,
Nene, Inday, or Diding. The concept of dagyawonay
(bayanihan) is sacred, emphasizing communal support for
various tasks and events.
Elementals: Various elemental beings inhabit the Karay-a
world, including tamawo, kamakama, muwa, and more. These
are divided into putian (white, good) and ituman (black, evil)
categories, encountered in specific locations and times.
WARAY
Origin: Descendants of Austronesian-speaking immigrants
who arrived during the Iron Age. Encountered by Europeans
led by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, making them among the
first Filipinos to be sighted and converted to Christianity.
Religion: Predominantly Catholic, with some adherents to
Protestantism, Islam, traditional Waray beliefs, or non-
religious.
Cultural Traits:
Happy People: Known for their cheerful disposition despite
hardships. Dubbed lazy by the Spanish due to their
contentedness with farming and making tuba palm wine.
Music and Dance: Enjoy music, particularly the Kuratsa, a
courting dance with native and Hispanic influences, reflecting
their rich cultural heritage.
Stereotypes: Traditionally portrayed as fierce warriors,
reflected in the saying "Waray never back down from a
battle." However, negative stereotypes emerged due to
activities of Waray-Waray gangs.
Waray-Waray Gangs:
Origin: Criminal groups primarily of Waray ethnicity,
originating from Leyte and Samar provinces and later
spreading into Luzon.
Activities: Engaged in various criminal activities including
armed robberies, kidnapping, carnapping, gun running,
assassinations, gang warfare, and narcotics sale.
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Reputation: Gained notoriety for bloody confrontations with
law enforcement, making them the most notorious gangs in
the Philippines.
MUSLIM/ISLAM
- The history of the Philippine Muslims is part of the
backbone of the historical development of the
whole country.
- Filipino historians like Dr. Renato Constantino
asserted that; “no Philippine history can be complete without a
study of Muslim development (1990:29).”
- It is this Islam that actually produced heroic
resistance against western colonialism. The
Philippine Muslims today became known as
cultural communities owing to their culture
surviving foreign hegemonism (leadership or
dominance, especially by one country or
social group over others) to this day.
Roots
- Mindanao and Sulu are the original
homeland of the Philippine Muslims.
- These areas are now the third political
subdivision of the Philippines.
- They are located at the southern part of the
country, and lie around hundred miles north
of equator
- It is a fertile region and known to be rich in agricultural
plantation, marine and mineral resources.
Agricultural Crops
- Rice, corn, root crops, vegetables, cassava and fruits.
- Marine products like seaweed production, fish as well as gas
and oil are dominant in the Sulu sea.
- Fifty nine percent of tuna and sardines are largely taken from
the Sulu sea.
- The main concentration of the Philippine
Muslim population is confined largely to
the western side of Mindanao down to
the Sulu Archipelago.
- The Muslims are dominant only in Lanao
and Maguindanao provinces.
- While the rest of the Muslim populations are scattered in
nearby provinces such as Zamboanga peninsula, North
Cotabato, Sultan Qudarat, South Cotabato, Davao Oriental
and Davao del Sur and Sarangani Island.
- In the Sulu Archipelago, the Muslims are all dominant in
three
island provinces of Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi.