The document outlines the formation of the elements from hydrogen and helium produced during primordial nucleosynthesis 13.8 billion years ago through the production of heavier elements in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova explosions up to the laboratory synthesis of the heaviest elements in recent decades. Elements up to lithium were formed in the early universe, while elements from beryllium through uranium were produced through stellar processes over billions of years, and transuranic elements have been made in laboratories since the 1940s.
The document outlines the formation of the elements from hydrogen and helium produced during primordial nucleosynthesis 13.8 billion years ago through the production of heavier elements in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova explosions up to the laboratory synthesis of the heaviest elements in recent decades. Elements up to lithium were formed in the early universe, while elements from beryllium through uranium were produced through stellar processes over billions of years, and transuranic elements have been made in laboratories since the 1940s.
The document outlines the formation of the elements from hydrogen and helium produced during primordial nucleosynthesis 13.8 billion years ago through the production of heavier elements in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova explosions up to the laboratory synthesis of the heaviest elements in recent decades. Elements up to lithium were formed in the early universe, while elements from beryllium through uranium were produced through stellar processes over billions of years, and transuranic elements have been made in laboratories since the 1940s.
13.8 billion years ago Primordial Nucleosynthesis HYDROGEN
13.8 billion years ago Primordial Nucleosynthesis HELIUM 13.8 billion years ago Primordial Nucleosynthesis LITHIUM Formed in cosmic ray spallation Stellar Nucleosynthesis BERYLLIUM and supernova
Formed in cosmic ray spallation Stellar Nucleosynthesis BORON
and supernova
12.5 billion years ago Stellar Nucleosynthesis CARBON
Formed in the cores of stars Stellar Nucleosynthesis NITROGEN (around 7-12 billion years ago)
2.4 billion years ago Stellar Nucleosynthesis OXYGEN
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis FLUORINE 7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis NEON
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis SODIUM
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis MAGNESIUM
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis ALUMINUM
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis SILICON
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis PHOSPHORUS
7-12 billion years ago)
Before 2000 BCE Stellar Nucleosynthesis SULFUR
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis CHLORINE 7-12 billion years ago)
4.5 billion years ago Stellar Nucleosynthesis ARGON
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis POTASSIUM 7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis CALCIUM
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis SCANDIUM
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis TITANIUM
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis VANADIUM
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis CHROMIUM
7-12 billion years ago)
Formed in the core of stars (around Stellar Nucleosynthesis MANGANESE
7-12 billion years ago)
Before 5000 BC Stellar Nucleosynthesis IRON
Formed in supernova explosion supernova COBALT 3500 BCE supernova NICKEL Early as 2100 BC supernova COPPER Before 1000 BCE supernova ZINC Formed in supernova explosion supernova GALLIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova GERMANIUM Before AD 815 supernova ARSENIC Formed in supernova explosion supernova SELENIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova BROMINE Formed in supernova explosion supernova KRYPTON Formed in supernova explosion supernova RUBIDIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova STRONTIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova YTTRIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova ZIRCONIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova NIOBIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova MOLYBDENUM 4200 000 years ago supernova TECHNETIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova RUTHENIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova RHODIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova PALLADIUM Before 3000 BC supernova SILVER Formed in supernova explosion supernova CADMIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova INDIUM 3500 BC supernova TIN 4000 BCE supernova ANTIMONY Formed in supernova explosion supernova TELLURIUM
Formed in supernova explosion supernova IODINE
Formed in supernova explosion supernova XENON 1,400 000 years ago supernova CESIUM Early 1500S supernova BARIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova LANTHANUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova CERIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova PRASEODYMIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova NEODYMIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova PROMETHIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova SAMARIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova EUROPIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova GADOLINIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova TERBIUM Formed in supernova supernova DYSPROSIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova HOLMIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova ERBIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova THULIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova YTTERBIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova LUTETIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova HAFNIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova TANTALUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova TUNGSTEN Formed in supernova explosion supernova RHENIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova OSMIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova IRIDIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova PLATINUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova GOLD Formed in supernova explosion supernova MERCURY Formed in supernova explosion supernova THALLIUM Formed in supernova supernova LEAD Formed in supernova explosion supernova BISMUTH Formed in supernova explosion supernova POLONIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova ASTATINE Formed in supernova explosion supernova RADON Formed in supernova explosion supernova FRANCIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova RADIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova ACTINIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova THORIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova PROTACTINIUM Formed in supernova explosion supernova URANIUM 1940 Laboratory NEPTUNIUM 1940 Laboratory PLUTONIUM 1944 Laboratory AMERICIUM 1944 Laboratory CURIUM 1949 Laboratory BERKELIUM 1950 Laboratory CALIFORNIUM 1952 Laboratory EINSTEINIUM 1952 Laboratory FERMIUM 1955 Laboratory MENDELEVIUM 1966 Laboratory NOBELIUM 1962 Laboratory LAWRENCIUM 1969 Laboratory RUTHERFORDIUM 1970 Laboratory DUDNIUM 1974 Laboratory SEABORGIUM 1981 Laboratory BOHRIUM 1984 Laboratory HASSIUM 1982 Laboratory MEITNERIUM 1994 Laboratory DARMSTADIUM 1994 Laboratory ROENTGENIUM 1996 Laboratory COPERNICIUM 2003 Laboratory NIHONIUM 1998 Laboratory FLEROVIUM 2003 Laboratory MOSCOVIUM 2000 Laboratory LIVERMORIUM 2010 Laboratory TENNESSINE 2002 Laboratory OGANESSON