This document summarizes igneous rocks and how they form. Igneous rocks form when magma or molten rock cools and solidifies. As it cools, different minerals and textures form depending on factors like the magma composition, cooling time, and temperature and pressure. There is wide variation in igneous rock textures and compositions due to differences in the cooling process. When identifying igneous rocks, clues about the rock's texture and composition provide information about how the original magma formed and cooled.
Original Description:
Original Title
English (United States)-Arabic Identifying Igneous Rocks -- Earth Rocks!
This document summarizes igneous rocks and how they form. Igneous rocks form when magma or molten rock cools and solidifies. As it cools, different minerals and textures form depending on factors like the magma composition, cooling time, and temperature and pressure. There is wide variation in igneous rock textures and compositions due to differences in the cooling process. When identifying igneous rocks, clues about the rock's texture and composition provide information about how the original magma formed and cooled.
This document summarizes igneous rocks and how they form. Igneous rocks form when magma or molten rock cools and solidifies. As it cools, different minerals and textures form depending on factors like the magma composition, cooling time, and temperature and pressure. There is wide variation in igneous rock textures and compositions due to differences in the cooling process. When identifying igneous rocks, clues about the rock's texture and composition provide information about how the original magma formed and cooled.
[music] الصخور النارية هي تلك التي تكونت عن طريق
Igneous rocks are
الصخور النارية هي تلك التي تكونت عن طريق
those formed by the cooling and solidification of
magma, or molten rock. As the melted rock cools, الصخور النارية هي تلك التي تكونت عن طريق
those formed by the cooling and solidification of
magma, or molten rock. As the melted rock cools, تبريد وتصلب الصهارة أو
those formed by the cooling and solidification of
magma, or molten rock. As the melted rock cools, الصخور المنصهرة حيث تبرد الصخور المنصهرة
new minerals and textures will form based on
things like the original magma composition, الصخور المنصهرة حيث تبرد الصخور المنصهرة
new minerals and textures will form based on
things like the original magma composition, بناء على ً المعادن الجديدة والقوام سوف يتشكل
new minerals and textures will form based on
things like the original magma composition, أشياء مثل تركيبة الصهارة األصلية
new minerals and textures will form based on
things like the original magma composition, إضافة أي
the addition of any new chemical components from
the surrounding rocks, the time it takes to cool, إضافة أي
the addition of any new chemical components from
the surrounding rocks, the time it takes to cool, مكونات كيميائية جديدة من الصخور المحيطة
the addition of any new chemical components from
the surrounding rocks, the time it takes to cool, بالوقت الذي يستغرقه بارد
and the temperature and pressures at which
it cools. Because there is so much variation بالوقت الذي يستغرقه بارد
and the temperature and pressures at which
it cools. Because there is so much variation ودرجة الحرارة والضغط اللذين
and the temperature and pressures at which
it cools. Because there is so much variation نظرا لوجود تباين كبير ً يبرد عندهما in this process, there is a wide variation of igneous rock textures and compositions. فهناك تنوع كبير، في هذه العملية
in this process, there is a wide variation
of igneous rock textures and compositions. في قوام وتركيبات الصخور النارية
in this process, there is a wide variation
of igneous rock textures and compositions. عندما نتعرف على
When we identify and classify igneous rocks,
we are looking for textural and compositional عندما نتعرف على
When we identify and classify igneous rocks,
we are looking for textural and compositional فنحن نبحث، الصخور النارية ونصنفها
When we identify and classify igneous rocks,
we are looking for textural and compositional عن أدلة تركيبية وتركيبية
clues in the rock that tell us the story of the
original magma formation and its cooling process. عن أدلة تركيبية وتركيبية
clues in the rock that tell us the story of the
original magma formation and its cooling process. في الصخور التي تخبرنا لنا قصة
clues in the rock that tell us the story of the
original magma formation and its cooling process. تكوين الصهارة األصلية
clues in the rock that tell us the story of the
original magma formation and its cooling process. وعملية التبريد في نهاية وحدة التعلم هذه،
By the end of this learning module, you should
be able to list the most common igneous rocks, وعملية التبريد في نهاية وحدة التعلم هذه،
By the end of this learning module, you should
be able to list the most common igneous rocks, قادرا على ً يجب أن تكون
By the end of this learning module, you should
be able to list the most common igneous rocks, شيوعا ً سرد الصخور النارية األكثر
recognize their textures and compositions,
شيوعا ً سرد الصخور النارية األكثر
recognize their textures and compositions,
للتعرف على قوامها وتركيباتها وربطها recognize their textures and compositions,
and link them to their formation
environment and history.
and link them to their formation
environment and history. ببيئة تكوينها وتاريخ هذه
This pile of igneous rocks contains a wide range
of igneous rock compositions and textures and ببيئة تكوينها وتاريخ هذه
This pile of igneous rocks contains a wide range
of igneous rock compositions and textures and الكومة من الصخور النارية التي تحتوي عليها مجموعة
This pile of igneous rocks contains a wide range
of igneous rock compositions and textures and واسعة من التراكيب والقوام الصخور
This pile of igneous rocks contains a wide range
of igneous rock compositions and textures and النارية وتمثل اثني عشر
represents a dozen different rock names and
histories. This table shows how we classify النارية وتمثل اثني عشر
represents a dozen different rock names and
histories. This table shows how we classify ريال عماني مختلف أسماء وتواريخck
represents a dozen different rock names and
histories. This table shows how we classify يوضح هذا الجدول كيف نصنف
and distinguish among the variety of igneous
rock types by texture and composition. The five يوضح هذا الجدول كيف نصنف
and distinguish among the variety of igneous
rock types by texture and composition. The five ونميز بين مجموعة متنوعة من
and distinguish among the variety of igneous
rock types by texture and composition. The five أنواع الصخور النارية حسب الملمس والتكوين
and distinguish among the variety of igneous
rock types by texture and composition. The five تمثل األعمدة الخمسة
columns represent the five basic textures.
The four rows, the four basic compositions. تمثل األعمدة الخمسة
columns represent the five basic textures.
The four rows, the four basic compositions. والصفوف األربعة، األنسجة األساسية الخمسة،
columns represent the five basic textures.
The four rows, the four basic compositions. والتركيبات األساسية األربعة طالما يمكنك
As long as you can correctly describe the
texture and composition of an igneous rock, والتركيبات األساسية األربعة طالما يمكنك
As long as you can correctly describe the
texture and composition of an igneous rock, وصف نسيج وتكوينها بشكل صحيح
As long as you can correctly describe the
texture and composition of an igneous rock, صخرة نارية يمكنك
you can determine the rock’s name AND understand
something about its formation history. صخرة نارية يمكنك
you can determine the rock’s name AND understand
something about its formation history. تحديد اسم الصخور وفهم
you can determine the rock’s name AND understand
something about its formation history. شيء ما حول تاريخ تكوينها.
Magmas that solidify and cool do so either
slowly underground – often taking hundreds to شيء ما حول تاريخ تكوينها.
Magmas that solidify and cool do so either
slowly underground – often taking hundreds to
Magmas that solidify and cool do so either
slowly underground – often taking hundreds to
Magmas that solidify and cool do so either
slowly underground – often taking hundreds to
thousands of years – or quickly above ground
following an eruption. In the first case,
thousands of years – or quickly above ground
following an eruption. In the first case,
thousands of years – or quickly above ground
following an eruption. In the first case,
slow underground cooling, there is no eruption.
The magmas never reach the surface. Instead they
slow underground cooling, there is no eruption.
The magmas never reach the surface. Instead they
slow underground cooling, there is no eruption.
The magmas never reach the surface. Instead they أبدا إلى السطح ً اندالع الصهارة لم تصل الصهارة،
slow underground cooling, there is no eruption.
The magmas never reach the surface. Instead they وبدال ً من ذلك تصل إلى حجرة الصهارة تحت األرض
reach an underground magma chamber or insert
themselves into cracks or between layers in وبدال ً من ذلك تصل إلى حجرة الصهارة تحت األرض
reach an underground magma chamber or insert
themselves into cracks or between layers in أو تدخل نفسها في شقوق
reach an underground magma chamber or insert
themselves into cracks or between layers in أو بين طبقات في الصخر على مدى
the rock. Over a long period of time, they cool,
and the atoms in the melt bond with each other أو بين طبقات في الصخر على مدى
the rock. Over a long period of time, they cool,
and the atoms in the melt bond with each other فترة طويلة من الوقت تبرد
the rock. Over a long period of time, they cool,
and the atoms in the melt bond with each other والذرات في الرابطة المنصهرة مع بعضها البعض
to form minerals that are most stable based on the
existing temperature, pressure, and chemistry. The استقرارا ً لتشكيل المعادن األكثر
to form minerals that are most stable based on the
existing temperature, pressure, and chemistry. The بناء على ضغط درجة الحرارة الحالي ً to form minerals that are most stable based on the existing temperature, pressure, and chemistry. The يسمح التبريد البطيء، والكيمياء
slow cooling allows for large crystals to form.
The texture of these rocks is typically described يسمح التبريد البطيء، والكيمياء
slow cooling allows for large crystals to form.
The texture of these rocks is typically described لـ
slow cooling allows for large crystals to form.
The texture of these rocks is typically described عادة ما توصف البلورات الكبيرة لتشكيل نسيج هذه الصخور
slow cooling allows for large crystals to form.
The texture of these rocks is typically described بأنهاphaneritic وكل البلورات متداخلة as PHANERITIC, and the crystals are all intergrown and large enough to see with the naked eye. بأنهاphaneritic وكل البلورات متداخلة
as PHANERITIC, and the crystals are all intergrown
and large enough to see with the naked eye. وكبيرة بما يكفي
as PHANERITIC, and the crystals are all intergrown
and large enough to see with the naked eye. لرؤية بالعين المجردة فئة فرعية من
A subcategory of phaneritic are rocks with
unusually large crystals. This texture is لرؤية بالعين المجردة فئة فرعية من
A subcategory of phaneritic are rocks with
unusually large crystals. This texture is الصخورphaneritic هي الصخور ذات البلورات الكبيرة بشكل غير عادي،
A subcategory of phaneritic are rocks with
unusually large crystals. This texture is ويسمى هذا النسيج
called pegmatitic and rocks displaying this
texture are called pegmatites. Unusually ويسمى هذا النسيج
called pegmatitic and rocks displaying this
texture are called pegmatites. Unusually peg matific والصخور
called pegmatitic and rocks displaying this
texture are called pegmatites. Unusually يُطلق على عرض هذا النسيج اسم البغماتيت،
called pegmatitic and rocks displaying this
texture are called pegmatites. Unusually وتتشكل بلورات كبيرة بشكل غير عادي عندما
large crystals form when the magma cools
slowly AND the magma viscosity is very low, وتتشكل بلورات كبيرة بشكل غير عادي عندما
large crystals form when the magma cools
slowly AND the magma viscosity is very low, تبرد الصهارة ببطء وتكون
large crystals form when the magma cools
slowly AND the magma viscosity is very low, جدا عاد ًة من ً لزوجة الصهارة منخفضة
usually through the addition of large
amounts of water. This low viscosity, جدا عاد ًة من ً لزوجة الصهارة منخفضة
usually through the addition of large
amounts of water. This low viscosity, خالل إضافة كميات كبيرة من الماء، usually through the addition of large amounts of water. This low viscosity, وهذه اللزوجة المنخفضة أو المقاومة المنخفضة
or low resistance to flow, means that atoms
can migrate quickly and easily to nucleation وهذه اللزوجة المنخفضة أو المقاومة المنخفضة
or low resistance to flow, means that atoms
can migrate quickly and easily to nucleation للتدفق يعني أن الذرات يمكن أن تهاجر
or low resistance to flow, means that atoms
can migrate quickly and easily to nucleation بسرعة وسهولة إلى مواقع التنوي
sites far away, so single crystals can get
to be many inches to sometimes feet long. بسرعة وسهولة إلى مواقع التنوي
sites far away, so single crystals can get
to be many inches to sometimes feet long. يمكن، بعيدا ً
sites far away, so single crystals can get
to be many inches to sometimes feet long. أن يصل طول البلورات المفردة إلى عدة بوصات إلى أقدام طويلة في بعض األحيان على
In contrast, when a magma erupts as a lava flow,
it cools quickly. Atoms don’t have time to form أن يصل طول البلورات المفردة إلى عدة بوصات إلى أقدام طويلة في بعض األحيان على
In contrast, when a magma erupts as a lava flow,
it cools quickly. Atoms don’t have time to form عندما يكون انفجار الصهارة عبارة عن تدفق للحمم البركانية، النقيض من ذلك،
In contrast, when a magma erupts as a lava flow,
it cools quickly. Atoms don’t have time to form فإنه يبرد بسرعة ال يتوفر لدى الذرات
In contrast, when a magma erupts as a lava flow,
it cools quickly. Atoms don’t have time to form لذلك، الوقت لتكوين بلورات كبيرة
large crystals, so the same basic minerals will
form, but the crystals will be smaller – too small لذلك، الوقت لتكوين بلورات كبيرة
large crystals, so the same basic minerals will
form, but the crystals will be smaller – too small ستتكون المعادن األساسية نفسها ولكن
large crystals, so the same basic minerals will
form, but the crystals will be smaller – too small البلورات ستكون كذلك أصغر وأصغر من أن
to see without a microscope. Rocks with a texture
of crystals too small to see are called APHANITIC. أصغر وأصغر من أن البلورات ستكون كذلك
to see without a microscope. Rocks with a texture
of crystals too small to see are called APHANITIC. تُسمى الصخور ذات، تُرى بدون مجهر
to see without a microscope. Rocks with a texture
of crystals too small to see are called APHANITIC. جدا بحيث ال يمكن رؤيتها ً ملمس البلورات الصغير
to see without a microscope. Rocks with a texture
of crystals too small to see are called APHANITIC. بالصوتيات القليلة األخرى
A few other textures can result when rocks
erupt. Sometimes lava flows cool so quickly, بالصوتيات القليلة األخرى
A few other textures can result when rocks
erupt. Sometimes lava flows cool so quickly, يمكن أن تنتج الكسور عندما تنفجر الصخور في
A few other textures can result when rocks
erupt. Sometimes lava flows cool so quickly, تبرد تدفقات الحمم البركانية بسرعة كبيرة، بعض األحيان
especially their outer edges, that they form
no crystals, which we call GLASS. For a lava خاص ًة حوافها الخارجية بحيث
especially their outer edges, that they form
no crystals, which we call GLASS. For a lava ال تشكل بلورات نسميها الزجاج
especially their outer edges, that they form
no crystals, which we call GLASS. For a lava زجاج يجب أن٪ 100 لتدفق الحمم البركانية لتكوين
flow to form 100% glass it must do more than
just cool quickly, it must also have a very زجاج يجب أن٪ 100 لتدفق الحمم البركانية لتكوين
flow to form 100% glass it must do more than
just cool quickly, it must also have a very تفعل أكثر من مجرد التبريد بسرعة ويجب أن
flow to form 100% glass it must do more than
just cool quickly, it must also have a very جدا أو ً أيضا لزوجة عالية ً يكون لها
high viscosity or resistance to flow. A very
high silica content can cause high viscosity, جدا أو ً أيضا لزوجة عالية ً يكون لها
high viscosity or resistance to flow. A very
high silica content can cause high viscosity, جدا من السيليكا ً المقاومة لتدفق محتوى عالي
high viscosity or resistance to flow. A very
high silica content can cause high viscosity, يمكن أن يسبب لزوجة عالية
and that can lead to a texture called GLASSY
where 100% of the rock is made of glass. يمكن أن يسبب لزوجة عالية
and that can lead to a texture called GLASSY
where 100% of the rock is made of glass. ويمكن أن يؤدي ذلك إلى نسيج يسمى
and that can lead to a texture called GLASSY
where 100% of the rock is made of glass. من الصخور من٪ 100 زجاجي حيث يتكون
and that can lead to a texture called GLASSY
where 100% of the rock is made of glass. الزجاج عندما تنفجر الصهارة بشكل متفجر
When magmas erupt explosively with lots of
gas, lava is thrown through the air – adhering الزجاج عندما تنفجر الصهارة بشكل متفجر
When magmas erupt explosively with lots of
gas, lava is thrown through the air – adhering مع الكثير من الحمم الغازية التي يتم إلقاؤها
When magmas erupt explosively with lots of
gas, lava is thrown through the air – adhering عبر الهواء ملتصقة بـ فقاعات الغاز
to the gas bubbles. It cools instantly,
forming tiny grains of glass, called ash. عبر الهواء ملتصقة بـ فقاعات الغاز
to the gas bubbles. It cools instantly,
forming tiny grains of glass, called ash. تبرد على الفور مكونة حبيبات صغيرة من
to the gas bubbles. It cools instantly,
forming tiny grains of glass, called ash. الزجاج تسمى كتل الرماد األكبر من الحمم البركانية التي يتم
Larger blobs of lava thrown through the air
with lots of gas within them also cool quickly, الزجاج تسمى كتل الرماد األكبر من الحمم البركانية التي يتم
Larger blobs of lava thrown through the air
with lots of gas within them also cool quickly, إلقاؤها في الهواء مع وجود الكثير من الغاز
Larger blobs of lava thrown through the air
with lots of gas within them also cool quickly, أيضا تبرد بسرعة أثناء ً بداخلها
WHILE gas is escaping. They form a texture known
as FROTHY – a combination of solid glass riddled أيضا تبرد بسرعة أثناء ً بداخلها WHILE gas is escaping. They form a texture known as FROTHY – a combination of solid glass riddled نسيجا يُعرف ً هروب الغاز وتشكل
WHILE gas is escaping. They form a texture known
as FROTHY – a combination of solid glass riddled بالرغوة وهي مزيج من الزجاج الصلب
WHILE gas is escaping. They form a texture known
as FROTHY – a combination of solid glass riddled [ __ ] أو المزيد من ثقوب الحويصالت٪50 بنسبة
with 50% or more vesicles (holes left by escaping
gas). Note: often lava flows will have also [ __ ] أو المزيد من ثقوب الحويصالت٪50 بنسبة
with 50% or more vesicles (holes left by escaping
gas). Note: often lava flows will have also الحظ في كثير من األحيان أن، التي تتركها الهروب من الغاز
with 50% or more vesicles (holes left by escaping
gas). Note: often lava flows will have also أيضا ً تدفقات الحمم البركانية ستخدع
cool around escaping gas. Vesicles will also
exist in these aphanitic textures. Only when حول حويصالت الغاز الهاربة
cool around escaping gas. Vesicles will also
exist in these aphanitic textures. Only when أيضا في هذه القوام الصوتي ً
cool around escaping gas. Vesicles will also
exist in these aphanitic textures. Only when فقط عندما تكون كمية الحويصالتi
the amount of vesicles is equal to or larger than
the amount of rock do we call the texture FROTHY. فقط عندما تكون كمية الحويصالتi
the amount of vesicles is equal to or larger than
the amount of rock do we call the texture FROTHY. مساوية أو أكبر من كمية
the amount of vesicles is equal to or larger than
the amount of rock do we call the texture FROTHY. زبدا إذا ً الصخور التي نسميها
If a lot of ash is produced in an explosive
eruption, it will settle out of the air and زبدا إذا ً الصخور التي نسميها
If a lot of ash is produced in an explosive
eruption, it will settle out of the air and تم إنتاج الكثير من الرماد في انفجار
If a lot of ash is produced in an explosive
eruption, it will settle out of the air and فسوف يستقر في، بركاني متفجر If a lot of ash is produced in an explosive eruption, it will settle out of the air and الهواء ويتراكم في أكوام على األرض.
accumulate in piles on the ground. Bits of
rock ripped off the sides of the volcano in الهواء ويتراكم في أكوام على األرض.
accumulate in piles on the ground. Bits of
rock ripped off the sides of the volcano in
accumulate in piles on the ground. Bits of
rock ripped off the sides of the volcano in أيضا ً قد يسقط البركان في االنفجار
the explosion might also fall into this pile,
along with the frothy bits of lava also thrown أيضا ً قد يسقط البركان في االنفجار
the explosion might also fall into this pile,
along with the frothy bits of lava also thrown في هذه الكومة جنبًا إلى جنب مع القطع الزبدية
the explosion might also fall into this pile,
along with the frothy bits of lava also thrown أيضا في كثير من األحيان ً من الحمم البركانية التي يتم إلقاؤها
out (often called bombs). These deposits can
weld themselves together due to their heat, أيضا في كثير من األحيان ً من الحمم البركانية التي يتم إلقاؤها
out (often called bombs). These deposits can
weld themselves together due to their heat, ويمكن لهذه الرواسب أن تلحم، تسمى القنابل
out (often called bombs). These deposits can
weld themselves together due to their heat, معا بسبب ً نفسها
and form a rock with a PYROCLASTIC texture. Pyro
for their origination from a “fire”, and clastic حرارتها وتشكل صخرة ذات
and form a rock with a PYROCLASTIC texture. Pyro
for their origination from a “fire”, and clastic نسيج حمم بركاني ناتج عن نشأتها
and form a rock with a PYROCLASTIC texture. Pyro
for their origination from a “fire”, and clastic نظرا ألنها مصنوعة ً .من حريق وخرق
because they are made of clasts or bits and pieces
of many different things that were glued together. نظرا ألنها مصنوعة ً .من حريق وخرق
because they are made of clasts or bits and pieces
of many different things that were glued together. من كتل أو أجزاء وقطع من العديد من because they are made of clasts or bits and pieces of many different things that were glued together. األشياء المختلفة التي تم لصقها
because they are made of clasts or bits and pieces
of many different things that were glued together. معا ً
Going back to the rock ID table, we see
that each of these five textures can be معا ً
Going back to the rock ID table, we see
that each of these five textures can be نرى، بالعودة إلى جدول معرف الصخور
Going back to the rock ID table, we see
that each of these five textures can be أنه يمكن تقسيم كل من هذه القوام الخمسة بشكل
further divided by composition, and based on
those two traits leads us to the name of the وبناء ً أكبر من خالل التركيب
further divided by composition, and based on
those two traits leads us to the name of the على هاتين السمتين تقودنا إلى االسم
further divided by composition, and based on
those two traits leads us to the name of the من التراكيب الصخرية مقسمة
rock. Compositions are broken up for this
simplified rock chart into four main types من التراكيب الصخرية مقسمة
rock. Compositions are broken up for this
simplified rock chart into four main types إلى مخطط صخري مبسط إلى أربعة
rock. Compositions are broken up for this
simplified rock chart into four main types بناء على محتواها من ً أنواع رئيسية
based on their silica content. Lowest silica
(highest iron and magnesium) compositions are بناء على محتواها من ً أنواع رئيسية
based on their silica content. Lowest silica
(highest iron and magnesium) compositions are السيليكا تسمى لويس سيليكا أعلى تركيبات الحديد والمغنيسيوم
based on their silica content. Lowest silica
(highest iron and magnesium) compositions are ultramafi ج مع
called ULTRAMAFIC. As silica content increases
(and iron and magnesium decreases), we move ultramafi ج مع
called ULTRAMAFIC. As silica content increases
(and iron and magnesium decreases), we move زيادة محتوى السيليكا وانخفاض الحديد
called ULTRAMAFIC. As silica content increases
(and iron and magnesium decreases), we move ننتقل من مادة، والمغنيسيوم
from ultramafic to MAFIC to INTERMEDIATE to the
highest silica content in FELSIC rocks. Note: ننتقل من مادة، والمغنيسيوم
from ultramafic to MAFIC to INTERMEDIATE to the
highest silica content in FELSIC rocks. Note: فائقة المافيك إلى مافيك إلى وسيطة
from ultramafic to MAFIC to INTERMEDIATE to the
highest silica content in FELSIC rocks. Note: إلى أعلى محتوى سيليكا في صخور الفلسيك،
from ultramafic to MAFIC to INTERMEDIATE to the
highest silica content in FELSIC rocks. Note: الحظ أن مافيك تحصل على اسمها من
MAFIC gets its name from its high Magnesium
and Iron (Ferric) content. FELSIC gets its name الحظ أن مافيك تحصل على اسمها من
MAFIC gets its name from its high Magnesium
and Iron (Ferric) content. FELSIC gets its name محتواها العالي من المغنيسيوم والحديد
MAFIC gets its name from its high Magnesium
and Iron (Ferric) content. FELSIC gets its name والفلسيك الذي حصل على اسمه من محتواه العالي من
from its high silica and feldspar content.
How can we identify the composition of an والفلسيك الذي حصل على اسمه من محتواه العالي من
from its high silica and feldspar content.
How can we identify the composition of an السيليكا والفلسبار كيف يمكننا
from its high silica and feldspar content.
How can we identify the composition of an تحديد تكوين الصخور النارية
igneous rock? If we can see minerals, then
we can use those to tell us the composition. تحديد تكوين الصخور النارية
igneous rock? If we can see minerals, then
we can use those to tell us the composition. فيمكننا، إذا كان بإمكاننا رؤية المعادن
igneous rock? If we can see minerals, then
we can use those to tell us the composition. فإن، استخدامها إلخبارنا بالتكوين
The simplest way to use minerals to characterize
the composition of a rock is through Bowen’s فإن، استخدامها إلخبارنا بالتكوين
The simplest way to use minerals to characterize
the composition of a rock is through Bowen’s أبسط طريقة الستخدام المعادن
The simplest way to use minerals to characterize
the composition of a rock is through Bowen’s لتوصيف تكوين العراق هي من
The simplest way to use minerals to characterize
the composition of a rock is through Bowen’s خالل سلسلة تفاعل بوينز التي
Reaction Series, which does a good job of
indicating the minerals one would expect خالل سلسلة تفاعل بوينز التي
Reaction Series, which does a good job of
indicating the minerals one would expect تقوم بعمل جيد لإلشارة إلى
Reaction Series, which does a good job of
indicating the minerals one would expect المعادن التي يتوقع المرء أن تتشكل من
to form from magmas of varying composition.
Let’s review it briefly. Magmas that form المعادن التي يتوقع المرء أن تتشكل من
to form from magmas of varying composition.
Let’s review it briefly. Magmas that form دعونا، ماغنوس بتركيبة مختلفة
to form from magmas of varying composition.
Let’s review it briefly. Magmas that form نراجعها لفترة وجيزة شكل حالة الصهارة
from melting the mantle will be the most
primitive and have the lowest silica content نراجعها لفترة وجيزة شكل حالة الصهارة
from melting the mantle will be the most
primitive and have the lowest silica content إلذابة الوشاح سيكون األكثر
from melting the mantle will be the most
primitive and have the lowest silica content بدائية ويحتوي على أقل
from melting the mantle will be the most
primitive and have the lowest silica content محتوى من السيليكا وأعلى محتوى من الحديد and the highest iron and magnesium content. As they start to cool, the first mineral to محتوى من السيليكا وأعلى محتوى من الحديد
and the highest iron and magnesium content.
As they start to cool, the first mineral to والمغنيسيوم عندما يبدأون في تبريد
and the highest iron and magnesium content.
As they start to cool, the first mineral to المعدن األول
precipitate – the one that’s first stable as a
solid at the highest temperatures is olivine. المعدن األول
precipitate – the one that’s first stable as a
solid at the highest temperatures is olivine. للبطاطس أول مادة مستقرة هي مادة
precipitate – the one that’s first stable as a
solid at the highest temperatures is olivine. صلبة عند أعلى درجة حرارة هو
precipitate – the one that’s first stable as a
solid at the highest temperatures is olivine. الزبرجد الزيتوني حيث تستمر الصهارة في تبريد
As the magma continues to cool, calcium-rich
plagioclase feldspar becomes stable and starts الزبرجد الزيتوني حيث تستمر الصهارة في تبريد
As the magma continues to cool, calcium-rich
plagioclase feldspar becomes stable and starts ري يصبح الفلسبار- الكالسيومch plagioclase
As the magma continues to cool, calcium-rich
plagioclase feldspar becomes stable and starts مستقرا ويبدأ في التعجيل ً to precipitate alongside olivine. If the magma cooled completely at this point with مستقرا ويبدأ في التعجيل ً to precipitate alongside olivine. If the magma cooled completely at this point with جنبًا إلى جنب مع كل هذه إذا تم
to precipitate alongside olivine. If the
magma cooled completely at this point with تماما في هذه المرحلة دون ً تبريد الصهارة
no more changes (or if it erupted), then you’d
have a rock made of olivine and plagioclase, تماما في هذه المرحلة دون ً تبريد الصهارة
no more changes (or if it erupted), then you’d
have a rock made of olivine and plagioclase, فسيكون، مزيد من التغييرات أو إذا اندلعت no more changes (or if it erupted), then you’d have a rock made of olivine and plagioclase, لديك صخرة مصنوعة من الزبرجد الزيتوني
no more changes (or if it erupted), then you’d
have a rock made of olivine and plagioclase,
and it would be ULTRAMAFIC in composition. If,
however, we let the magma evolve – if we remove والبالجيوجالز وستكون فائقة المافية في
and it would be ULTRAMAFIC in composition. If,
however, we let the magma evolve – if we remove فإننا نترك الصهارة، التكوين إذا ومع ذلك
and it would be ULTRAMAFIC in composition. If,
however, we let the magma evolve – if we remove تتطور إذا أزلنا الزبرجد الزيتوني عن
the olivines by having them sink to the bottom of
the magma chamber and the plagioclase feldspars by تتطور إذا أزلنا الزبرجد الزيتوني عن
the olivines by having them sink to the bottom of
the magma chamber and the plagioclase feldspars by طريق جعلها تغرق في قاع
the olivines by having them sink to the bottom of
the magma chamber and the plagioclase feldspars by غرفة الصهارة ويكون
the olivines by having them sink to the bottom of
the magma chamber and the plagioclase feldspars by الفلسبار بالجيوجالز من خالل جعلها تطفو إلى
having them float to the top or edges of the
magma chamber – the composition of the magma الفلسبار بالجيوجالز من خالل جعلها تطفو إلى
having them float to the top or edges of the
magma chamber – the composition of the magma أعلى أو حواف غرفة
having them float to the top or edges of the
magma chamber – the composition of the magma سيبدأ تكوين الصهارة في، الصهارة
would start to change. It would become more
silica rich, more water rich, and have less سيبدأ تكوين الصهارة في، الصهارة
would start to change. It would become more
silica rich, more water rich, and have less ثراء بالسيليكا ً تغييرها سيصبح أكثر،
would start to change. It would become more
silica rich, more water rich, and have less ويحتوي على كمية أقل من، وغنى بالمياه magnesium and iron. Now it would continue to cool until pyroxene began precipitating. Plagioclase ويحتوي على كمية أقل من، وغنى بالمياه
magnesium and iron. Now it would continue to cool
until pyroxene began precipitating. Plagioclase وسيستمر في البرودة، المغنيسيوم والحديد اآلن
magnesium and iron. Now it would continue to cool
until pyroxene began precipitating. Plagioclase حتى يبدأ المشهد البيروفي في ترسيب
magnesium and iron. Now it would continue to cool
until pyroxene began precipitating. Plagioclase الفلسبار بالجيوجالز
feldspar would continue to precipitate as
well and perhaps a little more olivine. But الفلسبار بالجيوجالز
feldspar would continue to precipitate as
well and perhaps a little more olivine. But وربما، أيضا ً
feldspar would continue to precipitate as
well and perhaps a little more olivine. But المزيد من الزبرجد الزيتوني،
feldspar would continue to precipitate as
well and perhaps a little more olivine. But لكن الزبرجد الزيتوني في األساس في طريقه للخروج
basically olivine is on the way out and pyroxene
starts to dominate. Plagioclase continues to لكن الزبرجد الزيتوني في األساس في طريقه للخروج
basically olivine is on the way out and pyroxene
starts to dominate. Plagioclase continues to ويبدأ البيروكسين للسيطرة على األرصفة البحرية،
basically olivine is on the way out and pyroxene
starts to dominate. Plagioclase continues to يستمر الترسيب بكثرة
precipitate abundantly but gradually changes
its composition from calcium rich to sodium يستمر الترسيب بكثرة
precipitate abundantly but gradually changes
its composition from calcium rich to sodium ولكن يتغير تدريجيا ً تكوينه
precipitate abundantly but gradually changes
its composition from calcium rich to sodium من غني بالكالسيوم إلى غني بالصوديوم إذا
rich. If a magma of this composition erupted at
this point, its composition would be mafic. If, من غني بالكالسيوم إلى غني بالصوديوم إذا
rich. If a magma of this composition erupted at
this point, its composition would be mafic. If, اندلعت الصهارة من هذه التركيبة في
rich. If a magma of this composition erupted at
this point, its composition would be mafic. If, سيكون تكوينها، هذه المرحلة
rich. If a magma of this composition erupted at
this point, its composition would be mafic. If, مافيك ًا إذا قمنا بإزالة
however, we remove the forming minerals from
the magma, the composition of the magma will مافيك ًا إذا قمنا بإزالة
however, we remove the forming minerals from
the magma, the composition of the magma will المعادن المتكونة
however, we remove the forming minerals from
the magma, the composition of the magma will ستستمر تركيبة الصهارة في التغيير، من الصهارة،
continue to change. It will continue to become
more silica rich, more water rich, and lower in ستستمر تركيبة الصهارة في التغيير، من الصهارة،
continue to change. It will continue to become
more silica rich, more water rich, and lower in غنى بالسيليكا ً وستستمر في أن تصبح أكثر،
continue to change. It will continue to become
more silica rich, more water rich, and lower in ومزيدا من المياه الغنية بتفريغ المغنيسيوم ً
magnesium and iron. The next minerals that form
as the new magma composition cools are hornblende ومزيدا من المياه الغنية بتفريغ المغنيسيوم ً
magnesium and iron. The next minerals that form
as the new magma composition cools are hornblende والحديد في اليوم التالي المعادن التي تتشكل مع
magnesium and iron. The next minerals that form
as the new magma composition cools are hornblende تركيبة الصهارة الجديدة تبرد
magnesium and iron. The next minerals that form
as the new magma composition cools are hornblende ثم، هورنبلند لدينا
and then biotite. Plagioclase feldspar continues
to form. Pyroxene is on its way out, but as you ثم، هورنبلند لدينا
and then biotite. Plagioclase feldspar continues
to form. Pyroxene is on its way out, but as you يستمر الفلسبار البيوتايت في تشكيل مشهد بيرهيك
and then biotite. Plagioclase feldspar continues
to form. Pyroxene is on its way out, but as you لكن يمكنك أن ترى أن، في طريقه للخروج
can see there is SOME overlap. An eruption of this
magma produces a rock of intermediate composition. لكن يمكنك أن ترى أن، في طريقه للخروج
can see there is SOME overlap. An eruption of this
magma produces a rock of intermediate composition. حيث ينتج عن اندالع هذه، هناك بعض التداخل
can see there is SOME overlap. An eruption of this
magma produces a rock of intermediate composition. الصهارة صخور ذات
can see there is SOME overlap. An eruption of this
magma produces a rock of intermediate composition. تكوين وسيط وإذا واصلنا ذلك
And if we continue this process and remove these
minerals and let the magma’s composition continue تكوين وسيط وإذا واصلنا ذلك
And if we continue this process and remove these
minerals and let the magma’s composition continue معالجة وإزالة هذه المعادن
And if we continue this process and remove these
minerals and let the magma’s composition continue والسماح لتكوين الصهارة باالستمرار في
to evolve, we will get a new composition, the
highest in silica and water and lowest in iron والسماح لتكوين الصهارة باالستمرار في
to evolve, we will get a new composition, the
highest in silica and water and lowest in iron وسوف نحصل على تركيبة جديدة، التطور
to evolve, we will get a new composition, the
highest in silica and water and lowest in iron أعلى في السيليكا والماء وأدنى
to evolve, we will get a new composition, the
highest in silica and water and lowest in iron تسمح هذه.في تبريد الحديد والمغنيسيوم
and magnesium. Cooling this evolving composition
allows potassium feldspar to begin forming, تسمح هذه.في تبريد الحديد والمغنيسيوم
and magnesium. Cooling this evolving composition
allows potassium feldspar to begin forming, التركيبة المتطورة and magnesium. Cooling this evolving composition allows potassium feldspar to begin forming, ببدء تشكيل الفلسبار البوتاسيوم باإلضافة إلى
as well as muscovite and quartz. Hornblende,
biotite, and plagioclase feldspar can also ببدء تشكيل الفلسبار البوتاسيوم باإلضافة إلى
as well as muscovite and quartz. Hornblende,
biotite, and plagioclase feldspar can also كوارتز هورنبلند البيوتايت+ مسكوفيت+
as well as muscovite and quartz. Hornblende,
biotite, and plagioclase feldspar can also أيضا في ً يمكن أن يستمر الفلسبار بالجيوجالز
continue forming. An eruption of this magma
produces a rock of FELSIC composition. And now أيضا في ً يمكن أن يستمر الفلسبار بالجيوجالز
continue forming. An eruption of this magma
produces a rock of FELSIC composition. And now
continue forming. An eruption of this magma
produces a rock of FELSIC composition. And now تشكيل ثوران من هذه الصهارة ينتج عنه
continue forming. An eruption of this magma
produces a rock of FELSIC composition. And now روck من التركيبة الفلزية واآلن
you see how identifying the minerals in an igneous
rock can help us determine its composition. روck من التركيبة الفلزية واآلن
you see how identifying the minerals in an igneous
rock can help us determine its composition. ترى كيف
you see how identifying the minerals in an igneous
rock can help us determine its composition. يمكن أن يساعدنا تحديد المعادن في الصخور النارية في تحديد
you see how identifying the minerals in an igneous
rock can help us determine its composition. ماذا نفعل إذا لم نتمكن من، تكوينها
What do we do if we can’t see any minerals in
a rock? We know that the more mafic a rock, ماذا نفعل إذا لم نتمكن من، تكوينها
What do we do if we can’t see any minerals in
a rock? We know that the more mafic a rock, نعلم، رؤية أي معادن في صخرة
What do we do if we can’t see any minerals in
a rock? We know that the more mafic a rock, أنه كلما كانت الصخور أكثر كثافة، the denser it should be. And generally speaking, the darker the color. Felsic rocks should be less أنه كلما كانت الصخور أكثر كثافة،
the denser it should be. And generally speaking,
the darker the color. Felsic rocks should be less يجب أن تكون أكثر كثافة وبصفة عامة،
the denser it should be. And generally speaking,
the darker the color. Felsic rocks should be less
the denser it should be. And generally speaking,
the darker the color. Felsic rocks should be less يجب أن تكون أقل كثافة وأفتح لونًا كما هو الحال مع، كلما كان لون الصخور الفلزية أغمق
dense and lighter in color. As with mineral
identification, color is not always the best يجب أن تكون أقل كثافة وأفتح لونًا كما هو الحال مع، كلما كان لون الصخور الفلزية أغمق
dense and lighter in color. As with mineral
identification, color is not always the best لون تحديد المعادن ليس
dense and lighter in color. As with mineral
identification, color is not always the best دائما أفضل سمة مميزة ً distinguishing trait, because it can change easily based on small amounts of impurities دائما أفضل سمة مميزة ً distinguishing trait, because it can change easily based on small amounts of impurities بناء على ً ألنه يمكن أن يتغير بسهولة
distinguishing trait, because it can change
easily based on small amounts of impurities كميات صغيرة من الشوائب أو
or gas phases present. So use it only if there
are no other helpful identifying characteristic. كميات صغيرة من الشوائب أو
or gas phases present. So use it only if there
are no other helpful identifying characteristic. لذا استخدمها فقط إذا كان هناك، المراحل الغازية الموجودة
or gas phases present. So use it only if there
are no other helpful identifying characteristic. ليست هناك خصائص تعريفية مفيدة أخرى،
or gas phases present. So use it only if there
are no other helpful identifying characteristic. لذا فنحن اآلن نعرف كيفية
So now we know how to determine igneous rock
composition, which helps us come up with a لذا فنحن اآلن نعرف كيفية So now we know how to determine igneous rock composition, which helps us come up with a تحديد تكوين الصخور البركانية التي
So now we know how to determine igneous rock
composition, which helps us come up with a ولكن، تساعدنا على التوصل إلى اسم صخرة
rock name, but so what? What does the composition
tell us about the rock’s formation and history? ولكن، تساعدنا على التوصل إلى اسم صخرة
rock name, but so what? What does the composition
tell us about the rock’s formation and history? ما الذي يخبرنا به التكوين
rock name, but so what? What does the composition
tell us about the rock’s formation and history? عن تكوين الصخور وتاريخها،
Let’s do a quick review of how and where magmas
form. Magmas can form in three different geologic فلنقم بمراجعة سريعة لكيفية ومكان
Let’s do a quick review of how and where magmas
form. Magmas can form in three different geologic Magma's يمكن للمغناطيسات الشكلية أن تتشكل في ثالث
Let’s do a quick review of how and where magmas
form. Magmas can form in three different geologic
settings: subduction zones, where water squeezed
out of the subducting plate drops the melting
settings: subduction zones, where water squeezed
out of the subducting plate drops the melting مناطق اندساس جيولوجية مختلفة حيث يسقط الماء المنزوع من
settings: subduction zones, where water squeezed
out of the subducting plate drops the melting صفيحة االنصهار نقطة
point of the mantle above it, and causes it to
melt. Those magmas rise up and produce subduction صفيحة االنصهار نقطة
point of the mantle above it, and causes it to
melt. Those magmas rise up and produce subduction انصهار الوشاحab تتسبب في
point of the mantle above it, and causes it to
melt. Those magmas rise up and produce subduction ذوبان ارتفاع الصهارة وإنتاج
point of the mantle above it, and causes it to
melt. Those magmas rise up and produce subduction براكين منطقة االنغماس حيث
zone volcanoes. Where plates are diverging,
the crust is thinned, which drops the pressure براكين منطقة االنغماس حيث
zone volcanoes. Where plates are diverging,
the crust is thinned, which drops the pressure تتباعد الصفائح وتضعف القشرة مما
zone volcanoes. Where plates are diverging,
the crust is thinned, which drops the pressure يقلل الضغط على
on the underlying mantle and lowers its melting
point, causing it to melt. Those magmas rise to يقلل الضغط على
on the underlying mantle and lowers its melting
point, causing it to melt. Those magmas rise to الوشاح األساسي ويقلل من نقطة االنصهار
on the underlying mantle and lowers its melting
point, causing it to melt. Those magmas rise to مما يؤدي إلى إذابة صعود الصهارة
the surface to produce volcanoes along continental
rift zones or volcanism along seafloor spreading إلى السطح إلنتاج البراكين على طول
the surface to produce volcanoes along continental
rift zones or volcanism along seafloor spreading مناطق الصدع القاري أو البراكين
the surface to produce volcanoes along continental
rift zones or volcanism along seafloor spreading على طول مراكز انتشار قاع البحر،
centers. And where mantle plumes rise from deep
within the mantle, large volumes of mantle are على طول مراكز انتشار قاع البحر،
centers. And where mantle plumes rise from deep
within the mantle, large volumes of mantle are وحيث ترتفع أعمدة الوشاح
centers. And where mantle plumes rise from deep
within the mantle, large volumes of mantle are تذوب كميات كبيرة من، من أعماق الوشاح
centers. And where mantle plumes rise from deep
within the mantle, large volumes of mantle are الوشاح عن طريق إضافة الحرارة
melted by addition of heat. These magmas rise to
the surface and create large hotspot volcanoes, الوشاح عن طريق إضافة الحرارة
melted by addition of heat. These magmas rise to
the surface and create large hotspot volcanoes, الرتفاع الصهارة هذه إلى السطح melted by addition of heat. These magmas rise to the surface and create large hotspot volcanoes, وتكوين براكين كبيرة في النقاط الساخنة
associated with orders of magnitude more magma
supply than the other volcanic settings. All of وتكوين براكين كبيرة في النقاط الساخنة
associated with orders of magnitude more magma
supply than the other volcanic settings. All of مرتبطة بأعداد أكبر
associated with orders of magnitude more magma
supply than the other volcanic settings. All of اإلعدادات البركانية األخرى.من إمداد الصهارة
associated with orders of magnitude more magma
supply than the other volcanic settings. All of كل هذه االنصهار األصلي
these original melts of mantle material would
be ultramafic in composition, with the same كل هذه االنصهار األصلي
these original melts of mantle material would
be ultramafic in composition, with the same لمواد الوشاح ستكون فائقة المافية في
these original melts of mantle material would
be ultramafic in composition, with the same التركيب مع نفس
basic major element composition, but variations
in minor elements depending upon what part of التركيب مع نفس
basic major element composition, but variations
in minor elements depending upon what part of تركيبة العنصر األساسي األساسي ولكن االختالفات في
basic major element composition, but variations
in minor elements depending upon what part of اعتمادا على أي جزء ً العناصر الثانوية
basic major element composition, but variations
in minor elements depending upon what part of من الوشاح تم صهره إلنتاج
the mantle was melted to produce the magma. As
these magmas rise to the surface, they undergo من الوشاح تم صهره إلنتاج
the mantle was melted to produce the magma. As
these magmas rise to the surface, they undergo الصهارة مع صعود الصهارة إلى
the mantle was melted to produce the magma. As
these magmas rise to the surface, they undergo الخضوع.السطح compositional change or evolution due to two major processes. They can either melt the crust الخضوع.السطح
compositional change or evolution due to two
major processes. They can either melt the crust لتغيير أو تطور تركيبي بسبب عمليتين رئيسيتين
compositional change or evolution due to two
major processes. They can either melt the crust يمكنهم إما تركيب
compositional change or evolution due to two
major processes. They can either melt the crust أو الخضوع/ القشرة و
and/or undergo crystal fractionation (which we
described earlier with Bowen’s Reaction Series). أو الخضوع/ القشرة و
and/or undergo crystal fractionation (which we
described earlier with Bowen’s Reaction Series). للتجزئة البلورية التي وصفناها سابقًا
and/or undergo crystal fractionation (which we
described earlier with Bowen’s Reaction Series). مع تفاعالت العظام هنا من
For crystal fractionation to happen, the magmas
have to have time and opportunity for slow cooling أجل حدوث تجزئة بلورية
For crystal fractionation to happen, the magmas
have to have time and opportunity for slow cooling ، يجب أن يكون لدى الصهارة الوقت
For crystal fractionation to happen, the magmas
have to have time and opportunity for slow cooling والفرصة للتبريد البطيء في طريقها
enroute to the surface, and removal of crystals
as they form. That usually means a slow transit والفرصة للتبريد البطيء في طريقها
enroute to the surface, and removal of crystals
as they form. That usually means a slow transit إلى السطح وإزالة البلورات
enroute to the surface, and removal of crystals
as they form. That usually means a slow transit ألنها تشكل ذلك عاد ًة ما يعني
enroute to the surface, and removal of crystals
as they form. That usually means a slow transit أو إمداد منخفض من الصهارة/ قشرة سميكة عبور بطيء و
(thick crust) and/or low magma supply. Where
crust is thin, at seafloor spreading centers أو إمداد منخفض من الصهارة/ قشرة سميكة عبور بطيء و
(thick crust) and/or low magma supply. Where
crust is thin, at seafloor spreading centers حيث تكون القشرة رقيقة في
(thick crust) and/or low magma supply. Where
crust is thin, at seafloor spreading centers مراكز انتشار قاع البحر أو حدود الصفائح المتباينة
or divergent plate boundaries, or where magma
supply is high and continuous, like at a hotspot, مراكز انتشار قاع البحر أو حدود الصفائح المتباينة
or divergent plate boundaries, or where magma
supply is high and continuous, like at a hotspot, مرتفعا ً أو عندما يكون إمداد الصهارة
or divergent plate boundaries, or where magma
supply is high and continuous, like at a hotspot, فإن، ومستمرا كما هو الحال في نقطة ساخنة ً the most fractionation that occurs prior to eruption is enough to move the composition فإن، ومستمرا كما هو الحال في نقطة ساخنة ً the most fractionation that occurs prior to eruption is enough to move the composition معظم التجزئة التي تحدث قبل
the most fractionation that occurs prior to
eruption is enough to move the composition اندالع البركان كافية للتحرك اندلعت
the most fractionation that occurs prior to
eruption is enough to move the composition التركيبة من الصهارة الفائقة إلى
from ultramafic to mafic. And basalts erupt. A
larger travel time with low magma supply provides التركيبة من الصهارة الفائقة إلى
from ultramafic to mafic. And basalts erupt. A
larger travel time with low magma supply provides المافيك والبازلت لفترة سفر أكبر
from ultramafic to mafic. And basalts erupt. A
larger travel time with low magma supply provides مما يوفر، مع انخفاض إمداد الصهارة
more opportunity for crystal fractionation. So
intermediate and felsic rocks tend to form where مما يوفر، مع انخفاض إمداد الصهارة
more opportunity for crystal fractionation. So
intermediate and felsic rocks tend to form where لذلك، فرصة أكبر لتجزئة الكريستال
more opportunity for crystal fractionation. So
intermediate and felsic rocks tend to form where تميل الصخور الوسيطة والفلزية إلى
more opportunity for crystal fractionation. So
intermediate and felsic rocks tend to form where تشكيل حيث صعود الصهارة عبر
magmas rise through thick continental crust like
at continental margin subduction zones. The second تشكيل حيث صعود الصهارة عبر
magmas rise through thick continental crust like
at continental margin subduction zones. The second القشرة القارية السميكة كما هو الحال في
magmas rise through thick continental crust like
at continental margin subduction zones. The second الطريقة الثانية، مناطق اندساس الهامش القاري
way to get a magma of a more evolved composition
is to melt the crust, which produces felsic الطريقة الثانية، مناطق اندساس الهامش القاري
way to get a magma of a more evolved composition
is to melt the crust, which produces felsic تعقيدا ً للحصول على الصهارة ذات التركيب األكثر
way to get a magma of a more evolved composition
is to melt the crust, which produces felsic هي إذابة القشرة التي
way to get a magma of a more evolved composition
is to melt the crust, which produces felsic تنتج ماجما فيلسك تحتوي القشرة القارية فيma x
magmas. Continental crust has a much lower melting
point than mafic magmas, so if large amount of تنتج ماجما فيلسك تحتوي القشرة القارية فيma x
magmas. Continental crust has a much lower melting
point than mafic magmas, so if large amount of على نقطة انصهار أقل
magmas. Continental crust has a much lower melting
point than mafic magmas, so if large amount of لذا إذا ارتفعت كميات كبيرة، بكثير من الصهارة المافيك
magmas. Continental crust has a much lower melting
point than mafic magmas, so if large amount of من الصهارة المافيكة وتجمع في
mafic magmas rise up and collect in crustal magma
chambers, like they do at the Yellowstone Hotspot, من الصهارة المافيكة وتجمع في
mafic magmas rise up and collect in crustal magma
chambers, like they do at the Yellowstone Hotspot, غرف الصهارة القشرية كما هو الحال في mafic magmas rise up and collect in crustal magma chambers, like they do at the Yellowstone Hotspot, فيمكن أن تتسبب في، نقطة يلوستون الساخنة
they can cause crustal melting. Those melts
can either erupt separately as rhyolites or فيمكن أن تتسبب في، نقطة يلوستون الساخنة
they can cause crustal melting. Those melts
can either erupt separately as rhyolites or ذوبان القشرة التي يمكن أن
they can cause crustal melting. Those melts
can either erupt separately as rhyolites or تندلع بشكل منفصل حيث أضواء الجاودار أو
obsidian domes. Or they can mix with the original
mafic magmas and create magmas of intermediate قباب حجر السج أو يمكن أن تختلط مع
obsidian domes. Or they can mix with the original
mafic magmas and create magmas of intermediate الصهارة األصليةmafic x 'وتكوين
obsidian domes. Or they can mix with the original
mafic magmas and create magmas of intermediate لذلك، الصهارة ذات التكوين الوسيط
composition. So… when we pick up an igneous rock
and identify its composition through its density لذلك، الصهارة ذات التكوين الوسيط
composition. So… when we pick up an igneous rock
and identify its composition through its density عندما نلتقط صخرة نارية
composition. So… when we pick up an igneous rock
and identify its composition through its density ونحدد تركيبتها من خالل
composition. So… when we pick up an igneous rock
and identify its composition through its density كثافتها ومحتواها المعدني،
and mineral content, we are learning something
about where the magmas formed and how they moved كثافتها ومحتواها المعدني،
and mineral content, we are learning something
about where the magmas formed and how they moved نتعلم شيًئا عن مكان
and mineral content, we are learning something
about where the magmas formed and how they moved تشكل الصهارة وكيف تتحرك من خالل
through the crust. Minor element changes can act
as fingerprints giving us a lot more detail on تشكل الصهارة وكيف تتحرك من خالل through the crust. Minor element changes can act as fingerprints giving us a lot more detail on التغييرات الطفيفة للعناصر القشرة يمكن أن تكون بمثابة
through the crust. Minor element changes can act
as fingerprints giving us a lot more detail on بصمات تعطينا الكثير من التفاصيل
through the crust. Minor element changes can act
as fingerprints giving us a lot more detail on خذ، حول تكوين الصهارة وتطورها
magma formation and evolution. Take a class on
igneous petrology to learn more. For purposes خذ، حول تكوين الصهارة وتطورها
magma formation and evolution. Take a class on
igneous petrology to learn more. For purposes فصل ًا في علم الصخور النارية لمعرفة المزيد
magma formation and evolution. Take a class on
igneous petrology to learn more. For purposes ألغراض هذه الفئة التمهيدية،
of this introductory class, we are simplifying
this discussion. When I identify a rock as mafic, ألغراض هذه الفئة التمهيدية،
of this introductory class, we are simplifying
this discussion. When I identify a rock as mafic, نحن نبسط هذه المناقشة عندما
of this introductory class, we are simplifying
this discussion. When I identify a rock as mafic, أعرف الصخور على أنها مافيك يمكنني تقديم عدد ّ I can provide a handful of possible formation scenarios for it and eliminate a few other: أعرف الصخور على أنها مافيك يمكنني تقديم عدد ّ I can provide a handful of possible formation scenarios for it and eliminate a few other: قليل من سيناريوهات التشكيل الممكنة
I can provide a handful of possible formation
scenarios for it and eliminate a few other: له والتخلص من بعض السيناريوهات األخرى التي
it might have been formed as part of a mantle
plume or hotspot, or it might have been formed له والتخلص من بعض السيناريوهات األخرى التي
it might have been formed as part of a mantle
plume or hotspot, or it might have been formed ربما تكون قد تشكلت كجزء من
it might have been formed as part of a mantle
plume or hotspot, or it might have been formed عمود الوشاح أو نقطة ساخنة أو ربما تكون
it might have been formed as part of a mantle
plume or hotspot, or it might have been formed قد تشكلت في مراكز انتشار قاع البحر
at a seafloor spreading center. If I identify
a rock as felsic, it might have formed at a قد تشكلت في مراكز انتشار قاع البحر
at a seafloor spreading center. If I identify
a rock as felsic, it might have formed at a إذا حددت أن صخرة
at a seafloor spreading center. If I identify
a rock as felsic, it might have formed at a فلزية ربما تكون قد تشكلت في
continental subduction zone or at a hotspot region
where crustal melting happened. Just like with فلزية ربما تكون قد تشكلت في
continental subduction zone or at a hotspot region
where crustal melting happened. Just like with منطقة اندساس قارية أو في منطقة نقطة ساخنة
continental subduction zone or at a hotspot region
where crustal melting happened. Just like with تماما كما هو الحال ً حيث حدث انصهار القشرة
continental subduction zone or at a hotspot region
where crustal melting happened. Just like with مع سلسلة تفاعل بوينز هذه النماذج
Bowen’s Reaction Series, these models are guides
to help us distinguish between various formation مع سلسلة تفاعل بوينز هذه النماذج
Bowen’s Reaction Series, these models are guides
to help us distinguish between various formation هي أدلة لمساعدتنا على التمييز
Bowen’s Reaction Series, these models are guides
to help us distinguish between various formation بين إعدادات التكوين المختلفة
settings and compositions. They work most of the
time, but they fail to explain everything. For the بين إعدادات التكوين المختلفة
settings and compositions. They work most of the
time, but they fail to explain everything. For the والتركيبات التي تعمل
settings and compositions. They work most of the
time, but they fail to explain everything. For the معظم الوقت ولكنها تفشل في
settings and compositions. They work most of the
time, but they fail to explain everything. For the شرح كل شيء
times when the real world fails to follow our
simplified model, we must investigate further. شرح كل شيء
times when the real world fails to follow our
simplified model, we must investigate further. لألوقات التي يفشل فيها العالم الحقيقي في اتباع
times when the real world fails to follow our
simplified model, we must investigate further. يجب علينا إجراء، نموذجنا المبسط
times when the real world fails to follow our
simplified model, we must investigate further. مزيد من التحقيق لتحديد اسم صخرة نارية
To identify and name an igneous rock, all we
need is to correctly characterize its texture مزيد من التحقيق لتحديد اسم صخرة نارية
To identify and name an igneous rock, all we
need is to correctly characterize its texture كل ما نحتاجه هو
To identify and name an igneous rock, all we
need is to correctly characterize its texture توصيف نسيجها
and its composition. Let’s get started by
separating all these rocks into five piles توصيف نسيجها
and its composition. Let’s get started by
separating all these rocks into five piles فلنبدأ، وتكوينها بشكل صحيح
and its composition. Let’s get started by
separating all these rocks into five piles بفصل كل هذه الصخور إلى خمسة
and its composition. Let’s get started by
separating all these rocks into five piles أكوام مرتبطة بقوامنا الخمسة
related to our five textures: phaneritic (100% of
crystals big enough to see without a hand lens), أكوام مرتبطة بقوامنا الخمسة
related to our five textures: phaneritic (100% of
crystals big enough to see without a hand lens), phaneritic 100٪ من البلورات كبيرة بما يكفي
related to our five textures: phaneritic (100% of
crystals big enough to see without a hand lens), صوتيًا، لرؤية بدون عدسة يدوية aphanitic (most of the crystals are too small to see), frothy, pyroclastic, and glassy. صوتيًا، لرؤية بدون عدسة يدوية
aphanitic (most of the crystals are too small
to see), frothy, pyroclastic, and glassy. جدا بحيث ال يمكن ً معظم البلورات صغيرة
aphanitic (most of the crystals are too small
to see), frothy, pyroclastic, and glassy. رؤيتها المعة الحظ الزبد والحمم البركانية
Notice from the table that rocks with a
pyroclastic texture are called VOLCANIC TUFF, رؤيتها المعة الحظ الزبد والحمم البركانية
Notice from the table that rocks with a
pyroclastic texture are called VOLCANIC TUFF, من الجدول أن الصخور ذات
Notice from the table that rocks with a
pyroclastic texture are called VOLCANIC TUFF, النسيج البركاني تسمى
Notice from the table that rocks with a
pyroclastic texture are called VOLCANIC TUFF, طوف بركاني بغض النظر عن من تركيبتها،
regardless of their composition. However, we will
find them more often in the FELSIC or high-silica طوف بركاني بغض النظر عن من تركيبتها،
regardless of their composition. However, we will
find them more often in the FELSIC or high-silica سنجدها في كثير من األحيان في، ومع ذلك
regardless of their composition. However, we will
find them more often in the FELSIC or high-silica تركيبة السيليكا العالية أو الفلزية،
composition. Why? Remember, high silica means
high viscosity. It also means higher gas content. تركيبة السيليكا العالية أو الفلزية،
composition. Why? Remember, high silica means
high viscosity. It also means higher gas content. فلماذا نتذكر ارتفاع السيليكا يعني اللزوجة العالية،
composition. Why? Remember, high silica means
high viscosity. It also means higher gas content. أيضا ً فهذا يعني
composition. Why? Remember, high silica means
high viscosity. It also means higher gas content. وكلما زاد محتوى الغاز، ارتفاع محتوى الغاز،
The higher the gas content, the more likely an
explosive eruption. And the higher the viscosity, وكلما زاد محتوى الغاز، ارتفاع محتوى الغاز، The higher the gas content, the more likely an explosive eruption. And the higher the viscosity, زادت احتمالية حدوث انفجار انفجاري
The higher the gas content, the more likely an
explosive eruption. And the higher the viscosity, ، وكلما زادت اللزوجة كلما كان الوقت أصعب
the harder time the gas has escaping the
magma, so the more likely it will collect ، وكلما زادت اللزوجة كلما كان الوقت أصعب
the harder time the gas has escaping the
magma, so the more likely it will collect لذا، تسرب الغاز من الصهارة
the harder time the gas has escaping the
magma, so the more likely it will collect كلما زاد احتمال تجمعه في الداخل
within and allow pressure to build. This rock
is pyroclastic because we see chunks of rocks, كلما زاد احتمال تجمعه في الداخل
within and allow pressure to build. This rock
is pyroclastic because we see chunks of rocks, يكون، والسماح للضغط لبناء هذا الصخر
within and allow pressure to build. This rock
is pyroclastic because we see chunks of rocks, قطعا من ً الحمم البركانية ألننا نرى
within and allow pressure to build. This rock
is pyroclastic because we see chunks of rocks, بلورات الصخور وقطع الخفاف في
crystals, and pumice pieces in a
matrix of ash. So this rock is a tuff. بلورات الصخور وقطع الخفاف في
crystals, and pumice pieces in a
matrix of ash. So this rock is a tuff. لذا فإن هذه الصخرة، مصفوفة من الرماد
Here are two rocks with a frothy texture.
According to the table, the frothy texture لذا فإن هذه الصخرة، مصفوفة من الرماد
Here are two rocks with a frothy texture.
According to the table, the frothy texture الملمس. فهناك صخرتان بهما رغوة، صلبة
Here are two rocks with a frothy texture.
According to the table, the frothy texture وفقًا للجدول،
Here are two rocks with a frothy texture.
According to the table, the frothy texture يتم فصل نسيجFrawley إلى اسمين صخريين
is separated into two rock names – SCORIA for the
mafic or low-silica composition rocks and PUMICE يتم فصل نسيجFrawley إلى اسمين صخريين
is separated into two rock names – SCORIA for the
mafic or low-silica composition rocks and PUMICE scoria لتكوينmafic أو منخفض السيليكا
is separated into two rock names – SCORIA for the
mafic or low-silica composition rocks and PUMICE الصخور والخفاف
for the intermediate or felsic rocks. How do you
tell the difference? Not only is the scoria darker الصخور والخفاف
for the intermediate or felsic rocks. How do you
tell the difference? Not only is the scoria darker للصخور الوسيطة أو الفلسية.
for the intermediate or felsic rocks. How do you
tell the difference? Not only is the scoria darker
for the intermediate or felsic rocks. How do you
tell the difference? Not only is the scoria darker
than pumice, it’s also denser. In fact, pumice
is so low in density, it floats on water. So
than pumice, it’s also denser. In fact, pumice
is so low in density, it floats on water. So الخفاف منخفض
than pumice, it’s also denser. In fact, pumice
is so low in density, it floats on water. So لذا يجب أن، الكثافة لدرجة أنه يطفو على الماء
this must be the scoria, and this the pumice.
The glassy texture, as we already mentioned, لذا يجب أن، الكثافة لدرجة أنه يطفو على الماء
this must be the scoria, and this the pumice.
The glassy texture, as we already mentioned, يكون هذا هوscoria وهذا الخفاف
this must be the scoria, and this the pumice.
The glassy texture, as we already mentioned, الملمس الزجاجي كما ذكرنا سابقًا
is only felsic in composition. The
name of this glassy rock is OBSIDIAN. هوonl في التركيب،
is only felsic in composition. The
name of this glassy rock is OBSIDIAN. اسم هذه الصخرة الزجاجية هو حجر السج هنا Here we have three rocks that are aphanitic. You’ll notice that اسم هذه الصخرة الزجاجية هو حجر السج هنا
Here we have three rocks that
are aphanitic. You’ll notice that لدينا ثالثة صخور صوتية
Here we have three rocks that
are aphanitic. You’ll notice that ستالحظ أنها تحتوي على
they all seem to have SOME crystals big
enough to see, but most, the groundmass, ستالحظ أنها تحتوي على
they all seem to have SOME crystals big
enough to see, but most, the groundmass, بعض البلورات الكبيرة بما يكفي لرؤيتها ولكن معظم
they all seem to have SOME crystals big
enough to see, but most, the groundmass, كتلة األرض خشنة وال تحتوي على
is rough and has no visible crystals.
It’s hard enough to say it’s not ash, كتلة األرض خشنة وال تحتوي على
is rough and has no visible crystals.
It’s hard enough to say it’s not ash, من الصعب أن نقول.بلورات مرئية
is rough and has no visible crystals.
It’s hard enough to say it’s not ash, لذلك يمكننا، رمادا كما هو الحال في طف ً إنه ليس
like in a tuff. So we can say this groundmass
is cooled lava, hardened with tiny crystals too لذلك يمكننا، رمادا كما هو الحال في طف ً إنه ليس
like in a tuff. So we can say this groundmass
is cooled lava, hardened with tiny crystals too القول أن هذه الكتلة األرضية عبارة عن حمم باردة
like in a tuff. So we can say this groundmass
is cooled lava, hardened with tiny crystals too بحيث ال يمكن جدا ً صلبة ببلورات صغيرة
small to see or identify. How do we determine
composition? If we’re lucky enough to have some جدا بحيث ال يمكن ً صلبة ببلورات صغيرة
small to see or identify. How do we determine
composition? If we’re lucky enough to have some رؤيتها أو تحديد كيفية تحديد
small to see or identify. How do we determine
composition? If we’re lucky enough to have some التركيب إذا كنا محظوظين بما يكفي للحصول small to see or identify. How do we determine composition? If we’re lucky enough to have some على بعضFINA 'المسيح في
phenocrysts in the rock – perfectly formed
crystals that formed slowly when the magma على بعضFINA 'المسيح في
phenocrysts in the rock – perfectly formed
crystals that formed slowly when the magma بلورات متكونة بشكل مثالي من الصخور والتي تتشكل
phenocrysts in the rock – perfectly formed
crystals that formed slowly when the magma ببطء عندما تكون الصهارة في العمق قبل
was at depth before it erupted – we can use those
phenocrysts to determine composition. For example, ببطء عندما تكون الصهارة في العمق قبل
was at depth before it erupted – we can use those
phenocrysts to determine composition. For example, يمكننا استخدام تلك البلورات الفينوكريستية، اندالعها
was at depth before it erupted – we can use those
phenocrysts to determine composition. For example, على سبيل المثال، لتحديد التركيب،
this rock has phenocrysts of hornblende.
Presence of hornblende in such high abundance على سبيل المثال، لتحديد التركيب،
this rock has phenocrysts of hornblende.
Presence of hornblende in such high abundance تحتوي هذه الصخرة على بلورات من
this rock has phenocrysts of hornblende.
Presence of hornblende in such high abundance وتعني هذه، وجود هورنبلند للهورنبلند
this rock has phenocrysts of hornblende.
Presence of hornblende in such high abundance وسيطا ً الوفرة العالية تكوينًا،
means intermediate composition. So this rock is
an andesite. Because it also has phenocrysts, وسيطا ً الوفرة العالية تكوينًا،
means intermediate composition. So this rock is
an andesite. Because it also has phenocrysts, لذا فإن هذه الصخرة عبارة عن أنديسايت ألنها
means intermediate composition. So this rock is
an andesite. Because it also has phenocrysts, أيضا على ً يحتويFINA Chris إنه نوع خاص
it’s a special kind of aphanitic rock known as
a porphyry. And we name the rock a hornblende أيضا على ً يحتويFINA Chris إنه نوع خاص
it’s a special kind of aphanitic rock known as
a porphyry. And we name the rock a hornblende من الصخور الصوتية المعروفة باسم
it’s a special kind of aphanitic rock known as
a porphyry. And we name the rock a hornblende البورفير ونطلق على الصخرة اسم هورنبلند
it’s a special kind of aphanitic rock known as
a porphyry. And we name the rock a hornblende أنديسايت البورفيريت الصخري
ANDESITE porphyry. Porphyritic rocks are always
named first with their dominant phenocryst, أنديسايت البورفيريت الصخري
ANDESITE porphyry. Porphyritic rocks are always
named first with their dominant phenocryst, دائما ما يُطلق عليه اسم العنقاء السائد ً ANDESITE porphyry. Porphyritic rocks are always named first with their dominant phenocryst, متبوعا بالتركيب ً ،
followed by the compositional aphanitic
name, ending with the name porphyry. متبوعا بالتركيب ً ،
followed by the compositional aphanitic
name, ending with the name porphyry. اسم صوتي ينتهي باالسم
followed by the compositional aphanitic
name, ending with the name porphyry. هذه الصخرة الكثيفة الداكنة لها بعض، السماقي
This dark dense rock has some clear
phenocrysts. It’s hard to tell what they are, هذه الصخرة الكثيفة الداكنة لها بعض، السماقي
This dark dense rock has some clear
phenocrysts. It’s hard to tell what they are, من الصعب معرفة ماهيتها، البلورات الظاهرية الواضحة،
This dark dense rock has some clear
phenocrysts. It’s hard to tell what they are, لكن لون الصخر
but the color of the rock being
so dark, and the density so high, لكن لون الصخر
but the color of the rock being
so dark, and the density so high, جدا تشير إلى ً شديد الغموض والكثافة العالية
suggests the rock is mafic. Therefore
these phenocrysts are probably plagioclase جدا تشير إلى ً شديد الغموض والكثافة العالية
suggests the rock is mafic. Therefore
these phenocrysts are probably plagioclase أن الصخرة مافيكة لذلك
suggests the rock is mafic. Therefore
these phenocrysts are probably plagioclase من المحتمل أن تكون هذه
crystals. And the name of the rock is
a plagioclase feldspar BASALT porphyry. البلورات البلورية عبارة عن بلورات بالجيوجالز واسم الصخرة هو
crystals. And the name of the rock is
a plagioclase feldspar BASALT porphyry. بالجيوجالز الفلسبار السماقي البازلت
That leaves us with this last rock, which has a
pinkish groundmass and large quartz phenocrysts. بالجيوجالز الفلسبار السماقي البازلت
That leaves us with this last rock, which has a
pinkish groundmass and large quartz phenocrysts. الذي يتركنا مع هذه الصخرة األخيرة التي
That leaves us with this last rock, which has a
pinkish groundmass and large quartz phenocrysts. تحتوي على كتلة أرضية
That leaves us with this last rock, which has a
pinkish groundmass and large quartz phenocrysts. زهرية وكوارتز كوارتزfina chrous موجود فقط
Quartz is found only in felsic rocks. That
makes this rock a quartz RHYOLITE porphyry. زهرية وكوارتز كوارتزfina chrous موجود فقط
Quartz is found only in felsic rocks. That
makes this rock a quartz RHYOLITE porphyry. في الصخور الفلزية التي تجعل هذه الصخرة
Quartz is found only in felsic rocks. That
makes this rock a quartz RHYOLITE porphyry. كوارتز حجر السماقي الريوليت على
On to the phaneritic rocks. We can start by
lining them in by color, from lightest to كوارتز حجر السماقي الريوليت على
On to the phaneritic rocks. We can start by
lining them in by color, from lightest to الصخورphaneritic يمكننا أن نبدأ من خالل
On to the phaneritic rocks. We can start by
lining them in by color, from lightest to ترتيبها حسب اللون من األفتح إلى On to the phaneritic rocks. We can start by lining them in by color, from lightest to األغمق لنرى ما إذا كان ذلك يساعد اللون هو
darkest. Let’s see if that helps. Color is a good
guide, but we must corroborate with additional األغمق لنرى ما إذا كان ذلك يساعد اللون هو
darkest. Let’s see if that helps. Color is a good
guide, but we must corroborate with additional دليل جيد ولكن يجب أن نؤيد
darkest. Let’s see if that helps. Color is a good
guide, but we must corroborate with additional أيضا ً بمعلومات إضافية
information. Also, how do we fit in the pink rock
and the green one? Because phaneritic rocks have أيضا ً بمعلومات إضافية
information. Also, how do we fit in the pink rock
and the green one? Because phaneritic rocks have كيف نالئم الصخر الوردي
information. Also, how do we fit in the pink rock
and the green one? Because phaneritic rocks have نظرا ألن الصخور الفانيريتية تحتوي على ً واألخضر
crystals big enough to see, we should be able to
line these up next to Bowen’s Reaction Series and يجب أن نكون، بلورات كبيرة بما يكفي لرؤيتها
crystals big enough to see, we should be able to
line these up next to Bowen’s Reaction Series and قادرين على ترتيبها بجوار
crystals big enough to see, we should be able to
line these up next to Bowen’s Reaction Series and سلسلة تفاعل بوينز وتحديد
identify the minerals. The green rock is made up
100% of green, glassy minerals. What are they? سلسلة تفاعل بوينز وتحديد
identify the minerals. The green rock is made up
100% of green, glassy minerals. What are they? 100 المعدن يتكون الصخر األخضر بنسبة٪
identify the minerals. The green rock is made up
100% of green, glassy minerals. What are they? ما هي، من المعادن الزجاجية الخضراء
Olivine. A rock made entirely of olivine must be
ultramafic, so that means this rock is PERIDOTITE. كل هذه الصخور المصنوعة بالكامل من
Olivine. A rock made entirely of olivine must be
ultramafic, so that means this rock is PERIDOTITE. وهذا يعني أن، الزبرجد الزيتوني يجب أن تكون فائقة الدقة Olivine. A rock made entirely of olivine must be ultramafic, so that means this rock is PERIDOTITE. والمعدن الوردي، هذه الصخرة عبارة عن بريدوتيت
The pink mineral in this rock
looks just like potassium feldspar, والمعدن الوردي، هذه الصخرة عبارة عن بريدوتيت
The pink mineral in this rock
looks just like potassium feldspar, في هذه الصخرة يشبه
The pink mineral in this rock
looks just like potassium feldspar, الفلسبار البوتاسيوم وهذا يعني ذلك يجب أن تكون
and that means it must be felsic in
composition. Phaneritic felsic rocks الفلسبار البوتاسيوم وهذا يعني ذلك يجب أن تكون
and that means it must be felsic in
composition. Phaneritic felsic rocks
and that means it must be felsic in
composition. Phaneritic felsic rocks فلزية في تكوينها تسمى الصخور الفلزية
are called GRANITE. But this rock is
ALSO granite. Why different? Remember: فلزية في تكوينها تسمى الصخور الفلزية
are called GRANITE. But this rock is
ALSO granite. Why different? Remember: أيضا جرانيت ً الجرانيتية ولكن هذه الصخرة هي
are called GRANITE. But this rock is
ALSO granite. Why different? Remember: لماذا تذكر
potassium feldspars can be pink or white.
This rock is dominated by the pink variety, لماذا تذكر
potassium feldspars can be pink or white.
This rock is dominated by the pink variety, أن الفلسبار البوتاسيوم يمكن أن يكون ورديًا أو أبيض.
potassium feldspars can be pink or white.
This rock is dominated by the pink variety,
but it also has some quartz, some biotite,
and some hornblende. This rock is dominated
but it also has some quartz, some biotite,
and some hornblende. This rock is dominated
but it also has some quartz, some biotite,
and some hornblende. This rock is dominated by the white variety of potassium feldspar, but also has some muscovite, biotite, and quartz. من خالل مجموعة متنوعة بيضاء من
by the white variety of potassium feldspar, but
also has some muscovite, biotite, and quartz. أيضا يحتوي على بعض البيوتايت المسكوفيت ً الفلسبار البوتاسيوم ولكن
by the white variety of potassium feldspar, but
also has some muscovite, biotite, and quartz. والكوارتز الذي يترك هذين
That leaves these two rocks which look very
similar and differ mostly in darkness. If والكوارتز الذي يترك هذين
That leaves these two rocks which look very
similar and differ mostly in darkness. If جدا ً الصخرين اللذين يبدوان متشابهين
That leaves these two rocks which look very
similar and differ mostly in darkness. If ويختلفان في الغالب في الظالم إذا
we line these up next to the Bowen’s Reaction
Series, we can see (or estimate) that this rock ويختلفان في الغالب في الظالم إذا
we line these up next to the Bowen’s Reaction
Series, we can see (or estimate) that this rock صطفناهما بجوار سلسلة تفاعل بوينز،
we line these up next to the Bowen’s Reaction
Series, we can see (or estimate) that this rock يمكننا أن نرى أو نقدر أن هذه الصخور
is made of pyroxene and plagioclase (mostly
pyroxene because mostly dark), and this rock يمكننا أن نرى أو نقدر أن هذه الصخور
is made of pyroxene and plagioclase (mostly
pyroxene because mostly dark), and this rock مكونة من الثقب والبالجيوجالز في
is made of pyroxene and plagioclase (mostly
pyroxene because mostly dark), and this rock الغالب خارقة ألن معظمها داكن
is made of pyroxene and plagioclase (mostly
pyroxene because mostly dark), and this rock وهذه الصخرة مصنوعة
is made of hornblende with greater amounts of
plagioclase. It’s hard to SEE the difference وهذه الصخرة مصنوعة
is made of hornblende with greater amounts of
plagioclase. It’s hard to SEE the difference من هورنبلند بكميات أكبر من طين بالتا من
is made of hornblende with greater amounts of
plagioclase. It’s hard to SEE the difference الصعب انظر إلى الفرق بين
between pyroxene and hornblende when the crystals
are this small. A microscope would help. But in الصعب انظر إلى الفرق بين
between pyroxene and hornblende when the crystals
are this small. A microscope would help. But in الثقب والهورنبلند عندما
between pyroxene and hornblende when the crystals
are this small. A microscope would help. But in سيساعد المجهر، جدا ً تكون البلورات صغيرة
between pyroxene and hornblende when the crystals
are this small. A microscope would help. But in ولكن في هذه الحالة يمكننا استخدام
this case we can use the relative darkness of the
rocks to guide us. So this rock is the mafic one, ولكن في هذه الحالة يمكننا استخدام
this case we can use the relative darkness of the
rocks to guide us. So this rock is the mafic one, لذا فإن، الظالم النسبي للصخور إلرشادنا
this case we can use the relative darkness of the
rocks to guide us. So this rock is the mafic one, هذه الصخرة هي الصخرة المافيك
and it’s called GABBRO. And this rock is
the intermediate one, so it’s DIORITE. هذه الصخرة هي الصخرة المافيك
and it’s called GABBRO. And this rock is
the intermediate one, so it’s DIORITE. وتسمىgabbro وهذه الصخرة هي
and it’s called GABBRO. And this rock is
the intermediate one, so it’s DIORITE. لذلك، الوسيطة لذلك فهو ديوريت
So let’s line up all these rocks in the order
of the rock chart, with the phaneritic texture لذلك، الوسيطة لذلك فهو ديوريت
So let’s line up all these rocks in the order
of the rock chart, with the phaneritic texture دعونا نصطف كل هذه الصخور
So let’s line up all these rocks in the order
of the rock chart, with the phaneritic texture بترتيب الرسم البياني الصخري مع
So let’s line up all these rocks in the order
of the rock chart, with the phaneritic texture النسيجphaneritic على اليسار
on the left, aphanitic next, then glassy,
then frothy, then pyroclastic. Ultramafic النسيجphaneritic على اليسار
on the left, aphanitic next, then glassy,
then frothy, then pyroclastic. Ultramafic صوتيًا يليه زجاجي ثم بالضفادع
on the left, aphanitic next, then glassy,
then frothy, then pyroclastic. Ultramafic ثم
composition is at the top, followed by mafic, then
intermediate, then felsic. Starting on the right, ثم
composition is at the top, followed by mafic, then
intermediate, then felsic. Starting on the right, تركيبة فوقية حميدة في األعلى يليهاmafic ثم
composition is at the top, followed by mafic, then
intermediate, then felsic. Starting on the right, وسيطة ثمfelsic بدءا من ً composition is at the top, followed by mafic, then intermediate, then felsic. Starting on the right, اليمين لديناtuff scoria pumice of
we have Tuff, Scoria, Pumice, Obsidian, and
the rest. How do we remember these names? A اليمين لديناtuff scoria pumice of
we have Tuff, Scoria, Pumice, Obsidian, and
the rest. How do we remember these names? A city والباقي كيف نتذكر هذه
we have Tuff, Scoria, Pumice, Obsidian, and
the rest. How do we remember these names? A األسماء هي ذاكري التي يمكن أن تساعدك على
mnemonic that can help you remember the rest of
these names is “Pretty Good Diet Granola BAR.” األسماء هي ذاكري التي يمكن أن تساعدك على
mnemonic that can help you remember the rest of
these names is “Pretty Good Diet Granola BAR.” تذكر بقية هذه األسماء ليست
mnemonic that can help you remember the rest of
these names is “Pretty Good Diet Granola BAR.” أفضل ذاكري لكنها ستفعل في قرصة
mnemonic that can help you remember the rest of
these names is “Pretty Good Diet Granola BAR.” جدا شريط جرانوال نظام غذائي جيد ً جيدة Starting with the ultramafic phaneritic rock and working down, we have “pretty” peridotite, جدا شريط جرانوال نظام غذائي جيد ً جيدة
Starting with the ultramafic phaneritic rock
and working down, we have “pretty” peridotite, بدءا من ً ultramafic الصخورphaneritic
Starting with the ultramafic phaneritic rock
and working down, we have “pretty” peridotite, والعمل أسفل لدينا جميلة الزبرجد
rocks tells us exactly how the magmas شريط الجرانيتVAR البازلت أنديسايت ريوليت
Remember: learning the names of igneous
rocks tells us exactly how the magmas تذكر تعلم أسماء البركانية
Remember: learning the names of igneous
rocks tells us exactly how the magmas تخبرنا الصخور بالضبط كيف كانت مدرسة الصهارة
cooled and what level of evolution the magmas
had experienced (based on their composition).
cooled and what level of evolution the magmas
had experienced (based on their composition). ومستوى التطور الذي شهدته الصهارة
cooled and what level of evolution the magmas
had experienced (based on their composition). بناء على ً cooled and what level of evolution the magmas had experienced (based on their composition). لذا تتم، تكوينها
So the texture and composition are the clues
we read to determine the history of the rock, لذا تتم، تكوينها
So the texture and composition are the clues
we read to determine the history of the rock, إعادة قراءة نسيج القرائن وتكوينها
So the texture and composition are the clues
we read to determine the history of the rock, لتحديد تاريخ الصخرة and that corresponds to its name. لتحديد تاريخ الصخرة