Igneous

Rocks
Lecture 4

120
 Three Types of Rocks
1. Igneous – Crystallized from hot, molten
rock.
• Examples:: granite, basalt
Examples
2. Sedimentary – Fragments of sediment laid
down by water or wind become compressed
or cemented
t d iinto
t llayers over time.
ti
• Examples:: sandstone, shale, limestone
Examples
3 Metamorphic
3. i – Rocks changed by heat
and/or pressure or chemical activity.
• E
Examples:
Examples
l : gneiss,
i schist,
hi t slate,
l t marble
bl

121
 Proportions of
Rock Types on the Earth

Igneous & Metamorphic Rocks= Crystalline Rocks

122
Rock
Cycle

123
 What Can Igneous
Minerals/Rocks Tell Us?
1
1. Magma Composition
Composition, Viscosity,
Viscosity Temperatures,
Temperatures
Pressures
2. Volcano Types and Eruptive Behavior
3
3. Tectonic Setting
4. Magnetism
5. Paleomagnetism
6. Latitude – Magnetic Declination
7. Polar Reversals – Orientation of Earth’s Magnetic Field
and Timing of Reversals
8. Seafloor Spreading
9. Plate Movements
10. Changes in Atmospheric Chemistry – Oxygen
11. Radiometric Age Dating

124
 How
H DoD Igneous
I R
Rocks
k FForm?
?

Igneous rorocks
form frorom
m tth
he
cooling and
crystallization
of mag
magma or
lava (molten
ro
rocck).

125
 How Does Magma
g Originate?
g
• Magma originates from partial
melting of rocks at various levels in
the Earth’s crust and upper
pp mantle.
• Plate tectonics
plays a major
role in the
generation of
most magma.

126
 Crystallization
y of Magma:
g
Formation of Igneous Rocks
1. Cooling of magma results in the
systematic arrangement of ions into
orderly patterns.
2. As heat is lost,, ions lose their mobilityy
(vibrate less vigorously) and begin to
pack closer and closer together
p g until the
forces of chemical bonds will confine
them to and orderly y crystalline
y
arrangement.

127
 Crystallization of Magma:
Formation of Igneous Rocks
3. When magma cools, silicon and oxygen
atoms link together first to form Si
Si--O
tetrahedra.
tetrahedra.
4. Further cooling – Tetrahedra bond with
other ions to form embryonic crystal
nuclei.
nuclei.
5. Further cooling – Nuclei grow as ions lose
their mobility and join the crystalline
network.
6 The
6. Th silicate
ili t minerals
i l resulting
lti from
f
crystallization form in a predictable order.
128
 Bowen 's Reaction Series
Minerals in igneous rocks crystallize in a particular
order, at particular temperatures

129